With the increasing electrification of todays society the electrical grid is experiencing increasing pressure from demand. One factor that affects the stability of the grid are the time intervals at which power demand is at its highest which is referred to as peak demand. This project was conducted in order to reduce the peak demand through a process called peak shaving in order to relieve some of this pressure through the use of batteries and renewable energy. By doing so, the user of such systems could reduce the installation cost of their electrical infrastructure as well as the electrical billing. Peak shaving in this project was implemented using machine learning algorithms that predicted the daily power consumption in school kitchens with help of their food menus, which were then fed to an algorithm to steer a battery according to the results. All of these project findings are compared to another system installed by a company to decide whether the algorithm has the right accuracy and performance. The results of the simulations were promising as the algorithm was able to detect the vast majority of the peaks and perform peak shaving intelligently. Based on the graphs and values presented in this report, it can be concluded that the algorithm is ready to be implemented in the real world with the potential to contribute to a long-term sustainable electrical grid while saving money for the user.

In this thesis, a simulation model developed in MATLAB® in consideration of system losses based on lithium ion-battery is presented. The purpose of the simulation model is to investigate peak shaving potential in the residential distribution network. In other word to determine an optimal threshold limit and battery capacity depending on if the battery system is placed at the transformer or household level. In the report there were economic calculations executed showing that profitability of investing in a battery system depends on the threshold limit and battery capacity. / I denna rapport presenteras analys av toppeffektreducering med ett simuleringsprogram baserad på litium-jon batteri med hänsyn till systemförlust. Simuleringsmodellen är uppbyggd i MATLAB® där metoder som Coulomb counting implementerades. Syftet med simuleringsprogrammet är att definiera en optimal tröskelgräns samt batterikapacitet på transformator- och hushållsnivån. I rapporten utfördes ekonomiska beräkningar som tyder på att lönsamheten för investering av ett batterisystem beror på tröskelgräns och batterikapacitet.

[ES] La Organización de las Naciones Unidas sugirió que entre los mayores desafíos de la humanidad se encontraba alcanzar un desarrollo sostenible en distintos aspectos medioambientales, económicos y sociales. De entre todos ellos, deberíamos considerar realizar aportaciones en los objetivos relacionados con los aspectos industriales y de producción. De esta forma, esta propuesta de investigación se inicia con la hipótesis de que es posible establecer una contribución referente a la fabricación sostenible que estructure el conocimiento y establezca directrices para una producción más limpia. La disertación comienza con una revisión de los trabajos previos en análisis de sostenibilidad aplicados a los sistemas de producción y a tecnologías de fabricación en general. El trabajo se centra, posteriormente, en el análisis sobre las tecnologías de arranque de viruta y las tendencias sobre sostenibilidad con la inquietud de encontrar los avances, las tendencias y los indicadores más utilizados. De esta forma, se identifica la oportunidad de implementar los criterios de sostenibilidad en los procesos de fabricación, para distintas etapas del ciclo de vida del producto y desde distintas perspectivas de análisis de materiales, producto y proceso. El resultado es una propuesta de modelo marco de procesos de conformado con flujos de materiales e información para definir los indicadores, durante las actividades del ciclo de vida del producto, alineados con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Como validación se ha elaborado una propuesta de conjunto de indicadores, para el caso de arranque de viruta, que contempla la triple dimensión de sostenibilidad, económica y social, las fases del ciclo de vida de producto y la perspectiva del tipo de análisis de ingeniería del proceso. La combinación de estos ha permitido definir una serie de matrices que contienen familias de indicadores que pueden desplegarse y adaptarse en función de la tecnología de conformado y proceso de fabricación. A nivel de detalle, la definición la familia de indicadores se establece en la fase de fabricación del producto en planta, donde se estructuran las métricas considerando la operación concreta de arranque de viruta y se determinan aquellos factores que influyen intrínsecamente. Por medio de una serie de experimentos se validó la toma de datos para cada indicador y se calcularon los indicadores agregados para facilitarlos en entornos colaborativos, potenciando la información estratégica, que puede ser analizada inmediatamente en cualquier plataforma digital colaborativa. Se define indicadores tecnológicos, como tiempos de mecanizado, estrategias de corte, integridad superficial, pero a la vez se evalúan aspectos como el clima social. En definitiva, podemos decir que sea se ha logrado realizar una aportación en el ámbito de la definición estructurada de indicadores para fabricación alineados con los colaborativos como parte de la definición de sistemas de indicadores equilibrados y alineados con objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. / [CAT] L'Organització de les Nacions Unides va suggerir que entre els majors desafiaments de la humanitat es trobava aconseguir un desenvolupament sostenible en diferents aspectes mediambientals, econòmics i socials. D'entre tots ells, hauríem de considerar realitzar aportacions en els objectius relacionats amb els aspectes industrials i de producció. D'aquesta manera, aquesta proposta d'investigació s'inicia amb la hipòtesi que és possible establir una contribució referent a la fabricació sostenible que estructure el coneixement i establisca directrius per a una producció més neta. La dissertació comença amb una revisió dels treballs previs en anàlisis de sostenibilitat aplicats als sistemes de producció i a tecnologies de fabricació en general. El treball se centra, posteriorment, en l'anàlisi sobre les tecnologies d'arrancada d'encenall i les tendències sobre sostenibilitat amb la inquietud de trobar els avanços, les tendències i els indicadors més utilitzats. D'aquesta manera, s'identifica l'oportunitat d'implementar els criteris de sostenibilitat en els processos de fabricació, per a diferents etapes del cicle de vida del producte i des de diferents perspectives d'anàlisis de materials, producte i procés. El resultat és una proposta de model marc de processos de conformat amb fluxos de materials i informació per a definir els indicadors, durant les activitats del cicle de vida del producte, alineats amb els Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible. Com a validació s'ha elaborat una proposta de conjunt d'indicadors, per al cas d'arrancada d'encenall, que contempla la triple dimensió de sostenibilitat, econòmica i social, les fases del cicle de vida de producte i la perspectiva del tipus d'anàlisi d'enginyeria del procés. La combinació d'aquests ha permés definir una sèrie de matrius que contenen famílies d'indicadors que poden desplegar-se i adaptar-se en funció de la tecnologia de conformat i procés de fabricació. A nivell de detall, la definició la família d'indicadors s'estableix en la fase de fabricació del producte en planta, on s'estructuren les mètriques considerant l'operació concreta d'arrancada d'encenall i es determinen aquells factors que influeixen intrínsecament. Per mitjà d'una sèrie d'experiments es va validar la presa de dades per a cada indicador i es van calcular els indicadors agregats per a facilitar-los en entorns col·laboratius, potenciant la informació estratègica, que pot ser analitzada immediatament en qualsevol plataforma digital col·laborativa. Es defineix indicadors tecnològics, com a temps de mecanitzat, estratègies de tall, integritat superficial, però alhora s'avaluen aspectes com el clima social. En definitiva, podem dir que siga s'ha aconseguit realitzar una aportació en l'àmbit de la definició estructurada d'indicadors per a fabricació alineats amb els col·laboratius com a part de la definició de sistemes d'indicadors equilibrats i alineats amb objectius de desenvolupament sostenible / [EN] The United Nations Organization suggested that among humanity's greatest challenges was to achieve sustainable development in different environmental, economic, and social aspects. Among all of them, we should consider making contributions to the objectives related to industrial and production aspects. In this way, this research proposal begins with the hypothesis that it is possible to establish a contribution regarding sustainable manufacturing that structures knowledge and establishes guidelines for cleaner production. The dissertation begins with a review of previous work in sustainability analysis applied to production systems and manufacturing technologies in general. Subsequently, the work focuses on the analysis of chip removal technologies and sustainability trends with the concern to find the most widely used advances, trends, and indicators. In this way, the opportunity to implement sustainability criteria in manufacturing processes is identified, for different stages of the product life cycle and from different perspectives of material, product, and process analysis. The result is a proposal for a framework model of manufacturing processes with material and information flows to define the indicators, during the activities of the product life cycle, aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals. As validation, a proposal for a set of indicators has been prepared, in the case of chip startup, which considers the triple dimension of sustainability, economic and social, the phases of the product life cycle and the perspective type of engineering analysis of the process. The combination of these has made it possible to define a series of matrices that contain families of indicators that can be deployed and adapted according to the forming technology and the manufacturing process. At the level of detail, the definition of the family of indicators is established in the manufacturing phase of the product in the plant, where the metrics are structured considering the specific chip removal operation and those factors that intrinsically influence are determined. Through a series of experiments, the data collection for each indicator was validated and the aggregated indicators were calculated to facilitate them in collaborative environments, enhancing strategic information, which can be immediately analyzed in any collaborative digital platform. Technological indicators are defined, such as machining times, cutting strategies, surface integrity, but at the same time aspects such as the social climate are evaluated. In short, we can say that it has been possible to contribute in the field of the structured definition of indicators for manufacturing aligned with collaborative ones as part of the definition of balanced indicator systems aligned with sustainable development objectives. / Ayabaca Sarria, CR. (2021). Desarrollo de un Modelo de Fabricación Sostenible aplicado a los Procesos de Arranque de Viruta en entornos colaborativos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/174872 / TESIS

With increasing intermittency from renewable energy production, such as solar and wind power, the need for increased flexibility is quickly arising. The Åland Islands have an ambitious energy transition agenda with the goal of having a 100 % renewable energy system. Since there is no possibility of hydropower acting as regulatory power on Åland, reaching the goal is a challenging task. Increasing flexibility can be achieved by either implementing energy storage in the system or by matching the demand with the production.   The purpose of this study was to estimate and evaluate the technical potential of demand response (DR) on Åland, both in 2019 and for a scenario in 2030 when domestic production of wind and solar have increased. Six areas of interest were identified; electric heating, refrigeration processes, lighting, ventilation and air conditioning, electric vehicles and industries. Electricity import from Sweden to Åland was examined since high import coincides with either low domestic renewable production or high consumption. Import is therefore a good indicator for when flexibility is most required.  The results show that the technical potential of DR on Åland can lower the maximum electricity import from Sweden by 18 % in 2019. 4.3 % of the total import can be moved to times when there is less stress on the grid. Electric heating is the biggest contributor, and can by itself lower the import with three fourths of the total reduction. The domestic renewable production for 2019 is too low for DR to have an effect on the self-sufficiency. In 2030, the self-sufficiency and utilization of domestic renewable production could be increased with 4.2-9.9 % and 5.4-12 % respectively when using DR, depending on if vehicle-to-grid is implemented on a large scale or not. The cost of implementing DR is still uncertain, and varies between different resources. Nonetheless, DR in electric heating is presumably a less expensive alternative in comparison to batteries, while providing a similar service.

Recent Power On Demand approaches, realized by using speed and/or displacement variable pump units, led to a significant increase of energy efficiency on hydraulic forming presses. In this paper we follow up on this development by laying the focus on the energy management and storage design of such machinery. With a derived fluidtronical model, we compare five different topologies that supply and manage the power flow for a forming press with die cushion. Our evaluation criteria are: energy consumption, minimization of the infeed power, and qualitative costs. For a representative forming cycle, the losses occurring on each of the drivetrain components and the power electronics accessory are derived in detail. We expect that this research will lead to deeper investigation of more intelligent energy management systems that use multiple storages in an optimal way and further learn and adapt during operation.

Currently, Sälen area in Sweden is finding issues in the power grid due to an irregular load profile with high peak power demand and an infrastructure that is becoming undersized. Distributed PV-battery systems are considered a possible solution to solve this problem.A PV-battery system for a typical vacation home in this town is designed and optimized to give the best economical solution to the homeowner. Then, a techno-economic evaluation of the system is performed. A photovoltaic system and an only grid connected system are also simulated and compared. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed on different simulation inputs.HOMER Grid software is used to simulate and size the system. Firstly, a pre-sized system is modelled using average or typical market prices and component characteristics. Afterwards, real market components that fit into the pre-sized model are modelled to get a real system design. The optimized design includes a PV system of 13 kW, a BYD lithium ion battery of 5.1 kWh capacity and a Sungrow hybrid inverter of 10 kW.The economic evaluation of the system indicates that, with current market prices and subsidies, the optimized system is the most economical solution for the homeowner compared to the other systems. In the sensitivity analysis, a significant risk for the profitability of the system is found on the compensation from selling electricity to the grid.The technical evaluation of the system indicates that the battery provides a significant peak-shaving effect that can benefit the power grid. However, large solar energy sales to the grid with high power peaks that could cause instability issues are observed.

Research has shown that three-phase balancing alone can improve the operation of secondary distribution networks and that the addition of energy storage to the phase balancing power electronics further helps to alleviate the negative effects of phase unbalances. However, less attention has been paid to the economic potential of said technologies and particularly for loadside implementation. It appears that the deployment of phase balancers, with or without energy storage, is indeed hampered by uncertainty related to its economic feasibility, despite both technologies being commercially available. This thesis therefore aims to assess and compare the economic feasibility of the two configurations for peak shaving purposes in the context of residential property loads in Sweden. The assessment was performed using a specially developed deterministic techno-economic model taking into consideration historical load data from three Swedish real estate, cost estimations for a range of alternatives used when sizing the systems, applicable tariffs and fees for electricity and its distribution as well as technical parameters such as the capacities and efficiencies of the involved components. A novel approach was taken by linearly extrapolating the three load profiles into three sets of 91 synthesized load profiles to enable a larger dataset for analysis. The net present values generated for each set were then graphed and analyzed per original real estate. The results showed that both configurations can be economically feasible, but only under certain conditions. A phase balancer alone was found to be feasible for real estate whose peak currents are distinctly unbalanced and exceed 50 A, with the best expected rate of return for profiles exceeding 63 A since they enable a tariff switch. The combined system was found to be even more contingent on the tariff switch and therefore only feasible for peaks above 63 A. A substantial difference in the initial investment further makes the single phase balancer the preferred choice, unless the discount rate is as low as 2 % or less. On this basis, potential investors need to assess the state of unbalance of their loads and perform their own calculation based their load profile, cost of capital and applicable tariffs. / Tidigare forskning har visat att fasbalansering enskilt kan förbättra driften hos lokala distributionsnät och att ett batterisystem i tillägg till fasbalanserarens kraftelektronik ytterligare kan minska de negativa effekterna av fasobalanser. Däremot har mindre uppmärksamhet riktats mot den ekonomiska genomförbarheten hos dessa teknologier och i synnerhet för implementation på lastens sida av elmätaren. Det tycks vara så att spridningen av fasbalanserare, med eller utan energilagring, hindras av osäkerheten kring dess ekonomiska potential trots att båda teknologierna är kommersiellt tillgängliga. Detta arbete ämnar därför att värdera och jämföra den ekonomiska nyttan hos de två konfigurationerna vid toppreducering av fastighetselen i svenska bostadsfastigheter. Värderingen utfördes med hjälp av en särskilt utvecklad deterministisk tekno-ekonomisk modell som beaktade historiska lastdata från tre svenska fastigheter, kostnadsuppskattningar för en uppsättning av konfigurationer som användes vid dimensionering av systemen, applicerbara tariffer och avgifter för elektricitet och dess distribution samt tekniska parametrar såsom kapaciteter och verkningsgrader för de olika komponenterna. Ett annorlunda tillvägagångssätt tillämpades vidare för att utöka datamängden genom linjär extrapolation av lastprofilerna, vilket resulterade i tre uppsättningar av 91 syntetiserade lastprofiler. Nettonuvärdet beräknades följaktligen för varje profil och investeringsalternativ för att sedan plottas och analyseras per ursprunglig fastighet. Resultaten visade att båda konfigurationerna kan uppvisa lönsamhet, men endast under särskilda förutsättningar. Den enskilda fasbalanseraren bedömdes som lönsam för fastigheter vars strömtoppar är påtagligt obalanserade och som överstiger 50 A, med största möjliga lönsamhet för profiler som överstiger 63 A då dessa möjliggör ett tariffbyte. Det kombinerade systemets lönsamhet bedömdes vara ännu mer beroende av tariffbytet och därför endast lönsamt för strömtoppar över 63 A. En betydligt större grundinvestering för det kombinerade systemet gör vidare att den enskilda fasbalanseraren i regel är att föredra, såvida inte kalkylräntan är så låg som 2 % eller mindre. Baserat på detta uppmanas potentiella investerare att undersöka balanstillståndet hos deras laster och att utföra en egen kalkyl baserat på deras specifika last, kapitalkostnad och nätföretag.

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The study examined and explored the psychological significance of shaving hair as a ritual during mourning within the Ndebele culture in Mamelodi, Pretoria. The focus was on rituals performed or conducted during the mourning process that will be useful in an attempt to reach a state of healing and restoration. The study explored what meaning the participants attach to the rituals. Through this exploration; a deeper understanding of the value of rituals was developed. The qualitative research method, particularly Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used. Snowball sampling was used to identify participants who had lost their loved and who had gone through mourning for more than six months. In total, ten participants were interviewed for this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in the mother tongue of the participants in order to allow them to express themselves in the most ultimate way they know and understand. Thematic content analysis was used to extract themes that were dominant across participants. The study was useful as it could be incorporated into the study of psychology specifically from the African epistemological standpoint. Even though the rituals might be practiced amongst the black African community, there is not much literature that focuses mainly on the specific rituals and their significance. This study could also be useful in terms of exposing this knowledge to persons who might not be exposed to this specific ritual of shaving hair due to cultural differences. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

The study examined and explored the psychological significance of shaving hair as a ritual during mourning within the Ndebele culture in Mamelodi, Pretoria. The focus was on rituals performed or conducted during the mourning process that will be useful in an attempt to reach a state of healing and restoration. The study explored what meaning the participants attach to the rituals. Through this exploration; a deeper understanding of the value of rituals was developed. The qualitative research method, particularly Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used. Snowball sampling was used to identify participants who had lost their loved and who had gone through mourning for more than six months. In total, ten participants were interviewed for this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in the mother tongue of the participants in order to allow them to express themselves in the most ultimate way they know and understand. Thematic content analysis was used to extract themes that were dominant across participants. The study was useful as it could be incorporated into the study of psychology specifically from the African epistemological standpoint. Even though the rituals might be practiced amongst the black African community, there is not much literature that focuses mainly on the specific rituals and their significance. This study could also be useful in terms of exposing this knowledge to persons who might not be exposed to this specific ritual of shaving hair due to cultural differences. / Psychology / M. A. (Clinical Psychology)