Hispanic youth living in the U.S. share a disproportionate burden of risk for HIV, other STIs, and teen pregnancies. They also tend to report lower rates of condom use and higher rates of inconsistent condom use than other racial/ethnic groups. Furthermore, immigrant Hispanic adolescents experience a unique burden of sexual risk compared to their non-immigrant counterparts. These negative sexual health outcomes can severely derail the overall health, social mobility, and life opportunities of these adolescents. Social researchers have tried to explain these sexual risk disparities using the concept of immigrant acculturation, which is broadly defined as the process of adopting the cultural values and beliefs of a host society. Immigrant acculturation has been shown to play a key role in shaping youth attitudes and behaviors, including sexual risk behaviors (see Lee & Hahm, 2010). Yet, studies have largely overlooked the contextual components of acculturation that have been proposed in theoretical literature, specifically characteristics of the immigrant's receiving community. Furthermore, studies have not adequately explored the influence of acculturation on two crucial measures of sexual risk: teen pregnancy norms and condom use. Therefore, the current dissertation consists of two unique studies that examine the influence of acculturation, at both the individual and neighborhood level, on Hispanic adolescent teen pregnancy norms and condom use over time. The aim is to fill these important gaps in the literature and expand on earlier explanations of the relationship between cultural, place, and long-term sexual health. Both studies use nationally-representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Overall, findings suggest an immigrant advantage for both teen pregnancy norms and condom use, although this advantage functions differently for males and females. Furthermore, the studies demonstrate the importance of including contextual measures of acculturation into studies related to Hispanic adolescent sexual health.

Bakgrund: Riskfyllda sexuella beteenden ökar möjligheten för HIV att spridas och dagens insatser att förebygga smittspridning är oftast inte tillräckliga. Alternativa metoder för att förebygga smittspridningen av HIV behöver undersökas. Motiverande Samtal (MI) har länge använts för att motivera personer i behov av beteendeförändring men få studier belyser MI:s effekt på riskfyllt sexuellt beteende som ökar möjligheten för HIV att spridas. En av sjuksköterskans viktigaste arbetsuppgifter är att främja hälsa och förebygga ohälsa. Denna litteraturstudie undersöker om MI är ett användbart verktyg för sjuksköterskan. Syfte: Att sammanställa tidigare resultat av MI som metod för att förebygga smittspridning av HIV för personer med riskfyllt sexuellt beteende, jämfört med kontrollgrupp utan MI. Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie där tio kvantitativa studier granskades och sammanställdes för att svara på syftet. Huvudresultat: 57,1% av utfallsmåtten visade signifikant skillnad i MI som metod för att förebygga riskfyllt sexuellt beteende och förebygga smittspridning av HIV. Framträdande resultat i studierna var att ingen av dem påvisade sämre resultat i utfallsmåtten efter intervention med MI jämfört med kontrollgrupp. Slutsats: MI kan vara en möjlig klinisk metod för att förebygga smittspridning av HIV för personer med riskfyllt sexuellt beteende. Denna studie visar en varierande effekt av MI, dock tyder resultatet på att MI kan ha större inverkan på personers sexuella beteende än sedvanlig rådgivning och utbildning. / Background: Risky sexual behaviours increase the possibility of HIV transmission and the preventive work which is being done today is often inadequate. Alternative methods to those of today needs to be considered to find a way to prevent the transmission of HIV. Motivational Interviewing (MI) has since long been used to motivate people who needs a change of behaviour, but few studies explore the effects that MI could have on risky sexual behaviour that in turn increase the risk for the transmission of HIV. One of the registered nurses most important tasks is to promote health and prevent illness. Aim: To summarize previous results of MI as a method to prevent the transmission of HIV among people with risky sexual behaviour, compared with a control group without MI. Method: A descriptive literary review where ten quantitative studies have been reviewed and summarized to answer the aim. Main findings: 57,1% of the outcome measures showed significant difference in MI as a method for preventing risky sexual behaviour and HIV transmission. Prominent results in the studies were that none of the studies showed worse results in the outcome measures after intervention with MI compared with the control group. Conclusions: MI could be a possible clinical method to prevent HIV transmission among people with risky sexual behaviour. This study shows varying effects of MI, although the results point to that MI could have a greater impact on people’s sexual behaviour than standard counselling and education.

No description available.

Klamydia ökar bland ungdomar och unga vuxna i Sverige. Eftersom infektionen ofta är asymptomatisk och kan leda till infertilitet är det viktigt att de som utsatts för smitta testar sig. Även ett ökat utövande av säkrare sex är viktigt för att stoppa utvecklingen. En litteraturstudie har gjorts för att kartlägga preventionsinsatser som görs inom området sexuell hälsa och ta reda på hur ungdomar och unga vuxna ser på sexualitet, sexuellt riskbeteende och säkrare sex. Nio vetenskapliga artiklar användes för att få en bild av ungdomskultur och sexualitet. Frågan om säkrare sex präglas enligt litteraturen av subjektiva riskbedömningar, traditionella könsnormer, uppbyggd tillit, ojämlik kommunikation och förhandling kring kondomanvändning samt skam och rädsla. När preventionsstrategier och handlingsplaner som används i Sverige ställs mot detta syns det att modernisering och konkretisering av befintliga metoder behövs för att möta dagens generation ungdomar. / "Chlamydia – where did you get that?" About the increase of Chlamydia among adolescents and young adults and prevention strategies. Chlamydia is increasing among adolescents and young adults in Sweden. It is important that they who have been exposed to the infection are tested for STI because the disease can be asymptomatic and lead to infertility. An increased practise of safer sex is also important to stop the current development. A literature study has been conducted to survey health promoting efforts made in the sexual health area and to find out how adolescents and young adults perceive sexuality, sexual risk behaviour, and safer sex. Nine scientific articles were used to create an image of youth culture and sexuality. The question of safer sex is, according to the reviewed literature, characterized by subjective risk assessments, traditional gender roles, constructed trust, unequal communication and negotiation about condom use and also shame and fear. When the health promoting strategies and plans of action in Sweden are put against this, it is clear that modernization and concretization of existing methods are needed to meet today’s adolescent generation.

The aim of this study was from the beginning to examine why a woman who has made an abortion comes back for another one. Why does the risk taking continue, despite the fact that abortion is perceived as emotionally hard? How can this be understood?This study consists of a literature review and semi-structured interviews. I wanted to interview women who had made a decision to have a repeated abortion, but it was difficult to get that kind of interviews. I then decided to interview the staff who meets women searching for an abortion to have their attitudes and experiences of women coming back for another abortion. It is a qualitative research. I have tried to understand the phenomena "repeated abortion" by using theories based in social constructionism and gender perspectives. My conclusion is that the repeated abortion may not be a problem for the woman but for the care in which the abortion is performed.

Background: Adolescents view on sexual relationships is more liberal now than ever before and sexual transmitted diseases has increased rapidly the past years. Objective: The aim of the study was to explore how adolescents perceive their knowledge about safe sex and to which extent it could influence their sexual risk-taking. Method: Qualitative content analysis based on 11 interviews with nine girls and two boys. Result: Five categories emerged which was "enough knowledge", "need for more knowledge", "there is always more to learn", "the adolescent´s needs for safer sex" and "knowledge leads to safe sex". The categories lead to one main team which was "knowledge is important but attitudes determines". Conclusion : The results show that adolescence perceives their knowledge as good enough to practice safe sex. However the adolescents sometimes feel that the sexual education in school is insufficient in many areas, as a result, they search for knowledge on their own. Our results show that it's not adolescent´s knowledge but their attitudes that is the decisive factor regarding sexual behavior. According to the theory of planned behavior it´s possible to change this behavior by influencing norms, attitudes and self-efficacy. A reformed sexual education that focus on changing attitudes by empowering the adolescents to increased self-efficacy can make it possible to influence the intention to have safer sex and the actual behavior in sexual relationships. / Bakgrund: Ungdomars syn på sexuella relationer har blivit alltmer liberala de senaste åren vilket har lett till kraftig ökning av sexuellt överförbara sjukdomar. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att belysa hur ungdomar uppfattar sin kunskap om säkert sex och vilken betydelse den kan ha för sexuellt risktagande. Metod: Kvalitativ innehållsanalys baserad på 11 intervjuer med nio tjejer och två killar. Resultat: Fem kategorier uppstod vilka var "tillräckligt med kunskap", "behov av mer kunskap", "det finns alltid mer att lära", "ungdomars behov för säkrare sex" och "kunskap ger säkert sex". Kategorierna ledde till ett huvudtema, "kunskap har betydelse med attityder avgör". Konklusion: Resultatet visar att ungdomarna upplever att deras kunskap är tillräckligt bra för att ha säkra sexuella relationer, det framkommer dock att ungdomarna ibland upplever att sexualundervisningen brister på många områden, vilket har lett till att de söker efter information på eget håll. Vårt resultat visar att det inte är kunskapen som avgör om ungdomarna har säkert sex eller inte, utan det är attityderna såsom "det händer inte mig", som är avgörande för ungdomarnas sexuella beteende. Enligt Theory of planned Behavior är det möjligt att uppnå ett förändrat beteende genom påverkan på normer, attityder och självkontroll. En reviderad sexualundervisning som fokuserar på att förändra attityder genom att stärka ungdomarna till ökad självkontroll, kan göra det möjligt att påverka intentionen till säkert sex och beteendet i sexuella relationer.

The ways in which sexuality is perceived among members of society has substantial effects in regards to overall health and well-being. The current study investigates not only the nature of sexual cognition but also the differences in cognition in regards to participant genders. More specifically, this study seeks to investigate the differences in sexual attitudes and thoughts among different genders that may lead to different forms of sexual risk. In order to identify these differences, societal influences such as social roles, parenting styles, and sexual education are all examined in regards to gender. Factors such as age and demographics were also considered. Participants consisted of university students who answered online questionnaires regarding sexuality. Results indicate that there exists a mediational relationship between participant gender, sexual cognition, and sexual risk.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.