Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-10-10T13:44:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 daniellemoreiramaia.pdf: 1353854 bytes, checksum: 5556e65035cc12d838678f72e315a745 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-10-16T13:29:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 daniellemoreiramaia.pdf: 1353854 bytes, checksum: 5556e65035cc12d838678f72e315a745 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-16T13:29:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 daniellemoreiramaia.pdf: 1353854 bytes, checksum: 5556e65035cc12d838678f72e315a745 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-30 / Esta dissertação de mestrado objetivou compreender e analisar as motivações que estão fundamentando a decisão do velho trabalhador aposentado em se manter no mercado de trabalho e que a particularidade esses sujeitos estão inseridos, em meio à realidade comum àqueles que necessitam vender a sua força de trabalho, principalmente no que tange as necessidades de ordem econômica, que, em muitos casos, passam a ser o fator determinante nesse processo de reingresso no mercado de trabalho. Assim, trata-se de compreender o processo de envelhecimento da classe trabalhadora, especialmente, em relação às mudanças ocorridas no perfil demográfico, em que houve uma diminuição da população, acompanhada do seu superenvelhecimento (CAMARANO, 2014ª) e feminização da velhice (NASCIMENTO, 2000). Como aporte teórico será apontado que as transformações sustentadas na reestruturação produtiva e na ideologia neoliberal estão gerando metamorfoses no mundo do trabalho e que, em consequência, atingem toda a estrutura familiar e seus membros, incluindo, nesse processo, o velho trabalhador aposentado. Este último, inclusive, perante a realidade atual, tem exercido cada vez mais o papel de pessoa de referência da família, contribuindo para a reprodução de seus membros e estabelecendo novas formas de apoio intergeracional. A metodologia aplicada para a análise dos dados foi do tipo qualitativa, por entender que, dessa forma, a riqueza da subjetividade dos entrevistados seria preservada. Em suma, refletir acerca da reprodução social na sociedade capitalista direciona refletirmos acerca do processo de envelhecimento humano, sobretudo, da classe trabalhadora que envelhece. O que se percebeu com os resultados apresentados é que esses sujeitos são homens e mulheres que lutam por sua sobrevivência e de seus familiares, sendo submetidos às exigências da dinâmica capitalista, ainda que aposentados, assim como todo o conjunto dos trabalhadores. / This paper intends to comprehend and analyze what are the motivations for the reasons behind older retired worker's decision about his staying on working life. Also, it is aimed to intend which particularities those people have, mainly, about the financial circumstances, as it could be a determinant factor to step back into working life. This is about to comprehend the aging process of working class, including the occurred relationship about changes on demographic profile of this people, which experience a population decline, at the same time that is an super aging (CAMARANO, 2014a) and feminization (NASCIMENTO, 2000).This older retired worker, in this new reality, has been doing, more and more, the role of reference in the family, and he contributes to the reproduction of family members and, also, he establishes new ways of support between generations. The methodology used in this analysis was qualitative, because this way the interviewed subjectiveness is preserved. About the results, they showed that older retired workers are, indeed, in front of new job conceptions and organizations. However, in many cases, they do not have the conscience of this new structure. It has been clear of the results is that those people are men and women who struggle for survive, in a life period of, in other ways, should be about rest from a working life

In diesem Beitrag wurde für Österreich untersucht, inwiefern ein Zusammenhang zwischen dauerhafter Armut und sozialen Klassenstrukturen - operationalisiert anhand des Erikson-Goldthorpe-Portocarero-Klassenmodells - gegeben ist. Daran anschließend wurde geprüft, ob sich empirische Evidenz für eine Veränderung des Zusammenhanges im Vergleich der Zeiträume 1996 - 2000 und 2005 - 2008 in Österreich findet. Den theoretischen Ausgangspunkt bildet der durch die Bremer Armutsstudien der 1990er Jahre geprägte Diskurs hinsichtlich einer sozialen Entstrukturierung von Armutslagen. Zur Umsetzung der Fragestellung wurden österreichische Befragungsdaten (ECHP und SILC) verwendet und mehrere Armutsindikatoren gebildet, die sowohl Einkommenslagen, Lebenslagen, als auch deren jeweilige Dauer berücksichtigen. Einerseits kann auf Basis der durchgeführten logistischen Modellschätzungen festgehalten werden, dass in der zweiten Hälfte der 90er Jahre ein Zusammenhang zwischen sozialer Klasse und dauerhaften Armutslagen gegeben ist. Im Zeitraum von 2005 - 2008 trifft dies zumindest auf restriktvere Längsschnitt-Armutsdefinitionen zu. Der Einfluss der Klassenzugehörigkeit bleibt dabei über beide betrachtete Zeiträume konstant. Zweitens zeigen zusätzliche Analysen, dass ein Effekt der sozialen Klassenzugehörigkeit bei ausschließlicher Betrachtung der Querschnittsdimension für Einkommensarmut und Deprivation (1996) sowie 2005 für Einkommensarmut gegeben ist. Insgesamt spricht die empirische Evidenz für den hier betrachteten Zeitraum somit tendenziell gegen die Gültigkeit der Entstrukturierungsthese in Österreich. / Series: Working Papers / Institut für Sozialpolitik

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research proposes a reception study over masculinity representations in Brazilian advertisements transmitted over free-to-air television and its role in distinct class men's gender identity formation. We did align to the Cultural Studies strand, especially, to Jesús Martín-Barbero's Latin American theoretical and methodological mediation perspectives. Still in theoretical terms we do emphasize on the discussions referring to male gender's social construction and, in a complementary way, on the articulation with the contemporary notion of social class. Methodologically, we did perform a reception study with 10 different age, civil state and profession men, who do reside in Santa Maria, classified as high and popular classes by Quadros and Antunes' definition (2001). The data collection techniques used in this study were the questionnaire, which consisted of a pilot study with 40 instruments, and a semi structured in depth interview. Besides that, for the reception exam over the masculine gender we did mark out a corpus of advertisements (beer, car, technology, bank and clothing/hygiene products) defined by the results of the questionnaires and used as responsible support to stimulate debate with the receptors. We did analyze the mediations of sociality, rituality and tecnicity (MARTÍN-BARBERO, 2006) in the advertising speech's appropriation relations (negotiation or resistance) concerning to the masculinity representations, defined by beauty, sexuality, work and family categories. As a result of this work, the advertising shows up as an important source of patterns and references to contemporary subjects to live the masculinity; at the same way contributing to the relativization of the traditional masculine pattern, related to machism and patriarchy that hegemonically vigorates until a few decades ago. At last, the construction of gender identities based on beauty, sexuality, work and family, from the readings and the ways of using the advertising speech is made in a differenced way by the cleavages of social classes. / A presente pesquisa propõe um estudo de recepção das representações sobre a masculinidade nos anúncios publicitários brasileiros veiculados na televisão aberta e o seu papel na formação da identidade de gênero de homens pertencentes a classes distintas. Alinhamo-nos à vertente dos estudos culturais, especialmente, à perspectiva teórico-metodológica latino-americana das mediações de Jesús Martín- Barbero. Ainda em termos teóricos, nossa ênfase está centrada nas discussões referentes à construção social do gênero masculino e, de forma complementar, na articulação com a noção contemporânea de classe social. Metodologicamente, realizamos um estudo de recepção com dez homens residentes em Santa Maria/RS com idades, estado civil, profissões variadas e classificados, a partir da definição de Quadros e Antunes (2001), em classes populares e altas. As técnicas de coletas de dados empregadas neste estudo foram o questionário, que se caracterizou com um estudo piloto com quarenta instrumentos, e a entrevista semiestruturada em profundidade. Além disso, para o exame da recepção sobre o gênero masculino delimitamos um corpus de anúncios publicitários (cerveja, carro, tecnologia, banco, tecnologia e vestuário/produtos de higiene), definidos com base nos resultados dos questionários e usados como suportes responsáveis para o estímulo do debate com os receptores. Analisamos as mediações da socialidade, ritualidade e tecnicidade (MARTÍN-BARBERO, 2006) nas relações de apropriação (negociação ou resistência) do discurso publicitário no que diz respeito às representações de masculinidade, aqui, definida pelas categorias de beleza, sexualidade, trabalho e família. Como resultado deste trabalho, a publicidade aparece como uma importante fonte de padrões e referências para que os sujeitos contemporâneos vivenciem a masculinidade; da mesma forma que contribui, inclusive, para a relativização do padrão masculino tradicional, relacionado ao machismo e ao patriarcado, que vigorou hegemônico até poucas décadas atrás. Por fim, a construção das identidades de gênero baseada na beleza, na sexualidade, no trabalho e na família, a partir das leituras e dos modos de usos do discurso publicitário, é feita de forma diferenciada a partir das clivagens de classes sociais.

Abstract Physical inactivity is an increasing health problem worldwide and one of the most important risk factors for global premature mortality. Along with gained years, it is highly essential for both individuals and society that elderly persons perceive their health as good and are able to cope well with everyday life and enjoy it. Hence, our aim was to investigate the long-term associations of midlife physical activity (PA) with health-related quality of life (HRQL), frailty stage, leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a potential indicator of biological ageing, and mortality. The Helsinki Businessmen Study cohort has been followed since the 1960s and it has been studied from several perspectives over the years. In the baseline examinations in 1974, 782 healthy men (mean age 48) completed a questionnaire about their PA pattern. These men form the population of this study. According to their global description of their PA pattern, the men were categorized into low, moderate and high PA groups. After a 26-year follow-up in 2000, the HRQL and disease prevalences were appraised in 552 (mean age 73) men using a postal questionnaire including the RAND-36 instrument. PA was significantly associated with better physical function, one of the eight domains of HRQL. From the same questionnaire, frailty stage was appraised for 514 men using modified Fried’s criteria: weight loss, physical inactivity, low vitality and physical weakness. After adjusting for CVD risk factors at baseline, the risk for frailty was 80% lower in the high PA group compared with the low PA group. After a 29-year follow-up in 2003, 204 randomly selected survivors were invited to laboratory tests. The mean LTL was longer in the moderate PA group than in the low PA group and, contrary to our hypothesis, in the high PA group. We found that midlife PA was related to mortality during a 34-year follow-up and the protective effect of PA was independent of the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, including body mass index, age, cholesterol, glucose, systolic blood pressure and smoking at baseline. In conclusion, the overall results of this study lend support to the view that those who have adopted a physically active lifestyle in middle age have better physical function and lower risk of frailty in old age and lower mortality. / Tiivistelmä Riittämätön fyysinen aktiivisuus on kasvava terveysongelma ja ennenaikaisen kuoleman riskitekijä kaikkialla maailmassa. Elinvuosien lisääntymisen ohella on tärkeää, että ikääntyvä ihminen kokee terveytensä hyväksi ja että hän nauttii jokapäiväisestä elämästään. Tarkoituksenamme oli tutkia keski-iän liikunnan yhteyksiä terveyteen liittyvään elämänlaatuun, hauraus-raihnaus -oireyhtymään, telomeerien pituuteen sekä kuolleisuuteen 1960-luvulta lähtien seuratussa Helsingin Johtajat -kohortissa. Vuonna 1974, Helsingin Johtajat -tutkimuksen alkuvaiheessa, 782 tervettä miestä (keski-ikä 48 vuotta) täytti liikuntatottumuksiaan koskevan kyselylomakkeen. He muodostavat tämän tutkimuksen aineiston. Liikuntaharrastuksestaan antamansa yleiskuvauksen mukaan miehet jaettiin matalan, keskitason ja korkean liikuntatason ryhmiin. Vuonna 2000 terveyteen liittyvä elämänlaatu ja sairauksien esiintyvyys määritettiin 26 vuoden seuranta-ajan jälkeen 552 mieheltä (keski-ikä 73 vuotta) käyttäen postitettua kyselylomaketta, joka sisälsi RAND-36 -instrumentin. Liikunta oli tilastollisesti merkitsevästi yhteydessä parempaan fyysiseen toimintakykyyn, yhteen kahdeksasta terveyteen liittyvän elämänlaadun ulottuvuudesta. Saman kyselylomakkeen vastauksista selvitettiin hauraus-raihnaus -oireyhtymän esiintyvyys käyttäen seuraavia, Friedin kriteereistä muunneltuja kriteerejä: tahaton painon lasku, vähäinen liikunta, tarmokkuuden puute ja fyysinen heikkous. Riski hauraus-raihnaus -oireyhtymään oli 80 % pienempi korkean liikuntatason ryhmässä kuin matalan liikuntatason ryhmässä. Vuonna 2003, 29 vuoden seurannan jälkeen, 204 satunnaisesti valittua elossa olevaa miestä pyydettiin laboratoriotesteihin. Keskimääräinen leukosyyttien telomeerien pituus oli suurempi keskitasoisen liikunnan ryhmässä matalan ja korkean liikuntatason ryhmiin verrattuna. Tutkimuksessamme keski-iän liikuntaharrastus oli yhteydessä kuolleisuuteen 34 vuoden seurannan aikana, ja liikunnan suojaava vaikutus oli havaittavissa lähtövaiheen sydän- ja verisuonitautien riskitekijöistä (painoindeksi, ikä, kolesteroli, glukoosi, systolinen verenpaine ja tupakointi) riippumattomasti. Tämän tutkimuksen tulokset tukevat ajatusta, että fyysisesti aktiivinen elämäntapa keski-iässä on yhteydessä parempaan fyysiseen toimintakykyyn ja vähäisempään hauraus-raihnaus -oireyhtymään vanhalla iällä ja vähentää kuolleisuutta.

學歷是否為社會向上流動的必要條件，國內社會普遍認為出人頭地必須靠著學歷才能向上流動。然而，社會必須分工，如同身體臟器各有所司，人的專長亦有所不同，因而發展成社會中的各行各業，行行出狀元。如果學歷等於能力，那麼，德國的大學生比例僅佔三分之一，社會幾乎不流動，照樣能夠安居樂業、經濟實力聞名全球，並且吸引大量難民指名前往要求庇護，這種現象如何解釋學歷與社會地位、生活品質的關係。本研究使用個案研究、文獻分析以及深度訪談，探討德國與臺灣，對於文憑與技職之間所產生的各種矛盾情節。研究發現，德國與臺灣在教育提供的功能、社會流動的方式、進路選擇的排序以及國際接軌的程度均有不同，因此使德國的技職生有自信、專業強。研究建議找回技職的靈魂，讓技職成為社會流動的管道、以技術導向作為甄選內容、增加技術的不可取代性、找回巧匠善工的精神，將有助於提升我國社會對於技職人的形象與社會地位。 / It is believed that education is a means for upward mobility. It is particularly true in Taiwan where parents will do their best to send their children to colleges, instead of vocational schools, for a better chance of moving to upper social classes. In response, the educational administrators of this country turned most vocational schools to universities that gave up the training for skill proficiency. This, in turn, created the deficiency in the supply of technicians needed in this society. It is surprised to find out that such class division between labor and white-collar workers, and that the students in Germany enjoyed going to vocational school and fared pretty well after graduation. What lessons can we learn from German vocational education? This thesis compares the difference between two societies and tries to find out a possible solution for Taiwan’s deteriorating vocational education. Simply speaking, it is important to get the spirit of craftsman back to the professionals to earn respects from the society, which in turn would help to recruit students for vocational education.

This essay is a discussion about how English teachers in the Swedish school system can use Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice to encourage awareness and reflection in students regarding issues of class division and its impact on society. The essay provides examples of how the contemporary Swedish society and the society depicted in Pride and Prejudice share both similarities and differences in issues regarding class division. The reader response perspective has been applied to show how teachers may use the novel to emphasize students’ reflections and responses. This, in the hope of creating rewarding discussions in the classroom that are based on the curriculum for the Swedish upper secondary school’s content of democratic values and human rights. This essay will show that Pride and Prejudice is a suitable choice of literature to use as basis for generating awareness and reflection regarding the issues of the impact of class divisions on society in the EFL classroom.

The aim of this study is to investigate the factors ethnicity and social class and how this affects the language development of elementary school students. To be able to fulfill our purpose with this study, we have selected one question to be answered. The following question is: "How can teachers contribute to language development teaching for students with different ethnicities and social classes in the society?". Our information was gathered from two databases with scientific articles accessible for us students in Malmo University. We have used databases Eric ProQuest and ERIC EBSCO. The searching was done in English for a successful finding of relevant sources and a literature search in survey has been done in the Malmo University's library and well-known researchers. The result, conclusion and discussion has shown that second language students in a low social class have poorer conditions and opportunities for improved language development compared to students in a high social class background. This study also shows that these students have a tendency to lack Swedish language knowledge due to low social class in the family background. The result, conclusion and discussion mostly shows that teachers have a hard time to meet second language students of different social class backgrounds in the best way for their language development. Research in the result chapter shows that social class and ethnicity should be taken into account by teachers in their pedagogical planning. In the socially oriented subjects, teachers should higlight the two factors and neutralize them in the teaching. From this, teachers should keep in mind that the two factors can affect students' language development and hence apply this complexity to the didactic question "who?". To prevent differences in the classroom, can genre pedagogy be a solution to include all pupils to encourage language development, regardless of social or ethnic background in the classroom.

Marriage is arguably one of the most important events and choices to be made in one’s life, especially for many of the female characters in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. Whether characters are searching for a husband for themselves or is searching for someone else, marriage is the source of many conflicts. Social class plays an important part in the marital process in Regency England and remains a point of tension in the novel. Moreover, the women seemingly have different yet similar experiences with the marriage process. This essay will analyze Catherine de Bourgh, Caroline Bingley, Mrs Bennet, Jane Bennet, Elizabeth Bennet as well as Charlotte Lucas, with the focus of the essay being their views and experiences with marriage through a characterization study in order of their social class. The essay will be positioned within classic Marxism due to the importance of social classes in Marx as well as in Neo- Marxism. The main part of the analysis consists of whether a female character acts in agreement or disagreement with the ISAs (Ideological State Apparatuses) as presented by Louis Althusser. It will be evident that some will be in agreement while others are in disagreement. Because of this the essay will also show that regardless of the social classand relation to the ISAs a woman’s main purpose in life is to be a wife and mother, even if Austen hints at characters breaking free from this ideology to make way for a new way of thinking.

Introduction: The consumption of fast food and soft drinks is a risk factor for developing overweight and obesity. This study aimed at assessing if there is association between household socioeconomic level and the consumption of fast food and soft drinks among children. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional assessment of the data from the third round (2009-2010) of the youngest cohort of the Young Lives study in Peru was conducted. Sampling was conducted in three stages: In the first one, the country was divided into equal geographical regions, excluding the 5% of the richest district; in the second stage, 20 sentinel sites were chosen and an area within each sentinel site was selected. Finally, in the third stage, eligible children were selected. Outcomes were the self-reported consumption of fast food and soft drinks (never, sometimes, and always), whereas the exposure was household socioeconomic status (in quintiles). Crude and adjusted models were created between variables of interest using Poisson regression models, with robust variance, to report prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Data of 1901 children, of which 942 (49.6%) were girls, with a mean age of 7.5 (SD: 0.5) was analyzed. A total of 24.1% (95%CI: 22.2%-26.1%) reported always consuming fast food, whilst this number was 22.4% (20.5%-24.3%) for soft drinks. Compared to the lowest socioeconomic quintile, those who were in higher socioeconomic status had more probability of consuming fast food and soft drinks (Chi-squared for trends <0.001). The highest socioeconomic quintile had a greater probability to always consume fast food (PR=1.42; 95%CI: 1.08-1.88) and soft drinks (PR=1.71; 95%CI: 1.24-2.37). Conclusions: This study shows that there is a significant association between the household socioeconomic level and the consumption of soft drinks and fast food. / Revisión por pares

This thesis examines the values and attitudes of the British Army’s officer corps during the period from 1871 to 1901, and how these values were linked to those of the British landed classes. Through studying the memoirs and other writings produced by the officers of this period, this thesis confirms that the link between these two systems was extremely close, and that the landed classes’ ideas of what constituted ‘gentlemanly’ behaviour were vitally important in shaping army officers’ conduct. This thesis argues that the acceptance of these values by the officer corps was not merely a product of their own social origins, but that officers subscribed to these values because they believed them to be particularly appropriate to military service. This attachment to gentlemanly values produced a deeply imbalanced set of competencies in the officer corps’ members, the effects of which remained present in the institutional culture of the army well beyond the end of this period. / Graduate / 2021-08-28