The purpose of this essay has been to examine whether attitudes and behavior among Swedish people who takes snuff are dissonant or not and how their attitudes are affected by the media debate about the health risks snuff can cause. Furthermore, we were interested in finding out how different reference groups´ attitudes would influence the attitudes and the willingness of people to stop taking snuff and investigate how much control the people who take snuff think they have. To answer these questions we chose to ask primarily students at Stockholm University and Södertörns Högskola. The students were asked to fill out a questionnaire with 22 questions and the 100 responses we collected were worked up in a statistic program, SPSS, on the computer. The main models used for the essay and for the questionnaire were the Theory of Planned behavior and the Dissonance theory. Later, theories about rationality, risks and health were added to the essay. The results showed that the media debate does not influence the respondents to stop taking snuff and since the majority of the respondents had many friends that took snuff as well, the respondents didn’t feel any great dissonance which made their intention to stop even smaller. The answers to the question about the perceived behavior control tended to be quite contradictive. The respondents admitted to be addictive to nicotine but at the same time they said that they were able to quit taking snuff tomorrow if they wanted to. It seems like they underestimated the power of nicotine and overestimated their ability to quit. This is according to earlier research a very common thing among addicts. The results are not statistically significant since the number of respondents were very few. This essay may serve as a preliminary investigation for further research in this area.

Tandvården har goda möjligheter att få kännedom om patienters tobaksvanor eftersom flertalet människor besöker tandvården regelbundet. Det finns därför goda möjligheter att utföra tobaksavvänjning med de som röker eller snusar. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa metoder som finns för tobaksavvänjning och vilka resultat dessa metoder ger. Sökningen gjordes i databasen Pubmed och begränsades till artiklar som är publicerade under de senaste tio åren och till studier som har utförts inom tandvården. Litteraturstudien inkluderade åtta studier. Resultatet visade att det finns flera olika kombinationsmetoder som används för tobaksavvänjning. I tre artiklar har 5A metoden använts i kombination med nikotinersättningsmedel. I övriga artiklar användes fem olika kombinationsmetoder med olika uppföljningstider. I en av kombinationsmetoderna beskrevs två metoder. Utöver dessa metoder fanns en metod för snusavvänjning. Resultatet visade skillnader i lyckandefrekvens med upphörande av tobaksvanor. Tolv månaders avvänjning och uppföljning i två av kombinationsmetoderna samt metoden för snusavvänjning gav högst lyckandefrekvens (36 %, 25 % och 30 %). Lägst lyckandefrekvens var 7 % efter tolv månaders uppföljning i en av 5A metoderna. Studiens slutsats är att det finns få publicerade studier om tobaksavvänjning inom tandvården som är baserade på utvärdering av tobaksavvänjningsmetoder som är utförda på patienter. Uppföljning och rådgivning samt stöttning har betydelse för resultatet. / Patients with tobacco habits visit the dental care regularly, therefore it is well placed to carry out tobacco cessation for those who smoke or use snuff. The purpose of this study was to highlight methods available for tobacco cessation and results of these methods. The authors searched in the database PubMed and was limited to articles published during the last ten years and performed in the dental care. The framework was limited to eight studies which were performed in the dental care. The results showed that there are several different combination methods for tobacco cessation. In three articles, the 5A method was used in combination with nicotine replacement therapy. In other articles five different combination methods with different follow-up times were used. In one of those with combined approach two methods are described. In addition a method was used for snuff cessation. The result showed differences in frequency of success to tobacco stop. The best result was shown after twelve months tobacco cessation and a follow up in two of the combination methods and the method for snuff cessation (36%, 25% and 30%). The lowest success rate was 7% after twelve months follow up with one of the 5A methods. The conclusion of the study is that there are few published studies regarding tobacco cessation in the dental care, which are based on evaluation of methods performed among patients. Follow up, counselling and support have essential effects on the result.

Marknadsföring av hälsofarliga produkter inom områden som till exempel alkohol och tobakhar länge ifrågasatts då det går emot främjandet av folkhälsan. Tidigare forskning tyder på att exponering för marknadsföring av dessa produkter leder till ett ökat konsumtionsbeteende hos unga. Lagar kring regleringar av bland annat åldersgränsen och marknadsföring av dessa produkter har således stiftats, men nya produkter sätter ständigt krav på en granskning av dessa lagar. De relativt nya tobaksfria nikotinprodukterna reglerades inte på flera år under en lag och företag kunde således använda sig av flertalet strategier för att marknadsföra nikotinprodukter, exempelvis vitt snus och e-cigaretter. Fåtalet forskning har gjorts kring exponeringen förmarknadsföringen av nikotinprodukterna och ungas påverkan av denna, men de som har gjorts visar på ett samband mellan exponeringen och en ökad mottaglighet samt en ökad sannolikhet till att börja konsumera produkterna. Studien syftar till att öka förståelsen för hur företags marknadsföring av nikotinprodukten vitt snus uppfattas av generation Z i Sverige och till vilken grad marknadsföringen påverkar dem för att således nyansera problemet. En kvalitativ studie genomfördes där tre fokusgruppsintervjuer med totalt femton deltagare genomfördes. Empirin samlades in genom att spela in samtliga intervjuer vilka sedan transkriberades för att möjliggöra en objektiv analys. Empirin visar att respondenterna upplevde att företags marknadsföring av vitt snus framhäverpositiva attribut hos produkten genom färgglada och tilltalande annonser där produkten marknadsförs likt en essentiell accessoar. Vitt snus ansågs även vara normaliserat och marknadsfördes likt en godis eller ett tuggummi vilket riktade sig mot en ung målgrupp. Det framgick även att deltagare har fått en förändrad attityd gentemot produkten vid en längre tids exponering via dels marknadsföring, dels vänners konsumerande av produkten. Deras negativa och hälsofarliga uppfattning av vitt snus hade minskat till den grad att de till slut konsumeradeprodukten. Vidare visade influencers ha betydelse för ungas konsumtionsbeteende och deras roll som förebild ifrågasattes av respondenterna med tanke på deras stora inflytande på sina följare. Slutligen fanns det även ifrågasättanden gällande influencers verkliga anledning till samarbeten med företag där marknadsföring av hälsofarliga produkter ansågs endast bero på den ekonomiska aspekten då de gör reklam för ett hälsofarligt konsumerande. / Marketing of health-hazardous products in areas such as alcohol and tobacco has long been a discussed topic as it questions the promotion of public health. Previous research indicates that exposure to marketing of these products leads to increased consumption behavior among young people. Laws surrounding the regulation of, for instance, the age limit and marketing of these products have thus been established. However, newly established products on the market constantly require an inspection of these laws. The relatively new tobacco-free nicotine products were not regulated for several years when these entered the market. Therefore,companies were able to use several productive strategies to market nicotine products, for example white nicotine pouches and e-cigarettes. Research on nicotine products marketing exposure and the effect on young people shows an association between the marketing exposure and an increased susceptibility and a behavior change. This study aims to contribute with a profound understanding of how companies' nicotine product marketing of nicotine pouches is perceived by generation Z in Sweden and to what extent themarketing influences them, in order to nuance this questioned topic. A qualitative method was applied where three focus group interviews with fifteen participants were conducted. The interviews were recorded to get a full transcription and enable an objective analysis. The results show that the participants perceived the companies' nicotine pouches marketing to emphasize positive attributes of the product through colorful and appealing advertisements,where the product appeared like an essential accessory. The nicotine pouches were also perceived to be normalized in society and were marketed like candy or chewing gums which targeted a younger audience. It also emerged that participants had a reduced harm perceptionsof nicotine pouches through a longer period of market exposure and exposure of the product through friends. Their reduced harm perceptions resulted in consumption of the product. Furthermore, influencers were shown to have an impact on young people's consumption behavior and their part as a role model was questioned by respondents regarding their influence on their followers. Finally, the results show participants critically question influencers' real reason for collaborations with companies. The marketing of health-hazardous products was considered only a financial manner as the influencers promote a health-hazardous consuming.

<b>Background: </b>Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) is a marker of eosinophilic steroid-sensitive inflammation in the airways of patients with respiratory disease. Moreover, information about the localization of inflammation in the respiratory tree is obtained by estimates of bronchial and alveolar contributions to exhaled NO. <b>Aims: </b>The main aim of this thesis was to identify the determinants of exhaled NO, as well as determinants of bronchial and alveolar contributions to exhaled NO in health and disease. Smoking history, degree of IgE sensitization and effects of modulating the pharyngo-oral tract production of NO were specifically studied in this context. Other specific aims were to determine the association of exhaled NO with the presence of asthma and pulmonary hypertension (PH). <b>Methods: </b>Both population-based studies and experimental studies have been performed within the frame of the thesis. The population-based studies are based on data from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey II. NO measurements at several exhalation flow rates were performed in order to estimate alveolar and bronchial contributions to exhaled NO. <b>Results: </b>Both current and previous smoking were associated with decreased exhaled NO and bronchial NO flux levels. Alveolar NO concentrations were decreased in current smokers. The degree of IgE sensitization was positively related to the levels of exhaled NO and its bronchial contribution. Exhaled NO appeared to be a more specific marker of allergic inflammation than of rhinitis or asthma. Both allergic and non-allergic asthma were associated with increased exhaled NO levels, but only in never-smoking persons. The estimated alveolar NO increased after ingestion of nitrate in individuals with high nitrate turnover in the pharyngo-oral tract. Pulmonary arterial hypertension, but not other forms of PH, was associated with decreased bronchial NO flux, whereas PH of all etiologies was related to increased alveolar NO concentrations. <b>Conclusion: </b>Smoking history and IgE sensitization, that are known determinants of exhaled NO, affected the bronchial and alveolar contributions to exhaled NO differently. The limitations of the simple NO pulmonary exchange models were highlighted by the paradoxical effects on estimated alveolar NO when modulating the NO production proximally, in the pharyngo-oral tract. Predominance of non-eosinophilic inflammation in ever-smoking patients with asthma could explain the poor association between the presence of asthma and exhaled NO in these patients. Different pathophysiological changes in terms of bronchial NO production and exchange were related to the etiology of pulmonary hypertension.

The number of female snus users in Sweden has doubled since 2007, which can partially be a consequence of the introduction of white snus, a type of nicotine pouch. This carries significant implications for public health, particularly because a substantial proportion of young individuals who consume white snus had no prior exposure to other tobacco or nicotine products. Consequently, white snus has the potential to attract and introduce new young users to nicotine consumption. This qualitative study aimed to investigate the socio-environmental factors contributing to the consumption of white snus among female adolescents aged between 15 to 18. The data consists of 10 interviews. Guided by the Reciprocal Determinism Model, the study employed thematic analysis to explore the reasons for snus initiation, the continued use of white snus, and the circumstances that could lead to quitting its consumption. Three main themes emerged from the analysis: (1) desirability, (2) exploration and experimentation, and (3) hindrances. The findings elaborated on the socio-environmental factors behind white snus consumption. The marketing and advertisement strategies used by manufacturers were found to reinforce the continued use of white snus among female adolescents. Additionally, economic barriers were identified as the primary motivator for quitting consumption. Peer influence was consistently identified as the trigger for snus initiation. The study also highlighted the ineffectiveness of current regulations in Sweden, as they were easily bypassed, indicating a need for stronger measures to restrict access and limit advertising exposure. As white snus is expanding to countries outside of Sweden, the insights gained from this study can inform the development of early interventions and preventive measures by governments to reduce the likelihood of adolescent nicotine use.

Studien tillverkar en modell av en värdeflödesanalys hos ett tillverkningsföretag för att se hur värdeskapande företaget är. Studien tar även fram förbättringsförslag på hur företaget kan bli mer värdeskapandeoch effektiva i sitt arbete.