The narrative research journey and pilgrimage into and epistemological reflection on the relevance of the Benedictine, Franciscan and Taizé monastic-mystic traditions (associative spirituality) for retreat within the Dutch Reformed tradition (disassociate spirituality) began because of a passion for, an interest in retreat and because of lack of research done on the subject. The research developed in story form as a participative active process of story development, interpretation, and reflection in which the researcher and the research subject as valued co-researchers (co-pilgrims) constructed a shared reality and new story together. Consequently, the observations and experiences reflected on may tell just as much about the researcher as about the action of retreat and the research participants. The action of retreat was not approached in a neutral, objective stance but with self-awareness, particular presuppositions, and a postmodern philosophical mindset with ideological-critical, deconstructive and inclusive thought processes. The research problem was viewed as a narrative situation of action, explained by means of empirical research, and interpreted via epistemological reflection and theological theories. The focus has not been on new or adapted theory formulation, hypotheses, or “conclusions” as such but on the empiric interaction between the experiences of Mystery (noumenon), the Jesus narrative, stories of the co-pilgrims, monastic traditions, Dutch Reformed tradition, the researchers’ own story, and those who might read the thesis. A potential amplifying or expanding of the repertoire of existing options and meanings were viewed as a possibility in the creative development of a new reality or research story. The aim was to listen to, understand, and interpret qualitatively the subjective dimension and experience of the reality (story/ies) of retreat as a situation where pilgrims (from different traditions and spiritualities) were in relation with God, self and others. The research journey took me into the life world of the monastic-mystic traditions and my own internal dialectics and story within a Dutch Reformed context. From here arose questions, engagement, and re-engagement with the monastic traditions and a new story. The concern was the beliefs and practices of the retreatants (co pilgrims) under study as beings in real-life human experiential reality, taking seriously their concerns, expressions of belief, practice, perceptions, and stories. The data from the empirical encounter was subsequently investigated, mapped with the major themes and interests highlighted and reflected on in the process. The main themes and focal points that were identified and researched were: -- The lives and stories of St. Benedict, St. Francis, and Br. Roger, their respective communities’ monastic-mystic spirituality, the way these traditions approach retreat and the way they live or express their respective monastic rules or orders in comparison with the Dutch Reformed traditions’ retreat narrative. -- The main elements of Monastic retreat namely silence, solitude, lectio divina in facilitating an awareness of God and the mystery of God as part of the journey to the inner mountain, ever deeper into his presence. -- Different types of retreat and especially the experience of monastic retreat, the experience of holy places (desert spirituality) as places saturated by prayer, Eucharist and the community of pilgrims, and retreat as pilgrimage experience. -- Retreat as ritual following a rite of passage structure of separation, marginality and reincorporation focusing on structure and anti-structure (power of liminality) as helpful tool of analysis and framework for planning of retreat. -- The potential therapeutic or pastoral care qualities of a monastic way of retreat facilitating in pilgrims, life story interpretation and new understanding of stories. The research story ended in the form of findings and the posing of possible questions for future research. / Thesis (PhD (Practical Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

Die in den drei Manuskripten vorgestellten Arbeiten zielen auf die Beantwortung der Frage, warum in Organisationen Fehlentwicklungen nicht angesprochen werden. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit lassen sich folgendermaßen zusammenfassen: 1) Ein funktionaler Ansatz wurde vorgestellt, mit dessen Hilfe die verfügbaren Erklärungsansätze zu Organizational Silence (als Stille in Organisationen konzipiert) über mehrere Ebenen (Mitarbeiter-, Gruppen- und Organisationsebene) integriert werden können. Ich habe mit der Ausarbeitung der Mitarbeiterebene begonnen. Dabei unterschied ich vier Formen von Mitarbeiterschweigen (angstbasiertes, resignatives, prosoziales und opportunistisches Schweigen) und entwickelt eine Skala, mit der erstmals verschiedene Formen von Mitarbeiterschweigen empirisch getrennt voneinander untersucht werden können. Die Skala wurde eingesetzt, um für die vier Formen Vorbedingungen, Begleiterscheinungen und Folgen herauszuarbeiten. Die Verfügbarkeit dieser kurzen Skala mit guten psychometrischen Werten wird eine genauere Ausarbeitung der Konzepte ermöglichen. 2) Bestehende Zugänge zum Authentizitätskonzept wurden integriert und ein Kernkonzept von Authentizität vorgestellt. Dieses Konzept umfasst eine auf das Selbst gerichtete Dimension (Authentic Self-Awareness) und eine auf den Ausdruck des Selbst gerichtete Dimension (Authentic Self-Expression). Für die Erfassung dieses Kernkonstrukts wurde eine Skala entwickelt und getestet. Durch die sparsame Zwei-Faktorenstruktur und die Kurzskala ist es möglich, Authentizität auch im angewandten Kontext relativ problemlos zu untersuchen. Dadurch lassen sich potentiell die erwarteten positiven Zusammenhänge empirisch bestätigen und widersprüchliche Annahmen mit Hilfe empirischen Datenmaterials aufklären. 3) Authentizität wurde als Prädiktor für das Verschweigen (Employee Silence) und für das Ansprechen von Fehlentwicklungen in Organisationen (Employee Voice) eingeführt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Authentizität in der Vorhersage von Silence und Voice inkrementelle Validität über besehende Prädiktoren wie z.B. Team Psychological Safety, Organisationale Identifikation, Arbeitszufriedenheit und Work Engagement aufweist.:1 Einführung und Integration 2 1.1 Schweigen schadet 2 1.2 Warum schweigen Mitarbeiter zu Fehlentwicklungen in Organisationen? 3 1.2.1 Ableitung der Fragestellung 3 1.2.2 Lösungsansatz: Formen von Mitarbeiterschweigen und ihre Messbarkeit 6 1.3 Wer durchbricht die Stille? 8 1.3.1 Ableitung der Fragestellung 8 1.3.2 Lösungsansatz: Authentizität als Mittel gegen Schweigen 10 1.4 Fazit und offene Fragen 15 1.5 Literatur 19 2 Zeitschriftenbeiträge 28 2.1 Knoll, M. & van Dick, R. (2011). Do I hear a whistle…? Organizational silence as a function of four forms of employee silence. Manuscript prepared for submission. 29 2.2 Knoll, M., Kroemer, N. B., & Schröder-Abé, M. (2011). What does it mean to be authentic? A core concept of authenticity and its measurement. Manuscript prepared for submission 69 2.3 Knoll, M. & van Dick, R. (2011). By thyself (at work). Investigating the relationship between authenticity and challenging extra-role behavior. Manuscript prepared for submission 109

This paper aims to investigate the possible connection between specters and silence in Graham Swift’s Tomorrow (2007) and Mothering Sunday (2016). In both novels, the protagonists predominantly speak in interior monologues, recounting the memories and secrets that haunt them, in what could be construed as an attempt to exorcise the ghosts of their past. The paper’s understanding of specters is based on Jacques Derrida’s Specters of Marx (1993), and the idea that specters - as figures that exist in states of in-between - disrupt not only temporality, but what we know to be true. Much like specters, the protagonists vacillate between states, neither speaking nor remaining silent, as they address absent or imagined listeners. This undecidability leaves one to wonder if their ghosts are - or ever can be - truly exorcised.

Andrej Kutarňa Carthusian Prayer Diploma thesis 2011 Abstract The Diploma thesis entitled "Carthusian Prayer" is trying to collect and arrange a body of information about the spiritual world of the Carthusian order. It aims at discovering the key characteristics of the life of prayer as seen by members of Carthusian order both in early and recent history of the Order and presented in their writings. First the thesis presents the wider context of carthusian prayer by showing the way of life of carthusian monks and what is specific to this particular monastic tradition, also trying to point at some possible sources of inspiration from older traditions. Then it proceeds to the matter of solitude and silence which are the formative elements that mould the carthusian prayer into the shape of simplicity and sobriety while retaining fine balance of community and solitary life, as well as that of great silence and living inner dialogue. The latter part of the thesis then attemps to show the inner dynamics of the prayer and the role of silence, liturgical and personal prayer and meditation of Scriptures for achieving unification with God, which is both the goal and the fruit of spiritual life. It also explains other fruits of prayer both for the praying monk himself and for other people. While it is not possible to...

The scope of this research is to spark conversation among members of receiving communities concerning their attitudes toward displaced populations by using Euripides' Trojan Women as a facilitator. By many outside the Classics profession, the study of antiquity is often perceived as a discipline disconnected from current issues; however, remembering and examining the past can greatly shape the present. Ancient Greek theater is perhaps the genre that best lends itself to be scrutinized today for social purposes. In fact, it promoted introspection among the body of Athenian citizens by highlighting inequalities and imbalances in power structures between opposing parties. This study suggests that tragedies can still fulfill the same function. In particular, this essay focuses on Trojan Women, with the intent to unearth group dynamics between the Greek aggressors and the Trojan slaves, and to apply its lessons to recent humanitarian emergencies. Philological work shows that the Greeks in the play attempt to dehumanize their captives through practices of legal violence, objectification, and silencing. Nevertheless, the women find sanctuary from human annihilation through their ability to speak and to be heard. Dominant classes today employ similar techniques to disempower incoming societies and to deprive them of their political voice. Thanks to tragedy's ability to create a distancing effect through mythological narratives, public readings of Trojan Women might enable members of hosting countries to engage more readily in discussions concerning the theme of displacement that address their own biases. Therefore, this thesis argues that the analysis and reception of Trojan Women can elucidate the worldwide crisis in welcoming those seeking shelter and help groups asked to receive displaced populations make more compassionate and informed decisions.

This thesis engages with the issue of the post-WWII rapes of women in Germany committed by the soldiers of the winning parties that occupied Germany after the war. It asks how female survivors of sexual violence during the occupation of Germany in 1945-1949 experienced social responses towards their violation. It pursues these responses in public and private sphere and explores the effect they had on the survivors and their recovery. A qualitative method of thematic analysis is employed to analyse the material consisting of interviews based on secondary sources, empirical research done by historians and psychologists, and reliable news articles that address the issue under scrutiny.The thesis contributes to Peace and Conflict Studies empirically, by exploring sensitive civilians’ lived experiences in a particular post-war setting and theoretically, through an attempt at analysis based on the theoretical framing of ethical loneliness as developed by Jill Stauffer.It shows that the predominantly negative nature of social responses in both public and private sphere held to the condition of ethical loneliness that was a crucial hindrance for the survivors’ recovery. The issue of silence is found to be especially relevant as it pertains both to social responses and to the survivors’ own attempt at coping with the situation, thereby emerging as a key reason for the lasting experience of ethical loneliness.

The voices of the autodiegetic narrator and its character counterpart in Boy Erased: A Memoir by Garrard Conley enter the debate around the ontology of voice in literary texts. Using this debate, I will provide an analysis of the voices in this memoir in order to prove the importance of assuming a voice for the narrator, to compensate for speech silenced through discourses and social contexts. The social contexts and discourses that surround the main character silence his speech, to the point that it can be actively used to control even the private self, as gay conversion therapy tries to do. This dangerous silence leads to a need to finally be heard, which is provided through the ontologically silent voice of the narrator. This evolvement of the character to the narrator is the reason why voice and the way it allows for heard speech is essential.

Det grekiska ordet för lärjunge är maqhth/j och innebär ungefär ’en person som går i lära hos en annan’. I vardagligt kristet tal syftar lärjungaskap på Jesu efterföljd eller att vara en god kristen, och begreppet är både centralt och komplicerat. Silence är en spelfilm från 2016 i regi av Martin Scorsese som handlar om förföljelsen av kristna i Japan under 1600-talet. Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda vad lärjungaskap är i Matteusevangeliet, för att sedan undersöka huruvida och på vilket sätt detta framträder i filmen, särskilt i relation till martyridealet. Bibelkommentarsverk samt exegetisk sekundärlitteratur om lärjungaskapets framställning i Matteusevangeliet används för att uttolka och ge perspektiv till evangelietexten. Ett filmvetenskapligt analysschema (särskilt anpassat till så kallad bibelfilm) används för att utreda filmens innehåll. Därtill används narrativ metod för att göra karaktärsstudier av en lärjunge i Matteusevangeliet (Petrus) samt en karaktär i filmen (Rodrigues). Hermeneutisk teori används för att förstå hur filmen och evangelietexten samverkar för att skapa ny mening åt varandra. Uppsatsens analysdel består av två kapitel: ett mer teoretiserande om Matteusevangeliet, och ett mer tolkande om filmen. Kapitlet som behandlar Matteusevangeliet är väsentligt för förståelsen av det nästföljande, då filmen presenteras genom Matteusevangeliet snarare än i jämförelse med det. I det första analyskapitlet presenteras några av de idéer om lärjungaskapet som går att utläsa från Jesu utsändningstal. Här analyseras också lärjungarna som grupp i relation till begreppen litenhet, blindhet och allmänhet, och en karaktärsstudie av aposteln Petrus presenteras. Detta kapitel påvisar att det förekommer två olika linjer av genom vilket lärjungaskapet framställs i Matteusevangeliet: en snävare och en öppnare linje. Den snävare linjen är mer elitistisk och förutsätter lidande, medan den öppnare är mer inkluderande och tillåter en annan nivå av felbarhet som en del av lärjungaskapet. I det andra analyskapitlet presenteras filmens handling, och en djupgående karaktärsstudie av huvudpersonen Rodrigues görs mot bakgrund av fynden från föregående kapitel. Detta kapitel påvisar att den bredare tolkningslinjen om lärjungaskapet i Matteusevangeliet är mest dominant i filmens framställning av lärjungaskap, men att båda linjer behövs för en fördjupad förståelse av filmens budskap. Kapitlet avslutas med en hermeneutisk reflexion som förstärker analysens slutsatser och vill mena att samtidigt som Matteusevangeliet bringar mening i filmen, så hjälper också filmen till att utforska Matteusevangeliet.

Theme of loneliness generates in most of us negative feelings of fear and emptiness, while rarely on Loneliness, is regarded as positive, life takes effect. The actual problem is a taboo, hides in the background of the more popular social topics, so we usually lack information that would allow us to approach him other than "emotional" attitude. However, it is linked to a number of fundamental questions, whether by death, the awareness of one's own being, and as a result, it is also about taking responsibility for himself and perception of normality, individuality and conformity. For this reason, I believe that the relationship that we create to loneliness, forms then our relationship to ourselves, our close relationship and subsequently the functioning of the whole society.

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