Aim The aim of the study was to investigate how different types of small-sided games (SSG) for girls in the ages between 12–21 years and how it affects the number of technical actions. How does the number of the total technical actions affect based on different types of small-sided games among girls in floorball and wich technical action differ? Method The Swedish floorball federation recruited one association with three different types of teams,younger red-level, older red-level and black level were the number of participants amounted to 39 outfield players and seven goalies with varied experience of exercise within the game of floorball. Data collection happened under respective teams ordinary training times where four different game forms of SSG were filmed. Each team was recorded one time in each gameform and each player got six shifts in each SSG and the shift length was one minute. Then the collected data from the video analysis was determined into an excel document and from that we put in the data in jamovi to analyze it and to see if there were any significance between the groups. Result There was no significant difference between the groups in the total amount of technical actions. The study shows that younger red has the most technical actions in 5 vs 5. The study also shows that red older has the most technical actions in 4 vs 4. In black level arose thegreatest number of technical actions in 3 vs 3. Conclusion The study will not be generalizable because of a low number of participants and no significance was reached which also previous research indicates. The conclusion of the study was that two age groups generated the most total number of technical actions in SSG while one age group generated the most total number of technical actions in a full-sized rink. The authors see trends on SSG produce more technical actions compared to a full-sized rink. More research is needed around SSG in floorball to see if this is the case. / <p>Jacob Cedervall är student på tränarprogrammet.</p><p>Sebastian Celander är student på ämneslärarprogrammet, specialidrott.</p>

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o desempenho tático em jogos reduzidos de futsal. De acordo com as metodologias contemporâneas de ensino das modalidades esportivas coletivas (MEC´s), a ação é colocada no centro do processo de ensino-aprendizagem dos jogos. Lança-se mão, então, de atividades de ensino e treinamento que preservem os problemas do jogo formal (JF), ou seja, os chamados jogos reduzidos (JR´s). Procedente do termo em inglês small-sided games (SSG) este instrumento consiste na aplicação de atividades que preservam a dimensão relacional e situacional da execução motora, isto é, os processos envolvidos na percepção, análise e tomada de decisão constituintes da ação tática (MAHLO, 1974). No lugar das repetições de movimentos, treinos exclusivamente técnicos e séries de exercícios surgem os jogos reduzidos, cuja denominação equivale a dos jogos menores, jogos modificados ou mini-jogos. Estes são considerados importantes ferramentas de trabalho dos professores e treinadores esportivos, pois permitem que determinados comportamentos desejados sejam exercitados e (re) significados pelos praticantes, independentemente do nível de jogo. Os adeptos desta perspectiva de ensino defendem que a implementação de atividades dessa natureza estimularia a formação de jogadores autônomos, inteligentes e criativos. De qualquer forma, para que os JR´s tenham eficácia no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, devem-se conhecer a fundo quais alterações do JF podem ser promovidas, bem como quais são os impactos dessas mudanças sobre as ações dos jogadores. A partir, então, de conceitos tático-estratégicos elementares extraídos de um modelo de jogo do futsal, foram elaborados e aplicados diferentes JR´s para grupos de alunos, praticantes da modalidade. Foi possível indicar como se comportaram taticamente os jogadores nas diferentes situações sugeridas, indicando quais as implicações práticas das alterações propostas em cada jogo. Para a análise das ações, de forma original, criou-se uma ferramenta de avaliação do desempenho tático que pode ser utilizada tanto em situação de jogo reduzido (JR), quanto de jogo formal (JF). A amostra foi composta por 59 alunos, com idade entre 10 e 12 anos, integrantes de cursos extracurriculares de futsal de escolas particulares de São Paulo. Os alunos foram divididos em 7 grupos de prática e participaram de sessões de treinamento com as seguintes atividades: 2x1 em meia-quadra (sendo dois formatos diferentes, a e b), 2x2 em meia-quadra, 4x2 em quadra inteira e 3x3 em quadra inteira. Os resultados indicam que as variáveis de desempenho tático, representadas pelas ações dos jogadores, apresentaram diferenças quanto às densidades e qualidades de acordo com os JR´s propostos. Basicamente, as manipulações dos regulamentos dos jogos facilitaram, induziram ou obrigaram a ocorrência de determinadas ações, como os duelos de 1x1, as finalizações, o direcionamento para o rebote, a criação de linha de passe, entre outros. Entende-se, assim, que seja possível conhecer e manipular, de forma intencional, as alterações do JF, permitindo que os jogadores exercitem determinados problemas do jogo elencados a priori / The present study investigated the tactical performance in small-sided games. According to the contemporary methodologies of teaching Team Sports (TS), the action is placed at the center of the teaching-learning process of the games. Therefore, teaching and training activities that preserve the problems of the game take place, by the name small-sided games (SSG). This instrument consists of the application of activities that preserve the relational and situational dimension of the motor execution, considering the processes involved in the perception, analysis and decision making as constituent of the \"tactical action\" (MAHLO, 1974). In place of exclusively technical training and series of exercises, appear the small-sided games, which denomination is equivalent to smaller games, modified games or mini-games. These are considered important tools for teachers and sports coaches as they allow certain desired behaviors to be exercised and (re) signified by players, regardless of the level of play. The adherents of this teaching perspective argue that the implementation of activities of this nature would stimulate the formation of autonomous, intelligent and creative players. However, in order for SSG to be effective in the teaching-learning process, it is necessary to know more deeply which changes of the game can be promoted, as well as what are the impacts of these changes on players actions. Starting from elementary concepts drawn from a futsal game model, different SSG were developed and applied to groups of students. It was possible to identify the tactical performance of the players in each different situation, indicating the practical implications of changed rules. For the analysis of the player´s actions, an original tactical performance evaluation tool was created that can be used in both SSG and official game situations. The sample consisted of 59 students, aged between 10 and 12 years, members of extracurricular courses of futsal of private schools of São Paulo. The students were divided into 7 groups and participated in training sessions with the following activities: 2x1 in half-field (two different set-ups, a and b), 2x2 in half-field, 4x2 in a whole field and 3x3 in a whole field. The results indicate that the variables of tactical performance, represented by the actions of the players, presented differences of densities and qualities according to the proposed SSG. Basically, manipulations of the game facilitated, induced or required the occurrence of certain actions, such as 1x1 duels, finalizations, targeting for rebound, creation of pass lines, among others. It is deduced, therefore, that it is possible to know and manipulate intentionally the changes of the games, allowing that the students/players exercise certain problems of the game chosen before

Title: The effect of a short-term intervention program for development of sprint and agility in soccer players (U16) Author: Bc. Tomáš Chaloupka Head of work: Mgr. Jakub Kokštejn, Ph.D. Objectives: The aim of the thesis is to verify the effectiveness of two different short- term intervention programs in the development of speed-power abilities in young soccer players (U16). Methods: The research sample included soccer players (16 year old; n=22; 15,2±0,3 years) from the highest competitive level in the Czech Republic. For the interventional effect verification we used tests without the ball (sprint on 5, 10 and 30 meters, Illinois Agility Test, Yo-Yo IRT 2, six jump alternately) and with the ball (sprint on 5, 10 and 30 meters, Illinois Agility Test). Data analysis was performed by using IBM SPSS software Statistics 24. Results: Both groups of players improved in the agility test (r = 0.32; r = 0.40), but these improvements were not statistically significant (p = 0.16; p = 0.06). Group 2 (runs) improved in the ball agility test (p = 0.02; r = 0.49). Both groups were improved in a six jump strength test (group 1 p = 0.02; r = 0.51; group 2 p = 0.08; r = 0.32), but in group 2 improvement was not statistically significant. Both groups were improved in Yo-Yo IRT2 speed endurance (group 1 p = 0.09; r =...

Högintensiva aktioner är tydliga markörer för bra prestationer i fotboll. Exempel på högintensiva aktioner med bevisad koppling till prestation är riktningsförändringar och sprinter. Det är dock fortfarande oklart hur de olika spelpositionerna påverkar kravbilden för spelarna. För att bättre förstå positionens kravprofil observerades under 6 veckor 24 svenska manliga elitfotbollspelare, från samma förening, i träning under den svenska försäsongen med hjälp av GPS utrustning. Träningstypen som utfördes var smålagsspel 3v3, 6v6 och 9v9. Syftet med observationen var att undersöka spelpositionens (back, mittfält eller anfall) påverkan på antal riktningsförändringar och dess kraft och distansen i olika hastighetszoner. Resultatet visar att anfallare utför färre riktningsförändringar av låg kraft oavsett speltyp (p=0,04). Ingen signifikant skillnad för distans i hastighetszoner mellan positioner i någon speltyp. Sammanfattningsvis rekommenderas ytterligare studier i mer kontrollerad miljö och med fler deltagare för att förstå hur spelarpositionen påverkar de fysiska kraven i smålagsspel för manliga elitfotbollsspelare. / Football today is all about high intensity actions with high intensity running and change of direction as two of the markers related to performance in football. What is still relatively unclear is the players position on the field and the demands that follows with that position. 24 swedish male elite footballplayers took part in a 6 week observation during the swedish pre-season. Using GPS equipment data was collected during small sided games (SSG) 3v3, 6v6 and 9v9 in the teams regular trainingschedule. The aim of this observation was to better understand the role of player position (defender, midfielder and forward) assosiated with the frequency and force produced in changes of direction and the distance in speedzones. The result showed that strikers performed fewer changes of direction in the lowest forcezone compared to both defenders and midfielders in all of the SSGs. No significant difference was observed regarding distance in the speedzones in any SSG. In conclusion further researsch is needed to better understand the role of player positioning during SSG in elite football.

Orientador: Alcides José Scaglia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T08:33:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RamirezLizana_CristianJavier_M.pdf: 1736613 bytes, checksum: 73170d13f9a373ed7f94aae620c4512d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A utilização de jogos reduzidos conceituais (JRC) pode ser uma metodologia de treino interessante para treinar as diferentes componentes do desempenho de futebolistas, respeitando a complexidade inerente ao jogo de futebol. Nosso objetivo no presente estudo, foi investigar por videogrametria, a possibilidade induzir estímulos específicos diferentes por meio da execução de dois jogos reduzidos conceituais com princípios táticos operacionais diferentes (1 - manutenção da posse de bola e 2 - progressão ao alvo). Participaram do estudo 24 atletas separados em duas equipes, que se enfrentaram no jogo 1 e no jogo 2. Ambos os jogos tiveram duração de 30 min e as equipes foram formadas por 6 jogadores mais o goleiro. Os dados comprovaram que os princípios organizadores dos JRC criam situações distintas com graus de dificuldade diferentes. Bem como provocam estímulos fisiológicos distintos. Ou seja, é possível sistematizar o treinamento dos componentes técnicos e táticos de forma controlada e inserida no contexto do jogo de forma a provocar adaptações fisiológicas predeterminadas. Nossos dados credenciam os JRC para o aprendizado de situações técnico táticas que, aliadas ao condicionamento físico adequado podem contribuir para produzir um jogador treinado para aproximar cada vez mais pensamentos e ações em situações diversificadas / Abstract: The use of conceptual small-sided games (CSSG) may be an interesting training methodology to train soccer different components of the performance of footballers respecting the complexity inherent in the game. Unpredictability inherent in the game of soccer and develop the soccer necessary physical abilities. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility videogrammetry by specific stimuli induce different by running two games with reduced conceptual tactical principles different operating (1 - maintaining possession and 2 - progression to the target). The study included 24 athletes divided into two teams that faced off in Game 1 and Game 2. Both games lasted 30 min and the teams were comprised of 6 players goalkeeper. The data showed that the organizing principles of the JRC create different situations with different levels of difficulty. As well as cause physiological stimuli distinct. Ie, it is possible to systematize the training of technical and tactical components in a controlled manner and within the context of the game in order to cause physiological adaptations predetermined. Our data accredit JRC for learning situations technical tactics, coupled with the adequate physical conditioning can contribute to producing a player trained to approach increasingly thoughts and actions in different situations / Mestrado / Biodinâmica do Movimento Humano e Esporte / Mestre em Ciências da Nutrição e do Esporte e Metabolismo

Fotboll är en högintensiv sport med intermittent arbete och har höga krav på den aeroba förmågan. För att utveckla den aeroba förmågan hos fotbollsspelare används ofta small sided games (SSG). Träningsmetoden liknar match men spelas på mindre yta med färre spelare. I ett idrottssammanhang visar tidigare forskning på samband mellan inre motivation och större upplevd glädje till aktiviteten, så även uthållighet i att utföra aktiviteter till hands. Detta kan komma att påverka idrottares utveckling samt prestation. Studien jämförde yttre fysisk belastning (Total distans (TD), sprintlöpningar (SL), höghastighetslöpningar (HHL), accelerationer (ACC) och deaccelerationer (DEC) i SGG mellan olika planstorlekar och antal spelare. Vidare undersöktes om spelarnas typ av motivation skiljde sig mellan uppläggen, samt om samband mellan motivationsformerna och yttre fysisk belastning fanns. Sjutton fotbollsspelare (18 ± 1 år) från ett pojklag deltog i studien. Global Positioning System data samlades in via Polar Team Pro applikation som tilldelades av fotbollsklubben. Planstorlek för uppläggen var 7 mot 7(7vs7); 50m x 35-45m, 4 mot 4(4vs4); 32m x 20m. Distansen var längre i SSG 7vs7 än i SSG 4vs4 (p &lt;0.05), spelare gjorde även fler accelerationer (p &lt;0.05) såväl som deaccelerationer (p &lt;0.05) i SSG 7vs7. En enkät baserad på Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) användes för att identifiera spelarnas motivationsform; Inre motivation, identifierad reglering, extern reglering och amotivation. Resultatet visade inga signifikanta skillnader i motivationsform mellan SSG 7vs7 och SSG 4vs4. Resultatet visade ett signifikant negativt samband mellan amotivation och TD i SSG 7vs7, samt ett mellan identifierad reglering och SL i SSG 7vs7. Studien visar att olika upplägg av smålagsspel påverkar den yttre fysiska belastningen hos unga fotbollsspelare på olika sätt samt att spelarnas motivationsform kan påverka utfallet av träningen och utvecklingen. Vidare krävs mer forskning på unga fotbollsspelare för att säkerställa pålitliga resultat. / Soccer is a high intensity sport with intermittent work that puts high demands on aerobic ability. To develop the aerobic ability for soccer players it’s common to use small sided games (SSG). The training method resembles a real match but is played on a smaller area with fewer players. In a sports context, previous research shows a connection between internal motivation and greater perceived happiness to the activity, as well as perseverance in performing activities at hand. This may affect the athlete's development and performance. This study compared the external load (Total distance (TD), sprints (SL), high speed running (HHL), accelerations (ACC) and decelerations (DEC) in SSG between different pitch sizes and number of players. Furthermore it was studied whether there was a difference between the motivation and sizes and whether there was a correlation between motivation and external load. Seventeen soccer players (18 ± 1 years) from a soccerc academy participated in the study. Global Positioning System data were collected from the Polar Team Pro application, allocated from the football club. SSG pitch sizes were 7vs7; 50m x 35-45m, 4vs4; 32m x 20m. TD were longer in SSG 7vs7 than in SSG 4vs4 (p &lt;0.05), players made more accelerations (p &lt;0.05) and decelerations (p &lt;0.05) in SSG 7vs7. A survey based on the Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) was used to measure the players' form of motivation; Internal motivation, identified regulation, external regulation and amotivation. The results showed no significant differences between SSG 7vs7 and SSG 4vs4 for the motivation forms. The results showed a significant negative correlation between amtoviation and TD in SSG 7vs7, and in identified regulation and SL in SSG 7vs7. This study shows that different layouts of SSG affect the external load of young soccer players in different ways and that the players’ motivation can affect the outcome of training and development. More research is needed on young soccer players to ensure reliable results.

Topic: The relationship between the level of technique skills and performance in small- sided games in U12 football players. Objective: To find the diferences in success of defeating an opponent in small-sided games between three groups of players (devided according to level of technical mastery of defeating an opponent in technical exercise without an opponent). To find the relationship between level of technique skill in defeating an opponent and success of defeating an opponent in real condition in small-sided games in U12 football players. Methods: Evaluation was based on our test. Small-sided games were used for evaluation of success of defeating an opponent in situations 1 on 1. Methods of direct and indirect assessment with help of video were used for assessment of the test as well as the small-sided games. Results: Significant effect size differences were found between groups of players in small-sided games in % success of defeating an opponent and % success of keeping the ball in attempt to defeating an opponent. The results suggests that players with higher level of technical skills in defeating an opponent are more successful in defeating an opponent in real game situations. Nevertheless, the statistically significant results weren't found. Key words: Football, motor skills, small-sided...

Title: The effect of "neutral player" in the small-sided game 4 on 4 in handball Objectives: The main objective of this work is to analyze the characteristics of internal and external loads. The load is analyzed in the framework of small-sided games in team handball for women DHK Zora Olomouc. Diploma thesis partially continues and develops the work of bachelor Intensity loads of players in modifications handball from 2013 and this work is developing in many ways. Small-sided games are extended by "neutral player" and compared the effect of this player in individual games. For deciding whether the effect of "neutral player" significant or not it is used test statistics. Methods: In this thesis, the method of observation to track phenomena that are directly available to sensory perception. Furthermore, the method of questioning when based on forward-known indicators survey participants are asked about their assessment. The acquisition values of heart rate is used meter Polar Team 2. Finally, the method of data analysis for examining and identifying relationships between the data obtained. Results: During this study it was found that the involvement of "neutral players" in small-sided games is statistically insignificant. It does not contribute to the improvement of physical fitness. The results were...

Title: The effect of small sided games on agility performance in pre-adolescent soccer players Objectives: Evaluation of the impact of small sided games intervention on the agility performance. Comparison between agility performance and motor skills level. Comparison between increase of agility performance and motor skills level. Method: The measured group consisted of 44 players aged 11-13. During the testing, the players passed a battery of motor skills tests TGMD 2, then the agility tests Illinois and 505 R and L (pretest and posttest). The first group of players (22 players) were subjected an interrvention of small sided games (three times a week for 2 months as part of the training session). The 2nd group of players (22 players) had only regular training during this period without intentional intervention. The results: According to the results of the motor skills test TGMD 2, the probands were divided into 3 subgroups according to the achieved performance. In both groups (intervened and control groups) the hypothesis, that players with higher level of motor skills will achieve better results in agility tests, was partially confirmed. This hypothesis was confirmed in the Illinois test in its entirety. In the 505 R and L tests, a statistically significant difference in performance was measured...

Small-sided soccer games (SSGs) are being widely used to improve the technical-tactical behavior and soccer-specific endurance simultaneously. However, there are numerous factors, which can influence the exercise intensity of SSGs. In this regard, a number of studies on SSGs reported the different physical demands and physiological responses according to the altering the number of players, pitch dimension etc. However, there are no studies, which investigated the energetic profiles from three energy pathways. Thus, the aim of this study is to quantify the energetic contributions in the relation of physical demands and physiological responses according to 1) altering the number of players and game duration (study 1), 2) pitch dimensions (study 2) and 3) further to explore which number of players and pitch dimensions can reproduce more closely to real soccer match (study 3). Thirty-four male junior soccer players from youth academy of German semi- and professional teams participated in this study. A portable spirometry system was used to validly record the proportionate energy supply mechanisms and the running load was recorded using a global positioning system (GPS). The heart rate (HR) and the post-exercise blood lactate concentration (BLa) were recorded before and after the respective exercise. For the calculation of the energetic contributions from three energy pathways the method developed by Beneke et al. (2002) was utilized. The subjects conducted three game formats i.e., 2 vs. 2, 4 vs. 4 and 6 vs. 6 for 2 min, 4 min and 4 min, respectively to examine the effect of altering the number of players. The results showed that three game formats had no difference in total distance covered, but 2 vs. 2 elicited greater distance covered in sprint than the other two ones. This was in accordance with the higher BLa during 2 vs. 2 than the other two ones. Besides, the values of heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (VO2) during 2 vs. 2 and 4 vs. 4 were higher than 6 vs. 6. In contrast to these results, the change of number of players and game duration had less impact on the energetic contributions. The energy supply for all game formats with different game duration relies mainly on the aerobic system with more than 70 - 90 % of total energy supply. The share of anaerobic energy accounted for less than 15 - 30 % of total energy supply. Particularly, the glycolytic share had very small influence on energy supply with less than 3 - 10 %. Moreover, the energetic contribution significantly depends on the individual fitness level. For the second purpose of this study the subjects performed 4 vs. 4 on the three different pitch dimensions (relative individual pitch dimensions; 66 m2: SSG66, 166 m2: SSG166, 266 m2: SSG266) during 4 min for each pitch dimensions. The results showed that total distance and sprint distance covered increased when the pitch dimension increased, and SSG166 and SSG266 led to higher HR, LA and %VO2 compared to SSG66. These physical demands and physiological responses were in line with the energetic contributions. The least total distance and sprint covered for SSG66 led to the least total energy turnover among three pitch dimensions. Moreover, the greater sprint distance covered for SSG166 and SSG266 than SSG66 resulted to the greater anaerobic and aerobic share compared to SSG66. However, the most of energy was supplied by the aerobic energy system (approximately 80 %) with very small glycolytic share, irrespective of pitch dimension. Furthermore, it was to investigate which number of players and pitch dimensions can reproduce more closely to real soccer match. The subject conducted four friendly matches during the study period. The response of HR and physical demands during 2 vs. 2 and 4 vs. 4 with three different pitch dimensions (individual playing area; 66 m2: 4 vs. 4PA66, 166 m2: 4 vs. 4PA166, 266 m2: 4 vs. 4PA266) were compared with the real soccer match. While all SSGs reproduced the HR (except for 4 vs. 4PA66) and demands of acceleration activity executed during the real soccer match, the demand of sprint could be reproduced by 4 vs. 4PA266 only. This study concludes that SSGs are a very effective and suitable tool to influence the dominant aerobic energy system of soccer-specific performance. Furthermore, there are possibilities to modify the number of players and the field dimensions depending on the training objective.:Abbreviations I List of figures II List of tables V Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. State of problem 4 1.2. Structure of study 5 Chapter 2. Literature review 7 2.1. Trend analysis of study on SSGs 7 2.2. Effect of number of players 11 2.3. Effect of pitch dimension 19 Chapter 3. General methods 25 3.1. Subjects 25 3.2. Experiment equipments 26 3.3. Diagnostics of endurance performance 30 3.3.1. VO2max test 30 3.3.2. Incremental running test 32 3.3.3. Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level1 34 3.4. Calculation method for energetic contributions from three energy pathways 36 Chapter 4. Study 1: Effect of number of players during SSGs on the physical and technical demands and physiological responses in relation with energetic profile 41 4.1. Introduction 41 4.2. Methods 43 4.2.1. Subjects 43 4.2.2. Study design 43 4.2.3. Dependent variables 46 4.2.3.1. Physical performance 46 4.2.3.2. The number of technical actions with ball 48 4.2.3.3. Energetic contributions and physiological responses 48 4.2.4. Experimental procedures 48 4.2.5. Statistics 50 4.3. Results 51 4.3.1. Physical performance during SSGs 52 4.3.1.1. Distance covered at various speed zones 52 4.3.1.2. Analysis of sprint effort 56 4.3.1.3. Distance covered in acceleration at various intensities 58 4.3.1.4. Number of acceleration at various intensities and relation of acceleration distance to total distance 63 4.3.1.5. Body load 65 4.3.2. Technical actions with ball 66 4.3.3. Physiological responses to SSGs 67 4.3.3.1. Response of heart rate during SSGs 67 4.3.3.2. Response of blood lactate concentration during SSGs 69 4.3.3.3. Response of oxygen uptake during SSGs 71 4.3.4. Summary of physical and physiological demands and technical actions with ball 73 4.3.5. Energetic contribution to SSGs 74 4.3.5.1. The absolute energetic contribution to SSGs during 1. bout 74 4.3.5.2. The relative energetic contribution to SSGs during 1. bout 77 4.3.5.3. The absolute energetic contributions to SSGs during 4. bout 79 4.3.5.4. The relative energetic contribution to SSGs for 4. bout 81 4.3.5.5. The absolute energetic contribution to 2 vs. 2 for 8. bout 84 4.3.5.6. The relative energetic contribution to 2 vs. 2 for 8. bout 85 4.3.5.7. Comparison of the energetic contribution between 1. bout and 4. bout within each game format 87 4.3.6. Summary of results for the energetic contribution 88 4.4. Discussion 90 Chapter 5. Study 2: Effect of pitch dimension during SSGs on the physical and technical demands and physiological responses in relation with energetic profile 110 5.1. Introduction 110 5.2. Methods 112 5.2.1. Subject 112 5.2.2. Study design 112 5.2.3. Dependent variables 114 5.2.4. Experimental procedures 114 5.2.5. Statistics 115 5.3. Results 116 5.3.1. Physical performance during 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 117 5.3.1.1. Distance covered at various speed zones 117 5.3.1.2. Analysis of sprint effort 121 5.3.1.3. Distance covered in acceleration at various intensities 124 5.3.1.4. Number of acceleration at various intensities and relation of acceleration distance to total distance 129 5.3.1.5. Body load 131 5.3.2. Technical actions with ball 132 5.3.3. Physiological responses to 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 133 5.3.3.1. Response of heart rate to 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 133 5.3.3.2. Responses of blood lactate to 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 134 5.3.3.3. Response of oxygen uptake to 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 135 5.3.4. Summary of physical and physiological demands and technical actions with ball 137 5.3.5. Energetic contribution during 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 138 5.3.5.1. The energetic contribution during 1. bout 138 5.3.5.2. The energetic contribution during 4. bout 140 5.3.5.3. Comparison of energetic contribution between 1. and 4. bout within each pitch dimension 142 5.4. Discussion 143 Chapter 6. Study 3: Comparison of heart rate and physical demands between SSGs and real soccer match according to number of players and pitch dimensions 157 6.1. Introduction 157 6.2. Methods 158 6.2.1. Subjects 158 6.2.2. Study design 158 6.2.3. Dependent variables 160 6.2.4. Experimental procedures 160 6.2.5. Statistics 161 6.3. Results 162 6.3.1. Comparison of heart rate between SSGs and matches 162 6.3.2. Comparison of physical demands between SSGs and matches 163 6.3.2.1. Distance covered at various speed zones 163 6.3.2.2. Analysis of sprint effort 164 6.3.2.3. Distance covered in acceleration at various intensities 165 6.3.2.4. Number of acceleration at various intensities 166 6.4. Discussion 166 Chapter 7. Limitation of methods 172 Chapter 8. General summary 175 Chapter 9. Practical application 183 References 186 Appendix 201 Eidesstattliche Erklärung / Kleinfeldfussballspiele (sog. Small-sided games: SSGs) werden seit geraumer Zeit eingesetzt, um sowohl das technisch-taktische Verhalten als auch das fussballspezifische Ausdauertraining zu schulen. Dabei gibt es jedoch zahlreiche Faktoren, die eine Einwirkung auf die Intensitätsgestaltung der SSGs haben, so z.B. Spieleranzahl, Feldgröße, Spielregeln etc. Frühere Studien untersuchten dabei die Veränderung der verschiedenen physiologischen, körperlichen und technischen Parameter in Abhängigkeit der oben genannten Einflussgrößen. Bis dato gibt es jedoch keine Studien, die die anteilige Energiebereitstellung bei SSGs abschätzt. Daher ist es das Ziel der vorliegenden Studien die anteiligen Energiebereitstellungen unter Berücksichtigung der läuferischen und physiologischen Belastungen und in Abhängigkeit von der Spieleranzahl, Spielzeit (Studie 1) und Feldgrößen (Studie 2) zu quantifizieren. Darüber hinaus wurde auch untersucht, Welche Spielformen und Feldgröße die reale Wettkampfintensität näherungsweise abbilden können (Studie 3). Zur validen Erfassung der anteiligen Energiebereitstellungsmechanismen wurde ein portables Spirometriesystem verwendet und die Laufbelastung mittels eines Global Positioning Systems (GPS) erfasst. Vor und nach den jeweiligen Belastungen wurden die Herzfrequenz (HF) als auch die Nachbelastungsblutlaktatkonzentration (BLa) erhoben. Die Kalkulation bzw. Bestimmung der anteiligen Energiebereitstellungsprozesse erfolgte in Anlehnung an das Modell von Beneke et al. (2002). Alle Probanden absolvierten Spielformen 2 gegen 2 mit zweiminütiger Belastungszeit sowie 4 gegen 4 und 6 gegen 6 mit vierminütiger Belastungszeit; alle drei Spielformen wiesen keinen Unterschied bei der zurückgelegten Gesamtdistanz auf, die Spielform 2 gegen 2 zeigte im Vergleich zu den anderen Spielformen eine höhere Sprint- und Beschleunigungsdistanz. Diese Ergebnisse gingen einher mit höheren BLa-Werten bei 2 gegen 2 im Vergleich zu den anderen Spielformen. Die Herzfrequenz und die Sauerstoffaufnahme lagen bei 2 gegen 2 und 4 gegen 4 höher als bei 6 gegen 6. Im Gegensatz zu den Differenzen in der Laufbelastung zeigten HF und VO2 zwischen drei Spielformen nur einen geringen Einfluss auf die anteilige Energiebereitstellung. Bei allen Spielformen lag der größte Anteil der Energiebereitstellung im Bereich des aeroben Stoffwechsels mit mehr als 70 - 90 %. Der anaerobe Anteil betrug weniger als 15 - 30 % der gesamten Energiebereitstellung, wobei insbesondere der glykolytische Anteil mit 3 - 10% insgesamt sehr gering war. Es ergab sich weiter, dass die anteilige Energiebereitstellung vom individuellen konditionellen Niveau abhängig ist. Um den Einfluss der Feldgröße zu untersuchen absolvierten die Probanden die Spielform 4 gegen 4 auf drei unterschiedlichen Feldgrößen (kleine Feldgröße = KF, mittlere Feldgröße = MF und große Feldgröße = GF) mit jeweils vierminütiger Belastung. Es konnte beobachtet werden, dass die zurückgelegten Gesamtdistanzen und Sprintdistanzen auf MF und GF länger als auf KF waren. Die jeweils ermittelte VO2, HF und BLa auf MF und GF waren größer als auf KF. Erwartungsgemäß wiesen die geringsten Gesamt- und Sprintdistanzen auf dem KF auch den niedrigsten Gesamtenergieumsatz auf. Größere Anteile an Sprintdistanz auf MF und GF hatten höhere anaerobe und aerobe Anteile im Vergleich zu KF zur Folge. Trotzdem wird, unabhängig von der Feldgröße, der größte Anteil der Energiebereitstellung über den aeroben Stoffwechsel (ca. 80 %) mit einem sehr geringen glykolytischen Anteil abgedeckt. In weiteren Verlauf der Untersuchungen absolvierten die Probanden vier Wettkampfspiele, wobei die Laufbelastung und die HF der Wettkampfspiele mit der Belastungssituation 2 gegen 2 und 4 gegen 4 auf drei Feldgrößen verglichen wurden. Die Befunde zeigten, dass die Spielformen 2 gegen 2 und 4 gegen 4 auf MF und GF die HF und Beschleunigungsbelastungen der realen Wettkampfspiele weitgehend abbilden konnten. Als zusammenfassende Konsequenz kann statuiert werden, dass SSGs je nach der angedachten Verwendung ein sehr probates und geeignetes Mittel darstellen, den primär aeroben Anteil der fussballspezifischen Leistung in Training und Wettkampf zu beeinflussen bzw. zu trainieren. Weiter ergibt sich insgesamt ein sehr umfangreiches und breites Spektrum, die Spieleranzahl und Feldgröße je nach Trainingsziel entsprechend zu modifizieren und gemäß den jeweiligen trainingsmethodischen Zielsetzungen für die Belange in der Praxis auszurichten.:Abbreviations I List of figures II List of tables V Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. State of problem 4 1.2. Structure of study 5 Chapter 2. Literature review 7 2.1. Trend analysis of study on SSGs 7 2.2. Effect of number of players 11 2.3. Effect of pitch dimension 19 Chapter 3. General methods 25 3.1. Subjects 25 3.2. Experiment equipments 26 3.3. Diagnostics of endurance performance 30 3.3.1. VO2max test 30 3.3.2. Incremental running test 32 3.3.3. Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level1 34 3.4. Calculation method for energetic contributions from three energy pathways 36 Chapter 4. Study 1: Effect of number of players during SSGs on the physical and technical demands and physiological responses in relation with energetic profile 41 4.1. Introduction 41 4.2. Methods 43 4.2.1. Subjects 43 4.2.2. Study design 43 4.2.3. Dependent variables 46 4.2.3.1. Physical performance 46 4.2.3.2. The number of technical actions with ball 48 4.2.3.3. Energetic contributions and physiological responses 48 4.2.4. Experimental procedures 48 4.2.5. Statistics 50 4.3. Results 51 4.3.1. Physical performance during SSGs 52 4.3.1.1. Distance covered at various speed zones 52 4.3.1.2. Analysis of sprint effort 56 4.3.1.3. Distance covered in acceleration at various intensities 58 4.3.1.4. Number of acceleration at various intensities and relation of acceleration distance to total distance 63 4.3.1.5. Body load 65 4.3.2. Technical actions with ball 66 4.3.3. Physiological responses to SSGs 67 4.3.3.1. Response of heart rate during SSGs 67 4.3.3.2. Response of blood lactate concentration during SSGs 69 4.3.3.3. Response of oxygen uptake during SSGs 71 4.3.4. Summary of physical and physiological demands and technical actions with ball 73 4.3.5. Energetic contribution to SSGs 74 4.3.5.1. The absolute energetic contribution to SSGs during 1. bout 74 4.3.5.2. The relative energetic contribution to SSGs during 1. bout 77 4.3.5.3. The absolute energetic contributions to SSGs during 4. bout 79 4.3.5.4. The relative energetic contribution to SSGs for 4. bout 81 4.3.5.5. The absolute energetic contribution to 2 vs. 2 for 8. bout 84 4.3.5.6. The relative energetic contribution to 2 vs. 2 for 8. bout 85 4.3.5.7. Comparison of the energetic contribution between 1. bout and 4. bout within each game format 87 4.3.6. Summary of results for the energetic contribution 88 4.4. Discussion 90 Chapter 5. Study 2: Effect of pitch dimension during SSGs on the physical and technical demands and physiological responses in relation with energetic profile 110 5.1. Introduction 110 5.2. Methods 112 5.2.1. Subject 112 5.2.2. Study design 112 5.2.3. Dependent variables 114 5.2.4. Experimental procedures 114 5.2.5. Statistics 115 5.3. Results 116 5.3.1. Physical performance during 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 117 5.3.1.1. Distance covered at various speed zones 117 5.3.1.2. Analysis of sprint effort 121 5.3.1.3. Distance covered in acceleration at various intensities 124 5.3.1.4. Number of acceleration at various intensities and relation of acceleration distance to total distance 129 5.3.1.5. Body load 131 5.3.2. Technical actions with ball 132 5.3.3. Physiological responses to 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 133 5.3.3.1. Response of heart rate to 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 133 5.3.3.2. Responses of blood lactate to 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 134 5.3.3.3. Response of oxygen uptake to 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 135 5.3.4. Summary of physical and physiological demands and technical actions with ball 137 5.3.5. Energetic contribution during 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 138 5.3.5.1. The energetic contribution during 1. bout 138 5.3.5.2. The energetic contribution during 4. bout 140 5.3.5.3. Comparison of energetic contribution between 1. and 4. bout within each pitch dimension 142 5.4. Discussion 143 Chapter 6. Study 3: Comparison of heart rate and physical demands between SSGs and real soccer match according to number of players and pitch dimensions 157 6.1. Introduction 157 6.2. Methods 158 6.2.1. Subjects 158 6.2.2. Study design 158 6.2.3. Dependent variables 160 6.2.4. Experimental procedures 160 6.2.5. Statistics 161 6.3. Results 162 6.3.1. Comparison of heart rate between SSGs and matches 162 6.3.2. Comparison of physical demands between SSGs and matches 163 6.3.2.1. Distance covered at various speed zones 163 6.3.2.2. Analysis of sprint effort 164 6.3.2.3. Distance covered in acceleration at various intensities 165 6.3.2.4. Number of acceleration at various intensities 166 6.4. Discussion 166 Chapter 7. Limitation of methods 172 Chapter 8. General summary 175 Chapter 9. Practical application 183 References 186 Appendix 201 Eidesstattliche Erklärung