College students between the ages of 18 and 24 are considered high-risk for alcohol-related negative consequences due to drinking at high-risk levels (Barry, Howell & Salaga, 2015). Within that population, varsity student athletes are considered at even greater risk for those issues (Druckman, 2015; Wechsler, 2002). With football and men’s basketball being considered the only revenue-generating NCAA Division I sports, non-revenue-generating sports consist of the majority of student athletes (NCAA, 2016). This study is designed to examine high-risk drinking as well as alcohol-related consequences among non-revenue-generating student athletes attending a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I school. The sample population for this study attends a large, Power 5 Conference, NCAA Division I institution located in the United States. Of the sample, there are 228 respondents representing the majority of non-revenue-generating sports and nearly 68% of the total population of student athletes who participated in non-revenue-generating sports. Utilizing the Athletic Identification Measurement Scale (AIMS), the Identification of Psychological Group scale (IDPG), and the Harvard College Alcohol Study (Wechsler, 2002), this study identifies factors that may associate with high-risk drinking and alcohol-related consequences set within the framework of the Social Ecological Model of Prevention (Brewer Van Raalte & Linder, 1993). Through descriptive statistics and basic correlation methods, the study examines the role of factors in four of the five levels of the Social Ecological Model of Prevention (individual, relationship, organizational, and community—public policy is not used for this study) as compared to high-risk drinking and alcohol-related negative consequences. The findings of this study indicate that this population experiences negative consequences in greater volume than respondents to the College Alcohol Study (Wecshler, 2002) and the NCAA Alcohol Study (2014), which may imply that non-revenue-generating student athletes are at a higher risk than revenue-generating athletes. Additionally, teams with the most dissonance regarding the team alcohol policy are more likely to experience alcohol-related negative consequences. Teams that are consistent in their understanding of the team alcohol policy experience fewer alcohol-related negative consequences, regardless of the overall levels of high-risk drinking.

Women leaders are grossly underrepresented in police and Army organizations and relevant research suggests that women face the most significant challenges in reaching leadership positions in male dominant organizations. Although there have been recent policy changes to increase opportunities for women in police and Army organizations, women are still barely represented in senior command and primary staff positions in police and Army organizations. When women are underrepresented, particularly at the most senior ranks, there are implications regarding cultural, structural, and attitudinal challenges that simply should not still exist in these organizations. Using qualitative methods, this study examined the experiences of women leaders, specifically senior leaders, in selected police departments and representative Army commands and staff support agencies. Specifically, the study explored the characteristics of effective women leaders to assess the perceived group affiliation of these leaders as it relates to these leadership characteristics and personal assessments of their leadership capabilities. The findings revealed that women leaders possess a multitude of characteristics that have set the conditions for them to break through the “Glass Ceiling” despite the many challenges and obstacles that exist within male dominant organizations. The findings indicate that women leaders in police and Army organizations are care-givers, selfless servants, over-achievers, and great communicators. They identify themselves by their performance and leadership acumen as opposed to their gender, race, or any other demographic descriptors. The findings also suggest that women leaders continue to be faced with challenges and obstacles that make it extremely difficult for them to become senior leaders and navigate up the chain of command within their organization, which impacts their ability to influence policy changes that could address some of these cultural, structural, and attitudinal challenges.

Background: Today ’s organizations receive increasing pressure from society and workers to maintain good work life balance. Flexible working arrangement is one of the HRM policies to improve employee’s work performance, job satisfaction and retention. Prior discussion still does not find the clear result on the positive effect of FWAs. Due to the administrative burdens, many organizations, especially SMEs are still hesitant to introduce such policies. In this study, the authors examine the effects on FWAs on employee’s improved engagement. The study will take a form of replicative study, and focus is on leader endorsement and feeling of respect in relation to leader prototypicality. Moreover, different circumstances of informal FWA based on size of the organization is explored. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to make contribution to create a cumulative knowledge on FWA studies by testing the generalization of a prior study. The result of this study will ultimately have an implication for how organizations may benefit from allowing their employees to have access to FWAs. Methodology:In this study, the authors use statistical approach to test the effect of FWA on employee’s improved feelings and the leader endorsement in relation to leader prototypicality. The research approach, measures, method and model are designed to be exactly same as Koivisto and Rice, (2016) however one change in research context is made, which is number of employees in the company. Conclusion: The result of the study shows that FWA allowance may not have significant influence on subordinates’ feeling of respect and leader endorsement. This implies the difficulty for leaders to use FWA as a tool to influence employee commitment on shared goal. Moreover, difference between prior finding indicates that FWA study may need to be separated for different size of the company. / <p></p><p></p>

We live in a society where preconceived notions about religious schools and indoctrination are many but the rules regarding a non-denominational education are strict. It is of great importance to get a better understanding of religious schools and their effect on the pupils that attend them. The aim of this study is to analyze whether or not the compulsory religious education on a private religious school in the south of Sweden is non-denominational. In order to get a greater understanding of the impact on the pupils’ religious identity, Henri Tajfel’s theory of social identity is used. A total of eight observations, three interviews and collected materials such as previous tests regarding Islam, Christianity and Judaism have been gathered and discussed with the help of Tajfel’s theory and other previous research. The results show that some denominational elements could be found in the compulsory education and that the school at hand had an impact on their pupils’ Muslim identities. With these results, my ambition is that teachers that read this study will be more reflective and critical of their own teaching. It is possible that some teachers do not notice that their own religion or beliefs are shining through their teaching and could potentially effect the pupils. However, if teachers start to reflect upon their teaching and the impacts it could have on a pupil these denominational elements could be prevented.

Magister Educationis - MEd / The purpose of this case study was to investigate how the Francophone students from Congo, Gabon and Cameroon negotiated competence and identities in English (L2) in and outside the classroom. The study also aimed at understanding the nature and extent of academic support that was made available to the Francophone students who had to learn through the medium of English (L2) at the University of the Western Cape (UWC). Through the lens of the sociocultural and poststructural theories, the study argues that identity construction in a second language is a fluid phenomenon which should be understood within a particular context, particularly in multilingual environments like UWC. The study followed a qualitative research design which involved three methods of data collection, namely, observations, semi-structured interviews and student narratives. A thematic analytical framework was used to understand the Francophone students’ experiences, and how they negotiated and (re)constructed competence and identity in English (L2) in the lecture rooms and in local communities. The findings of the study indicate that English (L2) was perceived as an investment by the Francophone students. They show that competence in English (L2) was a source of voice and agency for the students. They also illustrate that there is a close relationship between (second) language learning and identity construction, and that identity is socially constructed. The study concludes that identity construction is a fluid phenomenon which should be understood in relation to the changing social context, which is embedded in language competence.

Depuis quelques années, plusieurs facteurs comme la charge d’entraînement sont considérés comme liés aux problèmes d’adaptation des athlètes à l’entraînement. La fatigue est l’un de ces problèmes perçu par les athlètes. Physiologiquement, la fatigue peut se définir comme une diminution au cours du temps de la capacité d’un muscle à générer une force ou une puissance lors d’un exercice donné. Cependant, d’un point de vu social, la fatigue renvoie à une autre réalité qui varie en fonction des groupes sociaux. Cette représentation de la fatigue, propre à chaque groupe, doit être envisagée comme une forme de connaissance, socialement élaborée et partagée. Dans ce travail doctoral, nous nous intéressons à la représentation de la fatigue en France et en Syrie et plus précisément à la représentation sociale de l'athlète fatigué et de la personne non pratiquante fatiguée dans chacun des ces pays. La connaissance sociale de la fatigue est abordée par le biais des théories liées à la fatigue physiologique, à la catégorisation sociale et plus particulièrement à la théorie de l'identité sociale et à la théorie de la représentation sociale. À la suite de cette construction théorique, six études principales ont été réalisées afin de déterminer la représentation de la fatigue de chaque groupe dans les deux pays. Les deux premières études cherchent à mettre en évidence les éléments constitutifs de la représentation sociale de la fatigue issus du dictionnaire des synonymes en français et en arabe. Dans le domaine sportif, la fatigue et la forme restent à l'avantage des athlètes comparés au groupe non pratiquant le sport. C'est par le jeu de catégorisation les athlètes parviennent à établir une comparaison sociale favorable pour leur groupe. Les quartes études suivantes s'intéressent à la représentation de la fatigue à partir de deux groupes sociaux donnés dans les deux pays. À partir de l'utilisation de l'outil RepMut, nos résultats permettent de voir que la représentation de la fatigue est différente en fonction du groupe social interrogé (sportifs, non sportifs) et du pays d'origine de ses membres (France, Syrie). En France, il s'avère qu'au niveau catégoriel, seuls les athlètes sont en mesure de se positionner de façon satisfaisante face à la fatigue, alors qu'en Syrie les athlètes sont en mesure de se positionner favorablement aussi à une situation de fatigue que de pleine forme. / For a few years, many factors, such as the burden of training, are considered to be linked to the athletes’ difficulties to get used to training. The fatigue is one of the perceived problems by the athletes. Physiologically, the fatigue can be defined as “the decrease of a muscle’s capacity over time to exert force or power during a given exercise”. However, from the social point of view, the interpretation of fatigue is different and varies according to the social groups. This representation of the fatigue, specific to each group, should be considered as “a form of knowledge, socially developed and shared. In this doctoral thesis, we focus on the representation of fatigue in France and in Syria, more precisely on the social representation of being fatigued (worn out/tired/exhausted) among athletes and non-athletes in these two countries. The form of social knowledge of fatigue is approached via theories related to the physiological fatigue, the social categorization and in particular, via the theories of social identity and social representation. After the construction of the theoretical framework, six studies have been carried out in order to ascertain the representation of fatigue in each group of the two countries.The first two studies sought to highlight the elements of the social representation of fatigue in the French and Arabic dictionary. In the field of sports, low fatigue and better physical shape remain more to the athletes benefit then the non-practicing sport group. That why athletes seek to establish a favorable social position in their group by using social categorization. In the following research, four of the studies are interested in the representation of fatigue from two groups coming from two differents countries. Results using our ‘RepMut’ tool allow us to see that the representation of fatigue is different depending on the social group interviewed (sports, non-sport) and the country of origin of its members (France, Syria). In France, it appears that on a categorical level, only athletes are able to position themselves satisfactorily in the case of fatigue only, while in Syria the athletes are able to position themselves satisfactorily in the cases of fatigue and well being.

L’essor considérable d’Internet a permis l’émergence de nouveaux espaces d’échanges et d’interactions réunissant les individus à distance. Ces nouvelles formes d’interactions sociales ont conduit les chercheurs, dans le cadre des Communications Médiatisées par Ordinateur (CMO) à étudier la composante sociale des échanges en ligne, les spécificités et les conséquences de ce type d’interaction. Dans cette perspective, l’objectif de ce travail est d’examiner dans quelle mesure les spécificités des CMO – en premier lieu l’anonymat – peuvent moduler les perceptions sociales et les processus impliqués lors des interactions en ligne. Cette problématique concerne nombre de situations de communication et implique différents processus. De fait, le présent travail s’organise selon trois axes de recherche. Le premier axe aborde l’étude des perceptions groupales basées sur des appartenances circonscrites à un environnement virtuel. Le second axe s’intéresse à la modulation des perceptions de genre sur Internet, en tenant compte de la structure asymétrique de ces perceptions. Le troisième axe étudie la modulation des pressions normatives et des possibilités d’expression lors des CMO. Dans leur ensemble, ces travaux suggèrent que les CMO n’induisent pas un affaiblissement des facteurs sociaux, mais une modulation des processus en fonction des spécificités du contexte d’interaction. Les résultats de ces recherches sont discutés au regard notamment des théories de l’identité sociale, de l’auto-catégorisation et du modèle SIDE. / The growth of Internet allowed the emergence of new spaces of exchanges and social interaction between remote individuals. These new modalities of social interactions led the researchers, in the framework of Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC), to study the social component of online exchanges, characteristics and consequences of this type of interaction. In this perspective, the aim of this work is to examine how the characteristics of CMC - first anonymity - can modulate social perceptions and the processes involved in online interactions. This problem concerns many communication situations and involves different processes. Accordingly, the present work is organized in three research areas. The first part deals with the study of perceptions based on membership confined to a virtual environment. The second part focuses on the asymmetric modulation of gender perceptions on the Internet. The third part examines the influence of social norms and possibilities of expression in the CMC. Taken together, the results suggest that the CMC does not induce a weakening of social factors, but a modulation of the processes according to the characteristics of the context of interaction. The results are discussed in the light of the social identity theory, the self-categorization theory and the SIDE model.

Problem formulation: What factors affect the consumers perception of credibility in influencer marketing on social media? How and why do certain factors affect the credibility of influencer marketing? Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to understand what factors affect the perception of credibility in influencer marketing on social media. Moreover, the aim is to understand how and why certain factors affect the credibility in influencer marketing in order to elaborate a conceptual model consisting of factors generating credible influencer marketing. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework of this paper consists of existing theories regarding social identity theory, perception, brand communication, word-of-mouth (WOM), celebrity endorsement and social influencers. Methodology: This study is conducted through both a quantitative and a qualitative study with a deductive approach. The collection of primary data consists of an online survey where 120 respondents participated followed by five qualitative interviews. In order to determine what aspects to examine, a conceptual model was created based on the previous findings within credibility in WOM and celebrity endorsement. The secondary data building the theoretical framework of this thesis are collected from peer reviewed articles published in scientific journals as well as books. Empirical findings: The empirical findings consist of the result from the qualitative and quantitative study. The result of the quantitative study presents the outcome from 24 Likert scale items presented in text, charts and tables. The empirical findings from the qualitative study presents the outcome from the interviews conducted through personal communication face to face or through Skype and are presented in text that are strengthened with citation from the interviews. Conclusion: The findings show that the credibility in influencer marketing is positively affected by the perception of the influencer being a credible source and the influencer and the brand being a good fit.

Esse estudo teve como objetivo identificar e descrever as representações sociais e a construção identitária do professor, para acadêmicos de licenciaturas. Utilizou-se um referencial teórico interdisciplinar, referente às representações sociais e a formação da identidade social, numa perspectiva psicossocial. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em quatro Instituições de Ensino Superior, localizadas na Cidade de Santarém/PA, sendo duas instituições públicas e duas privadas. A população pesquisada foi composta de 1.488 estudantes de graduação, matriculados nas instituições pesquisadas. Trata-se de um estudo realizado por meio de uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, que teve como amostra 580 graduandos, matriculados em nove cursos de licenciatura. Como ferramenta de coleta foi utilizado um questionário, desenvolvido por Chamon (2003), composto de questões abertas e fechadas, por meio do qual se buscou identificar as crenças, as atitudes e os valores dos sujeitos da amostra, sobre o objeto de pesquisa: `ser professor. Algumas das questões fechadas permitiram aos respondentes a livre escolha de uma ou mais respostas entre as alternativas propostas, outras solicitavam o posicionamento dos mesmos sobre determinadas proposições, sendo que para esse tipo de questão se utilizou a Escala de Likert. Os dados quantitativos foram tabulados com o auxílio do software Sphinx, possibilitando a sua apresentação na forma de figuras e de tabelas, assim como a análise a partir da estatística descritiva sobre os valores máximos e mínimos, da média e do desvio padrão. Os dados qualitativos foram coletados a partir das respostas formuladas pelos licenciandos, para a última questão do instrumento de coleta de dados. Trata-se de uma questão aberta, respondida por 506 sujeitos, cujas respostas foram categorizadas com o auxílio do software ALCESTE, que permitiu a posterior análise por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados sociodemográficos encontrados no presente estudo corroboram os encontrados em outras pesquisas desenvolvidas no país, demonstrando que os acadêmicos matriculados nos cursos de licenciatura, em geral, são provenientes das famílias pertencentes aos extratos sociais desfavorecidos, com renda de até três salários mínimos. As representações sociais sobre o objeto do presente estudo caracterizam a docência como uma ocupação desvalorizada e pouco reconhecida, porém muito útil socialmente e que exige criatividade e dedicação por parte dos professores, sendo também muito complexa e que acumula diversas funções além do ato pedagógico. A construção da identidade social e profissional dos licenciandos ocorre por meio das dinâmicas de afirmação e confirmação identitárias. / This study aimed to identify and describe the social representations and identity construction teacher for students of undergraduates. We used a theoretical interdisciplinary method, relative to the social representations and social identity formation, in a psychosocial perspective. The research was conducted in four higher education institutions located in the city of Santarém/PA, two public and two private. The research population consisted of 1,488 undergraduate students enrolled in the institutions surveyed. This is study using an exploratory and descriptive, with quantitative and qualitative approach, which had a sample size of 580 undergraduates enrolled in nine courses. As collection data tool was used a questionnaire developed by Chamon (2003), composed of open and closed questions, through which it sought to identify the beliefs, attitudes and values of the sample, on the subject of research `be a teacher. Some of the questions were closed and allowed to the respondents the free choice of one or more responses among the proposed alternatives, in other questions was requested the placement of the interviewed about certain propositions, and for this type of question was used the Likert Scale. The quantitative data were tabulated with the help of the Sphinx software, allowing its presentation in the form of figures and tables, as well as analysis from the descriptive statistic on the maximum and minimum values, mean and standard deviation. The qualitative data were collected from the responses formulated by undergraduates, for the latest question of data collection instrument. It is about an open question answered by 506 subjects, whose responses were categorized by the help of software ALCESTE enabling later analysis by the technique of content analysis. The sociodemographic results found in this study corroborate the findings of other research carried out in our country, showing that the students enrolled in bachelor degree usually come from families belonging to the lower social classes, which receive up to three minimum wages. The social representations about the object of the present study characterizes teaching as an occupation undervalued and unrecognized, but very useful socially and that requires creativity and dedication by teachers, is also very complex and it accumulates various functions beyond pedagogical act. The construction of social identity and professional undergraduate occurs through the dynamics of identity affirmation and identity confirmation.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur identiteten hos unga vuxna som vuxit upp inom Jehovas Vittnen påverkas av en uteslutning. Detta utifrån den sociala identitetsteorin och Marcia´s teori om identitetstatusarna i en identitetsutveckling. Studien var kvalitativ med semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta unga vuxna fd. Jehovas Vittnen som vuxit upp i organisationen. Den induktiva tematiska analysen gav tre huvudteman; In- och utgrupps tänkande; underordnande och lydnad samt begynnande distansering och uppvaknande. Ett av resultaten var att deltagarna hade lärt sig redan som barn ett in- och utgruppstänk. och att utifrån denna sociala identifiering begränsades deltagarnas umgänge, till att endast umgås med ingruppen och undvika att umgås med personer i utgruppen. Detta fick effekter vid uteslutning i uppbyggandet av nya sociala relationer, där de saknade referensramar om hur de skulle agera i vissa sammanhang, de visste inte vad som förväntades av dem i samhället, de saknade helhetsbilden av samhället och dess sociala samspel. / The purpose of the study was to examine how the identity of young adults raised within Jehovah's Witnesses is affected by exclusion. This is based on the social identity theory and Marcia’s theory of the identity statuses in an identity development. The study was qualitative with semi-structured interviews with eight young adults formerly. Jehovah's Witnesses who grew up in the organization. The inductive thematic analysis yielded three main themes; In- and out-group thinking; subordination and obedience as well as incipient distancing and awakening. One of the results was that the participants had already learned an in- and out-group thinking as children. and that on the basis of this social identification, the participants' contact was limited to only spending time with the ingroup and avoiding contact with people in the outgroup. This had the effect of exclusion in the building of new social relationships, where they lacked a frame of reference on how to act in certain contexts, they did not know what was expected of them in society, they lacked the overall picture of society and its social interaction.