Name: Jitka Hanušová School: Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, Department: Institute of Linguistics and Finno-Ugric Studies Title: Charles Darwin and darwinism in Finnish Literature Supervisor: Mgr. Jan Dlask, Ph.D. Number of pagess: 68 Nubmber of characters: 118 580 Keywords: Charles Darwin, darwinism, social darwinism, Finnish Literature, race, heredity, social class This diploma deals with evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin and examines its arrival to Finland, its spreading there and mentions the first references in the Finnish periodicals, public and especially in literature during 1860-1920. The topic is viewed through a cultural-historical context which consists of influences of evolutionary theories, social darwinism, racial theories, heredity research, or distinctions between social classes. The special emphasis is placed on reflections of the main aspects of this context in the Finnish literature, mainly in the works of Minna Canth, T. Pakkala, L. Onerva, Toivo Tarvas and Maila Talvio.

During the past century, lawyers in New Orleans created a number of organizations to provide legal services for the poor, as lawyers did throughout the country. Most of those organizations provided routine service directly to individual clients and received quiet acceptance within the city and the state. However, more aggressive lawyers in other legal services offices engaged in law reform or challenged politically powerful interests. These offices found themselves embroiled in controversy and facing impediments that were placed in the way of their work. This dissertation introduces nonprofit legal services in New Orleans, but focuses on and investigates the experiences of four organizations – the New Orleans Legal Assistance Corporation, the Tulane Environmental Law Clinic, the Louisiana Capital Assistance Center, and the Advocacy Center – that were involved in controversies. This investigation differs from most prior studies of legal assistance in several ways. First, it discusses a variety of local legal service organizations rather than concentrating on the legal aid movement of the first half of the twentieth century, or the later Legal Services Program and its successor Legal Services Corporation. Secondly, it provides detailed discussion of several New Orleans legal services, which had previously been limited to scrutiny of the Tulane Environmental Law Clinic. Most importantly, it goes beyond description to provide causal explanation for the controversies by reference to social structure, and the social mechanisms and social processes at work. The dissertation presents access to law by the poor as being a form of "largesse" or charity or gift, which is granted when it is convenient for the powerful, but withheld when it is inconvenient for the powerful. From this perspective, the controversies resulted from the opposing interests of the two major social classes in modern capitalist society, with the politically powerful objecting to certain legal victories or gains achieved by the poor. In addition to the New Orleans cases, the dissertation refers to other legal services offices throughout the country that experienced similar problems. This demonstrates that the underlying issues are not limited to the city of New Orleans or the state of Louisiana, but are national in scope.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram: descrever e analisar as produções científicas internacionais e nacionais que tratam da operacionalização do conceito de classe social na epidemiologia e da relação entre classe social e processo saúde-doença. Partiu-se dos fundamentos da Saúde Coletiva, como referencial teórico, que toma como sujeito a categoria classe social, entendendo que a utilização deste conceito na epidemiologia é importante e relevante para o estudo das desigualdades sociais. O estudo é uma revisão sistemática teórica e quantitativa, sendo que os procedimentos metodológicos seguem as recomendações do Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). A revisão teórica foi utilizada para encontrar os modelos de classe social e a revisão quantitativa para evidenciar a relação classe social e processo saúde-doença. Foram selecionadas 16 bases de dados na área de ciências sociais, saúde e multidisciplinar para a busca bibliográfica, além de descritores e palavras para a seleção dos estudos. Era necessária a descrição de um modelo operacional de classe social para a inclusão do estudo teórico. Já na parte quantitativa, o critério era realização de estudo epidemiológica do tipo coorte ou caso-controle com a utilização de um modelo de classe. Após a elaboração de estratégias de busca, 22.314 estudos foram encontrados e 5.994 estudos foram pré-selecionados e armazenados em um gerenciador de bibliografia. Após a exclusão de 2.377 estudos duplicados e 49 não disponíveis online, 1890 estudos foram lidos na íntegra. Em relação à parte teórica, 28 trabalhos foram incluídos, sendo que nove latino-americanos, quatro americanos e 15 europeus. Mais da metade dos estudos foram publicados nas décadas de 70 e 80. É possível identificar dois critérios que diferenciaram as classes e subsidiaram a elaboração dos modelos latino-americanos: a inclusão de variáveis relacionadas ao poder de consumo e outras relacionadas à inserção no processo de produção. Já os modelos teóricos americanos e europeus utilizaram predominantemente variáveis relacionadas à inserção no processo de produção. Em relação aos resultados quantitativos, 123 estudos foram incluídos, sendo 108 estudos de coorte (87,8%) e 15 do tipo caso-controle (12,2%). A maioria dos estudos epidemiológicos mostrou associações positivas entre classe social e saúde, além de problemas de saúde mais prevalentes entre as classes classificadas como aquelas com menor acesso à riqueza social. Considerando as dificuldades na identificação das desigualdades sociais na contemporaneidade, os modelos de classe social devem contemplar as características socioeconômicas nacionais e regionais de cada país, além das mudanças no mundo do trabalho e suas especificidades. Os estudos epidemiológicos devem considerar a utilização da categoria classe social para identificação das desigualdades sociais e assim dar respostas adequadas às necessidades de saúde, compreendidas, a partir das considerações teóricas da Saúde Coletiva, como necessidades sociais mais amplas. / The objectives of this study were to describe and analyze the international scientific production dealing with the measurement of social class in epidemiology and the relationship between social class and health disease process. This essay had as theoretical framework the concepts underlying the field of Collective Health that takes social class as one essential analytical category. The study is a theoretical and quantitative systematic review, which follows the methodological recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Theoretical search was used to find models of social class and quantitative search was used to evidence the relation between social class and health disease process. Inclusion criteria were: description of a model of social class used in epidemiological studies and case-control and cohort studies that used a model of social class. We selected 16 databases in social sciences, health care and multidisciplinary for literature search, and multiple combinations of key words for the selection of studies. After the development of search strategies for each database, 22.314 studies were found and 5.994 studies were pre-selected and stored in a bibliography manager. After exclusion of 2.377 duplicate and 49 unavailable studies, 1.890 papers were read in full. In relation to theoretical results, 28 papers were included, of which nine were Latin American, four American and 15 European. More than half of the studies were published in the 70\'s and 80\'s. It is possible to identify the main criteria that differentiate the classes and that support the development of the models: the inclusion of variables related to insertion in the production process. In relation to quantitative results, 123 studies were included, of which 108 were cohort studies (87,8%) and 15 case-controls (12,2%). Most studies showed positive associations between social class and health, as well as higher prevalence of health problems among the lower classes. There is a need to measure the concept of classes, considering changes in the contemporary world of work, overcoming the difficulties of this theoretical and methodological reference. Epidemiological studies should consider the use of social class category to identify health inequalities and thus provide answers that actually respond to health needs of the different social classes.

A Disfunção do Assoalho Pélvico (DAP) é uma condição ginecológica comum que afeta a confiança e auto -estima da mulher. A alteração é frequentemente encontrada no período pós menopausa e parece ter uma influência negativa na qualidade de vida (QV) .A falta de acesso a bens materiais tem fortes associações com o conhecimento e o conceito das mulheres sobre saúde e bem-estar, bem como o impacto destas patologias na sua qualidade de vida. Muitas evidências demonstram que, em classes sociais mais baixas , há maior mortalidade e morbidade. Não existem estudos que correlacionam a classe econômica e sua interferência na qualidade de vida de mulheres com DAP .O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a relação entre classe socioeconômica e qualidade geral de vida (QV) em mulheres pós-menopausa com ou sem disfunção do assoalho pélvico (DAP). A pesquisa foi realizada no Departamento de Ginecologia de um hospital de referência no estado do Ceará, Brasil, no período outubro de 2011 a julho de 2012. As mulheres foram encaminhadas da Atenção Básica de Saúde para avaliação no setor de Uroginecologia do Hospital Geral Dr.Cesar Cals, do Departamento de Saúde do Estado do Ceará. Durante o período do estudo 230 pacientes foram incluídas, divididas em 2 grupos, Caso (com Disfunção do assoalho pélvico) e Controle (sem disfunção do Assoalho Pélvico).Utilizou-se como critérios de inclusão mulheres na pós-menopausa , sem uso de terapia hormonal nos últimos seis mesese e que não apresentassem contração não inibida do detrusor comprovada pelo estudo uridinâmico. Foram comparados com mulheres sem DAP confirmado pela história clínica e exame ginecológico com as mesmas características em relação ao estado pós-menopausa. Foram utilizados para a coleta de dados socioeconômicos o questionário Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil - 2011 ( CCEB ), proposto pela Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (ABEP) Pelo CCEB, são avaliados a escolaridade e os demais pontos são fornecidos pela quantidade de bens de consumo duráveis que a família possui (automóvel, televisão em cores, rádio, geladeira, freezer, máquina de lavar roupa, etc), pela quantidade de cômodos da casa, com ênfase no número de banheiros, e pela quantidade de empregados domésticos mensalistas que trabalham na casa.A soma desse indicadores, ou seja, o número de pontos obtidos, permite distribuir a população em classes , sendo \"Classe A (30 a 34 pontos)\" a mais favorecida e a \"Classe E (de 0 a 5 pontos)\" menos favorecida.Para avaliar a qualidade de vida nas DAP´s foi utilizado o questionário da qualidade de vida geral SF-36.Foram estudadas as variáveis socioeconômicas (idade , escolaridade, classe econômica e renda ), variáveis de percepção de saúde ( o impacto da incontinência / prolapso , as limitações de tarefas de desempenho , limitação física , a limitação social , relações pessoais , as emoções, sono e energia e medições de gravidade ) . Os dados coletados foram tabulados por meio do SPSS 17.0 e analisados estatisticamente através do teste qui- quadrado com nível de significância de 5%.Foram avaliadas 230 mulheres com 136 DAP e 94 sem DAP. As mulheres deste estudo pertenciam às classes B, C ou D. Comparando entre os grupos com e sem DAP, observamos que a maioria das variáveis epidemiológicas foram semelhantes, com exceção de índice de massa corporal e paridade na classe B, e para a paridade, o parto vaginal e idade em classes C e D. Quase todos os domínios do SF-36 foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos com e sem DAP (p < 0,05), com exceção do domínio Aspectos Sociais (p < 0,06). Por isso as mulheres com DAP tem uma qualidade de vida geral pior do que aqueles sem DAP. No entanto, comparando mulheres com e sem DAP em cada classe socioeconômica, encontramos resultados diferentes. Mulheres de classe B com DAP tiveram piores escores do SF-36 em cinco domínios: capacidade funcional (p < 0,05), limitação física (p < 0,05), dor (p < 0,05), estado geral de saúde (p < 0,05) e aspectos emocionais (p < 0,05). Não houve diferenças na classe B para os domínios, vitalidade (p = 0,08), aspectos sociais (p = 0,28) e saúde mental (p = 0,5). As mulheres da classe C com DAP tiveram piores escores do SF-36 em todos os oito domínios do questionário (p < 0,05). As mulheres da classe D com DAP tiveram piores escores do SF-36 em apenas um domínio: capacidade funcional (p < 0,05).Mulheres com DAP tem uma qualidade de vida em geral pior do que aqueles sem. Esses resultados foram semelhantes nas mulheres das classes B e C. No entanto, as mulheres de classe D tiveram pouca diferença entre domínios do SF-36. Estratificar as mulheres de acordo com a classe socioeconômica, possibilitou verificar que a condição socioeconômica têm um grande impacto na sua qualidade de vida, independentemente da presença de DAP. No entanto, a classe economica não parece alterar a qualidade de vida geral em mulheres na pós-menopausa brasileiros / Introduction: Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is a common gynecologic condition that affects patient\'s confidence and self-esteem. Such disturbance is frequently encountered around the menopause and have a negative influence on quality of life (QoL). Lack of access to material goods has strong associations with the women concept of health and wellness, and the impact of these pathologies in their QoL. Many evidences demonstrate that in lower social classes there are higher mortality and morbidity. There are no studies that correlate the economic class and socioeconomic factors and its interference in QoL of women with PFD. Aims of study: To evaluate and compare the relationship between socioeconomic class and general quality of life (QoL) in post menopausal Brazilian women with or without pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD). Materials and Methods: The research was conducted in two referral hospitals in the state of Ceara, Brazil in the period from October 2011 to July 2013. The Ethics Committee of the local Hospitals approved the present study. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients. Only postmenopausal women were included in the study. Women who were taking hormone therapy in the last six months or who had non-inhibited contraction of the detrusor in urodynamic were excluded from the study. They were divided in two groups: with or without complaints of pelvic floor dysfunction (urinary incontinence and/or pelvic organ prolapse). The group of women without pelvic floor dysfunction was confirmed by clinical history and gynecological examination, all from the general gynecology outpatient clinic. Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short-form (SF-36), a generic QoL questionnaire, was applied to all women. The Criterion of Brazilian Economic Classification (CCEB) was used for the economic stratification of the population, according to schooling (school graduation) and possession of itens as television, car, bathroom, etc. This classification stratifies in classes from A to E, so that class A is the best social status and class E is the worst. Statistical analysis were performed with the Statistical Package Social Science (SPSS), version 20.0. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used to evaluate the statistical significance considering p < 0.05. Sample size calculation was performed to determine the number of women in each group and it was established that 94 women would be needed in each group to evaluate the quality of their lives. Results: We evaluated 230 women 136 with PFD and 94 without PFD. Women from this study belonged to classes B, C or D. Comparing between groups with and without PFD, we found that most epidemiological variables were similar, except for body mass index and parity in class B, and for parity, vaginal delivery and age in classes C and D. Scores of almost all SF-36 domains were statiscally different between groups with and without PFD (p < 0.000), except to social aspects (p < 0.06) . Therefore women with PFD have a worse general QoL than those without it. However, comparing women with and without PFD in each socioeconomic class, we found different results. Women from class B with PFD had worse SF-36 scores in five domains: functional capacity (p < 0,000), physical limitation (p< 0,000), pain (p < 0.000), general health status (p < 0,000) and emotional aspects (p < 0.000). They did not have differences in class B for vitality (p=0.08), social aspects (p=0.28) and mental health (p=0.5). Women from class C with PFD had worse SF-36 scores in all eight domains (p < 0.000). Women from class D with PFD had worse SF-36 scores in only one domain: functional capacity (p < 0.000). Conclusion: Women with PFD showed worse QOL in all domains of the SF- 36 questionnaire compared to women without PFD. Women of pelvic floor dysfunction group included in the socioeconomic profile D class had less interference in QOL compared with women of the classes of groups B and C

Submitted by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-08T11:50:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação_mpcc - cosméticos masculinos - marina sayon - publicação..pdf: 1810760 bytes, checksum: 87fb968686f60bb22c3a2372e87764be (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-08T11:51:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação_mpcc - cosméticos masculinos - marina sayon - publicação..pdf: 1810760 bytes, checksum: 87fb968686f60bb22c3a2372e87764be (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Cristina Bonfim Aquarone (deborabonfim@espm.br) on 2018-10-08T11:53:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação_mpcc - cosméticos masculinos - marina sayon - publicação..pdf: 1810760 bytes, checksum: 87fb968686f60bb22c3a2372e87764be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-08T11:55:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação_mpcc - cosméticos masculinos - marina sayon - publicação..pdf: 1810760 bytes, checksum: 87fb968686f60bb22c3a2372e87764be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-13 / The main objective of this study was to understand how the constructs of masculinity and vanity impacts male cosmetics consumption in Brazilian men from different social classes. There was still the intention to detect if the levels of vanity and masculinity are negatively correlated and if other variables such as age and marital status had any moderation effect on these constructs. These variables were defined based on bibliometric techniques applied to published studies in this field of knowledge, which allowed to identify which gaps haven´t been investigated yet. To test the raised hypotheses and answer the previous questions, responses of 476 men from a quantitative self-administered survey available in several online and physical channels were analyzed. The results indicated that, more than independent from each other, the levels of vanity and masculinity positively influence the consumption of cosmetics, and being part of the CDE classes also results in a higher consumption. However, an investigation of the possible moderators revealed collinearity between age and marital status, and it was necessary to remove the age from the regression. With this, it was possible to notice a positive moderating effect of the marital status on a vanity and negative moderating effect on a masculinity. Then, it was found a final model to calculate the consumption of cosmetics according to the variables of vanity, masculinity, social class and marital status. The academic contribution came especially by the systematization of the data performed in the execution of the bibliometric techniques and the subsequent deepening in the gaps found on the subject. In this study, a connection between consumption of cosmetics and some constructs of personal values, in different social classes. Regarding the pragmatic contributions, the corollary of the results summed to the conclusions of previous searches allowed some marketing strategies suggestion to the companies, to boost this niche’s results that already shows a great perspective in the cosmetics market, revealing sales of almost R$ 20 billion in Brazil (EUROMONITOR, 2017). / O principal objetivo deste estudo foi entender como os constructos de masculinidade e vaidade impactam o consumo de cosméticos masculinos em homens brasileiros de diferentes classes. Adicionalmente, buscou-se identificar se os níveis de vaidade e masculinidade são negativamente correlacionados e se outras variáveis como idade e estado civil possuíam efeito moderador sobre esses constructos. Essas variáveis foram definidas a partir de técnicas bibliométricas aplicadas a estudos publicados nesse campo de conhecimento, que permitiram identificar lacunas empíricas que poderiam ser investigadas. Para testar as hipóteses levantadas e responder os questionamentos supracitados, foram analisadas as respostas de 476 homens em um survey auto administrado de abordagem quantitativa, disponibilizado em diversos canais online e físicos. Os resultados indicaram que, além de serem independentes, os níveis de vaidade e masculinidade influenciam positivamente o consumo de cosméticos, e o pertencimento às classes CDE também resulta em um consumo maior. Entretanto, quanto à investigação das variáveis moderadoras, descobriu-se colinearidade entre idade e estado civil, sendo necessária a remoção da idade do modelo. Com isso, foi possível notar um efeito moderador positivo do estado civil sobre a vaidade e negativo sobre a masculinidade, chegando a estimação de um modelo para calcular o consumo de cosméticos em função das variáveis de vaidade, masculinidade, classe social e estado civil. As contribuições acadêmicas se deram especialmente pela sistematização dos dados realizada na execução das técnicas bibliométricas e o subsequente aprofundamento nas lacunas encontradas sobre o tema. Nesse caso, sobre a relação do consumo de cosméticos com alguns constructos de valores pessoais, nas diferentes classes. Já quanto as contribuições pragmáticas, o corolário dos resultados encontrados somado às conclusões de pesquisas anteriores permitiu a sugestão de algumas estratégias de marketing às empresas para potencializar os resultados desse nicho que se apresenta de forma promissora no mercado de cosméticos, revelando uma venda de quase R$20 bilhões no Brasil (EUROMONITOR, 2017).

O objeto deste estudo é a educação sobre drogas direcionada a jovens, a ser veiculada no rádio, nas periferias urbanas. A bibliografia mostra que os jovens são tomados como sujeitos influenciáveis pela publicidade, que teria parcela de reponsabilidade pelo consumo de drogas entre jovens. O referencial teórico fundamentou-se no marxismo. O objetivo geral foi desenvolver processo de seleção, criação, organização e midiatização da educação sobre drogas, com a participação dos jovens. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa desenvolvida com a metodologia da pesquisa-ação emancipatória (PAE), que se fundamenta no método dialético. Na PAE há participação ativa dos sujeitos de pesquisa, que mantém diálogo e problematização permanente sobre a realidade. Participaram da PAE, jovens interessados na temática, que frequentavam uma escola pública de ensino fundamental e médio, na região de Guaianases, São Paulo (SP). Caracterizou-se o Índice de Reprodução Social (IRS) das famílias dos jovens, a partir de questionário padronizado. Para desenvolver a PAE, realizou-se treze oficinas. A oficina é um método participativo de investigação grupal, um processo educativo de reflexão e de transformação da práxis. Os resultados foram analisados de acordo com a categoria representações cotidianas. As representações cotidianas se manifestam na sociedade de formas distintas, relacionando-se com a base material de trabalho e vida das classes sociais. Em sua constituição apresentam dois elementos: o nuclear, que diz respeito às convicções que frutificam da reflexão e escolhas introjetadas; e o periférico, que se refere às opiniões, decorrentes da aceitação de ideias socialmente divulgadas. Os resultados foram: 13 jovens com idades entre 15 e 17 anos, sendo nove do sexo masculino, participaram das oficinas. Doze famílias foram categorizadas pelo IRS, sendo que sete delas contavam com chefes mulheres e três recebiam apoio do Programa Bolsa Família, dois jovens trabalhavam e estudavam concomitantemente. No processo da PAE, muitas convicções dos jovens vieram à tona, dado que o processo permitiu reflexão e reinterpretação da realidade analisada. As representações cotidianas foram sobre o espaço geossocial periférico em que os jovens vivem, as necessidades sociais e a sociabilidade. As representações da mídia sobre a periferia e sobre suas formas de sociabilidade foram temas problematizados pelos jovens, que criticam o modo como sua realidade é midiatizada. Estão convictos de que os problemas que enfrentam não são veiculados corretamente, de forma que os jovens das periferias são expostos como fora da ordem social, sujeitos perigosos e consumidores de drogas. Os jovens salientaram a presença controladora do Estado na periferia e suas necessidades sociais não respondidas; consideram que a classe dominante busca isolá-los na periferia e que as necessidades sociais não satisfeitas conduzem os jovens ao envolvimento com as drogas; estão convictos de que suas músicas constituem importante meio para desenvolver a educação emancipatória sobre drogas. As pautas da educação sobre drogas foram sendo construídas durante todo o processo da pesquisa, sendo o momento da midiatização do programa para os jovens participantes o ponto de chegada. Para outros será o ponto de partida para que novas discussões possam ser produzidas. A PAE mostrou-se potente para apreender as representações cotidianas de jovens da periferia e para a construção do programa de rádio de educação sobre drogas / The object of the present study was drug education to be aired on the radio in urban peripheral areas targeted at young individuals. The scientific literature shows that young individuals are taken as subjects influenced by advertising, which would share the responsibility for the consumption of drugs among young individuals. The theoretical framework was based on Marxism. The overall objective was to develop a selection, creation, organization, and mediatization process for drug education with the participation of young individuals. This is a qualitative research conducted with emancipatory action research methodology (EAR), which is based on a dialectical method. There is active participation of research subjects in the EAR, and they carry out permanent dialogue and problematization of the reality. The participants of the EAR were young individuals interested in the topic, who attended a public elementary and high school in the region of Guaianases, São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil. We characterized the Index of Social Reproduction (ISR) of the young individuals\' families using a standardized questionnaire. Thirteen workshops were carried out to develop the EAR. The workshops were characterized by a participatory research group method, an educational process of reflection and praxis transformation. The results were analyzed according to the daily life representations category. These representations manifest themselves through different forms in society, relating to the material basis of work and life of social classes. They include two elements: (a) nuclear, which relates to convictions that arise from the reflection and internalized choices; and (b) peripheral, which refers to opinions arising from the acceptance of ideas socially disseminated. The results were: 13 young people aged between 15 and 17 years attended the workshops, nine of which were male. Twelve families were categorized through the ISR. Seven of them were ruled by women and three received support from the Family Allowance Program. Two young individuals worked and studied at the same time. Many convictions of the young individuals arose in the EAR process, since it enabled reflection and reinterpretation of the reality assessed. The daily life representations were related to the peripheral geo-social space in which the young individuals lived, social needs, and sociability. The media representations of the peripheral area and its forms of sociability were topics problematized by the young individuals, who criticized the way their reality was mediatized. They were convinced that the problems they faced were not conveyed correctly, since the young individuals of the peripheral areas were exposed as being outside the social order, dangerous, and drug users. The young individuals highlighted the controller presence of the State in the peripheral areas and that their social needs were not met. They considered that the ruling class sought to isolate them in the peripheral areas and that the unmet social needs led young individuals to use drugs. They were convinced that their songs were an important means to develop emancipatory education about drugs. The guidelines of education about drugs were built throughout the research process, and the mediatization time of the program was the arrival point for the young participants. For others, it will be the starting point for carrying out further discussions. The EAR proved to be powerful to know the daily life representations of young individuals from the peripheral areas and the construction of a radio program for education about drugs

Este estudo teve como objeto o consumo de álcool por jovens. O objetivo geral foi compreender as características do consumo de álcool por jovens de diferentes grupos sociais. Para isso identificou e analisou similaridades e diferenças: nas concepções de juventude e nas características do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas entre jovens de diferentes grupos sociais. A população do estudo foi composta por jovens de instituições de ensino e participantes de instituição de assistência social que acolhe pessoas em situação de rua, assegurando-se que estivessem contemplados jovens dos diferentes grupos sociais. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de grupos focais, guiados por roteiro e analisados pelo método da análise temática de conteúdo. Este estudo tomou juventude como categoria social, compreendida como fase da vida compartilhada pelos jovens, porém desigualmente definida pelas diferentes inserções sociais e compreende que o consumo de drogas na contemporaneidade passou a responder à lógica central do capitalismo - a finalidade primordial de produzir lucro - e adquiriu as características de mercadoria. A análise mostrou, no tocante à concepção de juventude, que as similaridades encontradas entre os jovens entrevistados foram: a compreensão da juventude como período transitório e de preparo para a vida adulta; juventude como período de pouca responsabilidade. Já as principais diferenças encontradas foram: desiguais vivências dessa etapa, desiguais possibilidades de desenvolvimento de autonomia e de vislumbre de perspectiva de futuro melhor, com vantagem para os jovens de mais acesso a bens. Quanto ao consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, a similaridade entre os jovens é a valorização do álcool como fonte de prazer e de promoção da sociabilidade. Com relação às diferenças verificou-se que as idades de início foram mais precoces e as primeiras experiências de consumo ocorreram em locais desprotegidos, quando considerados os jovens com menos acesso a bens. Entre os de melhor situação socioeconômica o consumo de álcool é um entre vários outros prazeres que o jovem desfruta, e os excessos parecem estar mais circunscritos a essa etapa da vida. Os resultados evidenciaram a necessidade das políticas públicas encaminharem projetos que contemplem a heterogeneidade social dos jovens e que considerem as condições de reprodução social nas bases de suas necessidades de saúde. / This study had as object the alcohol consumption by young people. The general goal was understand the characteristics of alcohol consumption by young people from different social groups. For that, it has indentified and analyzed similarities and differences: in youth conceptions and characteristics of alcoholic beverages consumption among young people from different social groups. The study\'s population was composed by young from educational institutions and participants from social welfare institution that welcomes people into the streets, ensuring that distinct social classes were contemplated. The data were obtained by mean of focal groups, guided by script and analyzed by the method of thematic content analysis. This study takes youth as social category, known as life period shared by young, but unequally defined by different social inserts and perceives that drug consumption has in contemporary answer the central logic of capitalism - the primary purpose of producing a profit - and acquired the characteristics of goods. The analysis showed, as regards the conception of youth, that the similarities found among the young people interviewed were: comprehension of youth as a transitional period and preparation for adult life, youth as a period of little responsibility. Yet the main differences found were: unequal experiences of this stage, unequal opportunities for development of autonomy and insight of perspective for a better future, to the advantage of more young people access to goods. Regarding the consumption of alcoholic beverages, the similarity among young people is the importance of alcohol as a source of pleasure and to promote sociability. Regarding the differences we found that age of onset was earlier and the first consumer experiences occurred in unprotected places, when considered young people with less access to goods. Among the ones with better socioeconomic, alcohol consumption is one of several other young man enjoying the pleasures and excesses seem to be more confined to this stage of life. The results showed the need for public policies report projects that contemplate the social heterogeneity of young people and consider the conditions of social reproduction on the basis of their health necessities.

Survey research plays a significant role in the way psychologists investigate key relationships which impact human behaviours—and which inform us about undercurrents of a population. Samples are generally taken with the primary function of being able to make inferences which can be generalised to the target population—however, historically the field has consistently relied on small and niche datasets which are not truly representative of the general population. As a consequence, there is an abundance of published research which lacks ecological validity. The alternative approach is to collect larger amounts of data—this approach is extremely costly and in most instances impractical for the researcher. I have termed this conundrum, the cost-insight trade-off, which has traditionally exasperated psychologists. To address this dilemma, I conducted three studies using two alternative methods. Study 1 investigated the relationship between social status and international friendships at a micro and macro level. The building social status hypothesis states that higher social status individuals would reach out more to people and have more international friendships than their poorer counterparts. In contrast, the restrictive social status hypothesis states the higher social status individuals would be reclusive and have fewer international friendships than their poorer counterparts. Findings at both the micro (N = 857; U.S. participants) and macro levels (approximately 50 billion friendships across 187 countries) were in alignment with the restrictive social status hypothesis. Investigating this relationship at this large a scope would not have been possible without utilising Facebook Data—furthermore, for most research projects collecting data at this scale is both too costly and impractical. Study 2 aims to address the limitation of study 1. In this light, a new alternative method, the Survey Forecasting Method, is introduced and used to demonstrate creative capability of combining the latest technology, machine learning techniques and big data (i.e. Twitter). The findings were proof positive that a data collection of only 1,000 participants (at minimum) can be transformed into the power of having a dataset of several hundred thousand participants. In other words, the findings suggest that it is possible to efficiently and effectively forecast scores for potentially millions of people, without them having to complete a single survey. This is a significant step towards developing an alternative survey method; however, the method has only been applied to the Big Five & NEO-IPIP personality traits. Study 3 provides further evidence for the Survey Forecasting Method as a viable alternative to traditional sampling methods. The study examined the relationship between entrepreneurs’ self-efficacy, fear of failure, and well-being at two levels: (a) self-report and forecasted individual level, and (b) forecasted state level (across all 50 U.S. states). Findings show there are differences between each level which provides insights into effects and potential mechanisms which would not potentially be found using traditional “silo’d” methods. The primary aim of this thesis is to provide a viable alternative method to conducting survey research—which allows the researcher to gain deeper insights into the population at less cost and time. Furthermore, this alternative method addresses poor data representativeness. Limitations are addressed and future directions to improve its capability and robustness as a viable survey research methodology are provided.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-03T19:09:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Maria Schnack.pdf: 2108632 bytes, checksum: 27b1e6c3331c1825c8a06e247078ac77 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-03T19:09:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Maria Schnack.pdf: 2108632 bytes, checksum: 27b1e6c3331c1825c8a06e247078ac77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-14 / Nenhuma / Valendo-se do arcabouço teórico da análise da fala-em-interação (SACKS, 1992; SACKS; et al., 1974; C.GOODWIN, 1984) e da etnometodologia (GARFINKEL, 1967), este estudo etnográfico (O´REILLY, 2009) objetivou compreender como duas famílias, nomeadas como família de Catarina e família de Mila, e pertencentes a classes sociais distintas, significam suas responsabilidades vinculadas ao domínio escolar dentro de casa ao participar da rotina escolar das crinanças. Responsabilidade origina-se do caráter responsivo de nossas ações (HILL; IRVINE, 1992), que a qualifica, portanto, como intersubjetiva (OCHS; IZQUIERDO, 2009). Os resultados apontam orientações distintas em cada família, as quais nomeio como de responsabilidade compartilhada e de responsabilidade partilhada. Na responsabilidade compartilhada, evidencia-se a centralidade da criança e de seu universo escolar cotidiano, na conarração das experiências escolares da criança, na coconstrução do entendimento sobre o mundo escrito, e na oferta de roteiros (EMMISON et al., 2011) de ação futura pelos adultos. Além disso, adultos compartilham com a escola os fazeres pedagógicos de mediar o conhecimento, através de sequências IRA (COULTHARD; SINCLAIR, 1975; GARCEZ, 2006), constituindo escola e família como extensão uma da outra (CARVALHO, 2004). Responsabilidade partilhada, por outro lado, aponta para busca pela autonomia da criança com relação aos seus afazeres escolares e para a distinção entre a natureza social da escola e da família através da distribuição e manutenção das responsabilidades de cada membro familiar no que tange à escola, na negociação explícita de responsabilidade (FINCH; MASON, 2006) e na fulcral distinção entre narradora e plateia nos eventos narrativos da experiência escolar. As análises também evidenciam o constituição generificada da responsabilidade paternal pelo trabalho invisível de organização das tarefas escolares domésticas (REAY, 2005) na família de Catarina, e da mãe como gatekeeper (GOTTZÉN, 2011) da participação paterna na família de Mila. Esse trabalho generificado desestabiliza discursos normativizados sobre a participação paterna, especialmente em classes sociais menos privilegiadas, nas quais os pais são vistos como gerentes da rotina familiar apesar do número crescente de famílias chefiadas, financeiramente, por mulheres (FONSECA, 2004). O estudo contribui com os estudos sobre a participação familiar na trajetória escolar das crianças propondo que participação é intrínseca à noção familiar de responsabilidade, posicionando a escola como uma tarefa a ser cumprida ou como um direito a ser garantido à criança. / Based on the theoretical and analytcal framework of the analysis of talk-in-interaction (SACKS, 1992; SACKS; SCHEGLOFF; JEFFERSON, 1974; C. GOODWIN, 1984) and of ethnomethodology (GRAFINKEL, 1967), this ethnographic study (O ́REILLY, 2009) aimed at understanding how two families, named as Catarina ́s family and Mila ́s family, which belong to different social classes, give meaning to their responsibilities concerning the school within the household environment while participanting in the child ́s school rotine. Responsibility originates from the responsive character of our actions (HILL; IRVINE, 1992), which thus qualifies it as intersubjective (OCHS; IZQUIERDO, 2009). The results point to distinct orientations in each family, named here as shared responsibility and divided responsibility. Shared responsibility evidences the centrality of the child and her school universe through the conarration of the child ́s school experiences, the coconstruction of a mutual understanding of the written world and script proposals (EMMISON et al., 2011) by the adults. They also share with school its pedagogical doings of mediating knowledge, through IRF sequences (COULTHARD; SINCLAIR, 1975; GARCEZ, 2006), constituting school and family as an extension of each other (CARVALHO, 2004). Divided responsibility, on the other hand, points to the pursuit of the child ́s autonomy concerning her school tasks and to the distinction between the school and the family ́s social nature, achieved through distribution, maintenance and the explicit negotiation of members ́s responsibilities (FINCH; MASON, 2006), and the crucial distinction between narrator and audience in narratives of school experience. Analyses also evidence the gendered constitution of fatherhood as encompassing the invisible work of organizing school at home (REAY, 2005) in Catarina ́s family, and motherhood as gatekeeper (GOTTZÉN, 2011) of the father ́s participation in Mila ́s family. This gendered work destabilizes normative discourses on paternal participation, especially in low income social classes, in which fathers are seen as managers of the household despite the fact that these households are, increasingly, being financially afforded by women (FONSECA, 2004). This study contributes to the understanding of family participation in the child ́s school trajectory as it proposes that participation is constitutive of the understanding families hold of their responsibilities towards the school, which ends up positioning the school either as a task to be performed or as a right to be offered to the child.

Ce travail propose un retour sur la notion de "capitalisme d'État" sur les plans à la fois théorique et empirique, comparatif et monographique, afin de renouveler notre compréhension du rôle économique des États dans la période actuelle. Il repose sur un examen critique de contributions théoriques passées au sujet des relations État-marché, y compris notamment des écrits ayant abordé explicitement le "capitalisme d'État" durant le siècle dernier ainsi que ces dernières années. Il s'agit, de plus, de formuler et d'appliquer un nouveau cadre conceptuel et méthodologique rendant possible d'évaluer les modalités, sites institutionnels et degrés d'intensité du contrôle et de l'influence étatiques sur la vie économique. Enfin, ce travail incorpore une investigation en profondeur des manifestations institutionnelles et des ramifications sociétales des prérogatives économiques du parti-État en République populaire de Chine, la formation nationale la plus souvent identifiée au capitalisme d'État aujourd'hui. Cette étude constitue donc une tentative de démontrer la pertinence d'un concept de capitalisme d'État reconstruit pour une économie politique critique, en particulier vis-à-vis du programme de recherches actuel sur le capitalisme comparé. Elle vise, de plus, à assumer et à retravailler la problématique des acteurs sociaux et de la formation des élites afin de mieux élucider l'organisation et l'action de l'État capitaliste. Dans la mesure où elle contribue à éclairer la trajectoire de développement chinoise et la configuration politico-économique actuelle du pays, cette étude représente aussi un effort en vue de mieux intégrer le cas chinois dans la recherche comparative en économie politique. / This study seeks to revisit the notion of "state capitalism", at once theoretically and empirically, comparatively and monographically, in view of renewing the critical understanding of the state's involvement in capitalist markets in the current period. This endeavour is premised on a critical examination of the extant theoretical literature on state-market relations, including past writings that have grappled explicitly with "state capitalism", both in the previous century and in recent years. It entails, further, the design and implementation of a novel conceptual-methodological framework for the comparative assessment of degrees, modalities, and institutional sites of state control and influence over the economic process. Finally, it features an in-depth investigation of the institutional instantiations and societal ramifications of the party-state's economic attributions in the People's Republic of China, the national formation most frequently identified with state capitalism today. Overall, this study embodies an attempt to vindicate the relevance of a reconstructed concept of state capitalism for critical political economy, and specifically for the research agenda on comparative capitalism. Additionally, it purports to reclaim the problematics of social agency and elite formation in relation to the elucidation of the capitalist state. In so far as it sheds light on China's development trajectory in the reform era and on its present-day political-economic configuration, this study also represents an effort to further the integration of China within comparative research in political economy.