TITLE: Cooperation of primary school teachers and the office for social-law protection of children AUTHOR: Lucie Kučerová DEPARTMENT: Department of special education SUPERVISOR: Doc. PaedDr. Eva Šotolová Ph.D. ABSTRACT In the first half of the thesis we define the terms teacher, school methodist for prevention, curator for children and youth. We describe the principles of their cooperation in term of rights of the child and his social-law protection, due to the Act No. 359/199 Coll., social-law protection of children and due to the Decree No. 72/2005 Coll., providing counselling services in schools and school counselling institutions. Simultaneously we are opening the topic of possible moral dilemmas which can the teacher deal with in term of social-law protection of the student. Int he second half we evaluate the results of empirical investigation. The quantitative survey was conducted by questionnaire method in 7 primary schools in Prague. Its main purpose was to chart the extent of primary teachers knowledge about The office for social-law protection of children, to find out what quality is this cooperation and to compare the situation at practical primary schools and mainstream primary schools. The survey conclusion revealed significant lack of knowledge of mainstream primary school teachers in this...

Cette recherche propose une analyse critique, à la lumière du droit français, de la négociation collective et, plus largement du partenariat social en Russie. Seront présentés tous les aspects du droit de la négociation collective dans une perspective comparative : la nature juridique de l'accord collectif et de la convention collective, leur place dans la hiérarchie des normes, les acteurs du partenariat social (syndicats, organisations patronales, Etat). Sont également examinés les principes applicables à la procédure de négociation collective. Dans ce cadre, est étudiée l'effectivité de la norme collective négociée à travers son évolution dans le temps et le contrôle de son application par les parties et le juge. Cette recherche fait ressortir les défectuosités du droit russe. La qualité de source du droit n'a été reconnue à la norme collective négociée que récemment. Sa nature juridique et sa place dans la hiérarchie des normes restent ambiguës. Les acteurs de la négociation collective n'ont découvert ce procédé démocratique qu'après la chute de l'URSS. La faiblesse des acteurs rejaillit sur le contrôle de la norme collective négociée, imparfait à ce stade. Le manque d'indépendance et d'efficience de la justice sociale russe est un autre obstacle à l'effectivité de ce contrôle. La doctrine russe reste encore marquée par le dogme de l'autorité de l'acte de gouvernement hérité de l'époque soviétique. Pour mettre en lumière ces défectuosités du droit contemporain, l'histoire du droit français et du droit russe sont convoquées pour comprendre les dynamiques évolutives qui parfois ont été mises en perspective avec des recherches sociologiques et des données économiques. / This study proposes a critical analysis of collective bargaining, and, more generally, of the development of social partnership in post-Soviet Russia, from the perspective of French law. All aspects of collective bargaining are presented comparatively, including the legal nature of the collective agreement, its place in the hierarchy of norms, the actors of the social dialog such as trade unions, employers' unions, the Federal State or the subjects of the Russian Federation. The principles of collective bargaining procedure are also examined. Within this framework, the effectiveness of the negotiated social norm, as well as the control of its application by the parties involved and the court are presented in their evolutionary development. The study identifies multiple imperfections in Russian law where the negotiated social norm was only recently recognized as a source of law. Its legal nature and its place in the hierarchy of norms remain uncertain. The actors of collective bargaining have discovered this democratic procedure only after the Soviet Union's collapse. However, the actors' limited access to power impacts the control of the social norm. This control is thus flawed. Relative inefficiency of social justice in Russia is an important impediment to the effectiveness of this control. Russian researches are still being marked by the dogma of the authority of the governmental norm inherited from the Soviet period. In order to demonstrate these shortcomings of the present day Russian law in their dynamic the historical overview of the French and Russian systems of law is included, sometimes sociological research and economic data are used to support the argument.

INTRODUÇÃO: A Lei de Acesso à Informação Pública (LAI) regulamenta o direito à informação estabelecido pela Constituição Federal de 1988, exigindo que os órgãos governamentais garantam o direito de acesso à informação pública mediante procedimentos objetivos e ágeis, de forma transparente, clara e em linguagem de fácil compreensão. Parte-se do pressuposto de que as leis produzidas pelo Legislativo podem ser consideradas \"informação pública\" e por isso devem ser disponibilizadas ao cidadão num formato simples e acessível. Para tanto, precisam ser organizadas, estruturadas e disseminadas, conforme as necessidades do público em geral. A Ciência da Informação, enquanto ciência responsável por investigar o fluxo da informação, desde a produção, até a disseminação e uso, busca atender às necessidades de informação de seus usuários via uso de metodologias e procedimentos específicos de organização da informação e do conhecimento. No escopo desta pesquisa sua ação não resultou em reescrever o texto das leis de forma simplificada, mas em criar métodos para sua organização e estruturação. OBJETIVO: Apresentar meios para melhorar o acesso à informação legislativa, com base em experiência realizada na elaboração de uma proposta de sistema de legislação previdenciária acessível para públicos não especialistas. MÉTODO: A partir do uso de metodologias da Organização Representação do Conhecimento, sobretudo dos Sistemas de Organização do Conhecimento, e das bases teóricas da Terminologia (teórica e concreta), da Análise de Conteúdos e da Arquitetura da Informação foi possível coletar, organizar e estruturar os termos da legislação previdenciária; estabelecer redes lógico-semânticas entre os conceitos; criar designações; nomear categorias e estabelecer relações entre categorias e termos (relação hierárquica, relação associativa e relação de equivalência); definir entradas preferenciais e estabelecer rótulos. RESULTADOS: A experiência de elaborar metodologias para melhorar o acesso à informação legislativa utilizando como modelo a legislação previdenciária se mostrou eficaz e pode ser aplicada a outras leis utilitárias ao cidadão, sobretudo as que regulamentam direitos sociais. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que é possível elaborar um sistema de informação legislativa a partir de metodologias da Organização e Representação do Conhecimento e de outras áreas que dialogam com a Ciência da Informação. A Lei de Acesso à Informação impõe que os órgãos públicos disponibilizem acesso à informação, no entanto, não é possível disponibilizar sem organizar. Do mesmo modo, não é possível disponibilizar sem adequar a linguagem à realidade do cidadão. Iniciativas que buscam combater a desinformação legislativa são necessárias e contribuem para o pleno exercício da cidadania, uma vez que possibilitam que o cidadão conheça seus direitos, não ignore seus deveres e participe das conquistas promovidas pela cidadania, tendo condição intelectual e senso crítico para debater os problemas da sociedade civil, buscando soluções que sejam benéficas para si e para a coletividade. / INTRODUCTION: The Law on Access to Public Information (LAI) regulates the right to information established by the 1988 Federal Constitution, demanding that the government agencies ensure the right of access to public information through objective and agile procedures, in a transparent and clear way with easy to understand language. It is assumed that the laws made by the Legislative branch can be considered \"public information\" and therefore should be made available to the public in a simple and accessible format. Thus, they need to be organized, structured and disseminated, according to the needs of the general public. The Science of Information, while science responsible for investigating the flow of information, from its production to its dissemination and use, seeks to meet the information needs of their users via the use of methodologies and specific procedures for the organization of the information and the knowledge. In the scope of this research its action did not result in rewriting the text laws in a simplified manner, but to create methods for its organization and structure. OBJECTIVE: To introduce ways to improve the access to legislative information, based on the experience in elaborating a proposal for a system of social security legislation accessible to non-specialists public. METHOD: From the use of methodologies of Organization Knowledge Representation, especially of Systems of Knowledge Organization, and the theoretical foundation of Terminology (theoretical and factual) of the Analysis of Content and Information Architecture, it was possible to collect, organize and structure the terms of social security legislation; to establish logical-semantic networks among the concepts; to create designations; to name categories and establish relations between categories and terms (hierarchical relationship, associative relationship and equivalence relationship); to set preferred entries and establish labels. RESULTS: The experience of developing methodologies for improving access to legislative information using the social security legislation as a model was effective and can be applied to other useful laws to citizen, particularly the ones governing the social rights. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that it is possible to develop a system of legislative information from methodologies of Organization and Representation of Knowledge and other areas that dialog with the Information Science. The Law on Access to Information imposes agencies to provide access to information, however, it is not possible to make them available without organizing them. Similarly, it is not possible to make them available without adapting the language to the reality of the citizen. Initiatives that seek to combat legislative misinformation are necessary and contribute to the full exercise of citizenship, once they enable the citizens to know their rights, do not ignore their duties and join the achievements promoted by citizenship, having intellectual condition and critical sense to discuss the problems of the civil society seeking solutions that can be beneficial to themselves and to the collectivity.

Die Forschungsarbeit hat das Betriebliche Eingliederungsmanagement (im Folgenden BEM) in kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (im Folgenden KMU) zum Gegenstand. Einerseits wird die Rechtsnorm gem. § 84 Abs. 2 SGB IX aus arbeits- und sozialpolitischer Sicht in Form und Funktion aufgearbeitet. Andererseits wird eine manuale Strategie zur Umsetzung des BEM entwickelt, mittels derer 42 BEM-Fälle in 10 KMU begleitet werden. Nach Diskussion der theoriegeleiteten Erkenntnisse und empirischen Ergebnisse folgt ein Ausblick. Es werden Anregungen zur weiterführenden Forschung gegeben, aber auch Forderungen an die Politik formuliert, die im Handlungsfeld der Präventionsnorm bestehenden und durch die Forschungsarbeit aufgedeckten Problempunkte aufzulösen und somit einen wirksamen Praxistransfer des BEM zu ermöglichen. / The research paper concentrates on Corporate Integration Management (CIM) in small and medium companies (SME). On the one hand the task consists in reviewing the form and function of the legal norm under Section 84 Subsection 2 of Book IX of the German Social Code (SGB) in terms of labour and social policies. On the other hand a manual-based strategy for implementing CIM shall be developed. Following the integration of the legally valid CIM concept with the appropriately adapted framework the manual is subjected to an empirical review. By accompanying 42 CIM cases in 10 SMEs it has been possible to show on the basis of partly standardized and open guided interviews with company experts that the introduction and implementation of CIM is markedly enhanced by means of this manual. The discussion of the theory-guided findings and the empirical results is followed by an outlook. Suggestions for further research are made while the political establishment is called upon to resolve the challenges existing within the scope of the prevention norm and revealed in the research paper thus facilitating an effective transfer of the CIM theory into the practice field.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscilia Sparapani.pdf: 1195786 bytes, checksum: 46ea77a4cfbbf6d6d95d7879fa8d2d39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-09 / This thesis objective is to present the study of the principle of sealing the social regression and its application to the legal framework of public officeholders effective, and understand the changes imposed on the server s rights and guarantees as a result of a series of constitutional amendments enacted that fundamentally altered their rights and guarantees. With this in mind, there will be a subject examination, a presentation will be built, based on the various ways that the state entity has taken over its evolutionary process. It is noteworthy that such exposure involves not only legal aspects, but social, political and economic with the same relevance; that bias is part of the larger context of historical models of rule of law and the construction of Administrative Law that accompanies evolution of the state to get to the current stage of the Brazilian neo-contemporary social and Administrative Law on land homelands. After passes to the examination of the social backlash as sealing principle of the rule of law: first in foreign law, analyzing the doctrinal and jurisprudential thought about it, then their presence the national laws, so implicit in the Federal Constitution 1988, including analysis of trial of Brazilian High Courts of Justice on the matter. Finally, we analyze the application of the rule of no social backlash to the legal regime of public officeholders effective. Alluded analysis is done, first, by exposing all of the changes in relation to ensuring the stability of the remuneration system and the pension system for civil servants. Then the critical examination of the subject is done by dividing the subject into five main points: the role of the Supreme Court to control the rights and guarantees of civil servants, the importance of immutable clauses in Democracy and Human Rights Protection and guarantees of public officeholders effective, the principle of sealing and protecting the social backlash that confers the rights and guarantees of civil servants, the legal occupant of the public servant position and effective social protection of vested rights, and also The sealing principle of the social backlash and legal equivalence. The academic study is justified by the importance of the issue, since the issue of sealing the social backlash is still new and quite controversial, especially on account of the divergence of doctrine as to the basis, content and scope of the principle, which reflects the small amount of judicial decisions involving the principle of sealing the social regression in the Superior Courts. As a research method was used in this study both the deductive method, as the inductive. Through the analysis, primarily of doctrinal works and in addition, jurisprudence, particularly the Supreme Court, were discussed the issues surrounding the subject. And before all the study, it is concluded that the changes in the legal regime of public servants not offend the principle of sealing the social backlash observe the equivalence legal and fair distribution of resources. And, in this step, the social backlash should not be conceived as a principle guaranteeing the highest level reached by the community rights of public servants occupying positions of effective provision / O objetivo desta tese consiste em apresentar o estudo do princípio da vedação ao retrocesso social e sua aplicação ao regime jurídico dos servidores públicos ocupantes de cargos efetivos. Busca-se compreender as mudanças instituídas nos direitos e garantias desses servidores, como decorrência de uma série de emendas constitucionais promulgadas que alteraram profundamente seus direitos e garantias. Com esse intuito, inicia-se o exame do tema, tecendo uma exposição sobre as diversas formas que o ente estatal assumiu ao longo do seu processo evolutivo. Destaca-se que referida exposição não envolve somente aspectos jurídicos, mas adentra, igualmente, em aspectos sociais, políticos e econômicos; nesse viés, parte-se do contexto maior dos modelos históricos de Estado de Direito e a construção do Direito Administrativo que acompanha a evolução do Estado até chegar ao atual estágio do Estado brasileiro neossocial e o Direito Administrativo contemporâneo em terras pátrias. Após, passa-se ao exame da vedação ao retrocesso social como princípio do Estado de Direito: primeiro no direito estrangeiro, analisando-se o pensamento doutrinário e jurisprudencial sobre o assunto; depois, sua presença no ordenamento jurídico pátrio, de modo implícito na Constituição Federal de 1988; incluindo análise dos julgados das Cortes Superiores de Justiça brasileiras acerca da matéria. Por fim, analisa-se a aplicação do primado do não retrocesso social ao regime jurídico dos servidores públicos ocupantes de cargos efetivos. Aludida análise é feita, primeiramente, por meio da exposição das mudanças todas em relação à garantia da estabilidade, do regime remuneratório e do regime previdenciário dos servidores públicos. Em seguida, o exame crítico do tema é feito por meio da divisão do assunto em cinco pontos principais: o papel do Supremo Tribunal Federal no controle dos direitos e garantias dos servidores públicos; a importância das cláusulas pétreas na democracia e a proteção aos direitos e garantias dos servidores públicos ocupantes de cargos efetivos; o princípio da vedação ao retrocesso social e a proteção que confere aos direitos e garantias dos servidores públicos; o regime jurídico do servidor público ocupante de cargo efetivo e a proteção do direito adquirido social; e, também, o princípio da vedação ao retrocesso social e a equivalência jurídica. O estudo acadêmico é justificado pela importância do assunto, uma vez que o tema da vedação ao retrocesso social é ainda novo e bastante polêmico, especialmente em virtude da própria divergência da doutrina quanto ao fundamento, conteúdo e alcance do princípio, o que reflete na pequena quantidade de decisões judiciais que envolvem o princípio da vedação ao retrocesso social nos Tribunais Superiores. Como método de pesquisa foram utilizados neste trabalho tanto o método dedutivo quanto o indutivo. Por intermédio da análise, fundamentalmente, de obras doutrinárias e, complementarmente, de jurisprudência, em especial do Supremo Tribunal Federal, foram abordadas as questões que envolvem o assunto. E, diante de todo o estudo, conclui-se que as alterações no regime jurídico do servidor público não ofendem o princípio da vedação ao retrocesso social se observarem a equivalência jurídica e a justa repartição de recursos. E, nesse passo, o não retrocesso social deve ser concebido como um princípio garantidor do nível mais elevado de direitos alcançado pela comunidade de servidores públicos ocupantes de cargos de provimento efetivo

INTRODUÇÃO: A Lei de Acesso à Informação Pública (LAI) regulamenta o direito à informação estabelecido pela Constituição Federal de 1988, exigindo que os órgãos governamentais garantam o direito de acesso à informação pública mediante procedimentos objetivos e ágeis, de forma transparente, clara e em linguagem de fácil compreensão. Parte-se do pressuposto de que as leis produzidas pelo Legislativo podem ser consideradas \"informação pública\" e por isso devem ser disponibilizadas ao cidadão num formato simples e acessível. Para tanto, precisam ser organizadas, estruturadas e disseminadas, conforme as necessidades do público em geral. A Ciência da Informação, enquanto ciência responsável por investigar o fluxo da informação, desde a produção, até a disseminação e uso, busca atender às necessidades de informação de seus usuários via uso de metodologias e procedimentos específicos de organização da informação e do conhecimento. No escopo desta pesquisa sua ação não resultou em reescrever o texto das leis de forma simplificada, mas em criar métodos para sua organização e estruturação. OBJETIVO: Apresentar meios para melhorar o acesso à informação legislativa, com base em experiência realizada na elaboração de uma proposta de sistema de legislação previdenciária acessível para públicos não especialistas. MÉTODO: A partir do uso de metodologias da Organização Representação do Conhecimento, sobretudo dos Sistemas de Organização do Conhecimento, e das bases teóricas da Terminologia (teórica e concreta), da Análise de Conteúdos e da Arquitetura da Informação foi possível coletar, organizar e estruturar os termos da legislação previdenciária; estabelecer redes lógico-semânticas entre os conceitos; criar designações; nomear categorias e estabelecer relações entre categorias e termos (relação hierárquica, relação associativa e relação de equivalência); definir entradas preferenciais e estabelecer rótulos. RESULTADOS: A experiência de elaborar metodologias para melhorar o acesso à informação legislativa utilizando como modelo a legislação previdenciária se mostrou eficaz e pode ser aplicada a outras leis utilitárias ao cidadão, sobretudo as que regulamentam direitos sociais. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que é possível elaborar um sistema de informação legislativa a partir de metodologias da Organização e Representação do Conhecimento e de outras áreas que dialogam com a Ciência da Informação. A Lei de Acesso à Informação impõe que os órgãos públicos disponibilizem acesso à informação, no entanto, não é possível disponibilizar sem organizar. Do mesmo modo, não é possível disponibilizar sem adequar a linguagem à realidade do cidadão. Iniciativas que buscam combater a desinformação legislativa são necessárias e contribuem para o pleno exercício da cidadania, uma vez que possibilitam que o cidadão conheça seus direitos, não ignore seus deveres e participe das conquistas promovidas pela cidadania, tendo condição intelectual e senso crítico para debater os problemas da sociedade civil, buscando soluções que sejam benéficas para si e para a coletividade. / INTRODUCTION: The Law on Access to Public Information (LAI) regulates the right to information established by the 1988 Federal Constitution, demanding that the government agencies ensure the right of access to public information through objective and agile procedures, in a transparent and clear way with easy to understand language. It is assumed that the laws made by the Legislative branch can be considered \"public information\" and therefore should be made available to the public in a simple and accessible format. Thus, they need to be organized, structured and disseminated, according to the needs of the general public. The Science of Information, while science responsible for investigating the flow of information, from its production to its dissemination and use, seeks to meet the information needs of their users via the use of methodologies and specific procedures for the organization of the information and the knowledge. In the scope of this research its action did not result in rewriting the text laws in a simplified manner, but to create methods for its organization and structure. OBJECTIVE: To introduce ways to improve the access to legislative information, based on the experience in elaborating a proposal for a system of social security legislation accessible to non-specialists public. METHOD: From the use of methodologies of Organization Knowledge Representation, especially of Systems of Knowledge Organization, and the theoretical foundation of Terminology (theoretical and factual) of the Analysis of Content and Information Architecture, it was possible to collect, organize and structure the terms of social security legislation; to establish logical-semantic networks among the concepts; to create designations; to name categories and establish relations between categories and terms (hierarchical relationship, associative relationship and equivalence relationship); to set preferred entries and establish labels. RESULTS: The experience of developing methodologies for improving access to legislative information using the social security legislation as a model was effective and can be applied to other useful laws to citizen, particularly the ones governing the social rights. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that it is possible to develop a system of legislative information from methodologies of Organization and Representation of Knowledge and other areas that dialog with the Information Science. The Law on Access to Information imposes agencies to provide access to information, however, it is not possible to make them available without organizing them. Similarly, it is not possible to make them available without adapting the language to the reality of the citizen. Initiatives that seek to combat legislative misinformation are necessary and contribute to the full exercise of citizenship, once they enable the citizens to know their rights, do not ignore their duties and join the achievements promoted by citizenship, having intellectual condition and critical sense to discuss the problems of the civil society seeking solutions that can be beneficial to themselves and to the collectivity.

Ausgangspunkt dieser Studie stellt die sog. „Patientenrichtlinie“ 2011/24/EU dar. Diese beruht auf der Rspr. des EuGH, wonach für die Inanspruchnahme grenzüberschreitender Gesundheitsleistungen die Dienstleistungsfreiheit Anwendung findet. Bezogen auf den Bereich des Gesundheitswesens steht die Dienstleistungsfreiheit jedoch in einem Spannungsverhältnis zu der Organisationshoheit der Mitgliedstaaten für ihre Gesundheitssysteme. Diese Arbeit widmet sich daher zunächst dem Begriff der Gesundheitsleistungen und führt das Bestehen des Spannungsverhältnisses auf die historische Entwicklung der Sozialregelungen in den Verträgen zurück. In einem weiteren Schritt wird dann die tatsächliche Anwendbarkeit der Dienstleistungsfreiheit für den Bereich der Gesundheitsleistungen untersucht. Im Anschluss daran erfolgt eine Analyse der Rechtsprechung des EuGH. Dieser versucht das Spannungsverhältnis auf der Ebene der „Rechtfertigung“ zu lösen. Letztlich führt jedoch dieser Ansatz nicht zur Lösung dieses Spannungsverhältnisses, da durch die Auslegungsbedürftigkeit des Primärrechts rechtliche Unsicherheiten entstehen. Auch die Patientenrichtlinie, welche auf der Rechtsprechung des EuGH beruht, kann daher nur bedingt zur Beseitigung der bestehenden Unsicherheiten bei grenzüberschreitenden Gesundheitsleistungen beitragen. Ebenso können weitere in der Literatur vorgestellte Alternativen das Grundproblem nicht lösen. Notwendig wäre vielmehr eine klarere Abgrenzung der Regelungszuständigkeiten im Primärrecht selbst. / The starting point for this study is the so-called „Patient Directive“ 2011/24/EU. This is based on the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice, according to which when using cross-border healthcare services the free movement of services finds application. Referring to the area of healthcare the free movement of services however is in a relationship of tension with the organisational sovereignty of member states for their healthcare systems. For this reason this work addresses itself firstly to the concept of healthcare services and leads the existence of a relationship of tension back to the historical development of social regulations in the contracts. In a further step then the actual applicability of the free movement of services for the area healthcare services is examined. Following this an analysis of the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice takes place. This attempts to solve the relationship of tension at the level of „justification“. In the end however this starting-point does not lead to solving this tension relationship, for through the need for interpretation of primary law legal uncertainties arise. Also the patient directive, which is based on the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice, can for this reason only partially contribute to the removal of uncertainties existing with cross-border healthcare services. Equally further alternatives presented in literature cannot solve the basic problem. Rather a clearer delimitation in the primary law itself would be required.

Academisch proefschrift--Amsterdam. / "Stellingen": [3] p. inserted. "Lijst van verkort geciteerde literatuur": p. 379-380.

The purpose of this essay has been to understand the conditions for parents who are victims of domestic violence to deal with legal demands in custody disputes, and thereby understand how authorities risk reproducing vulnerability. Our qualitative research has been conducted by analyzing life stories through autobiographical literature and podcastinterviews. The results of the study show that the perpetrator, social networks and the authorities are important for understanding aggravating and enabling circumstances in custody disputes for victimized parents. Furthermore, the results show that parents who have experienced violence manage paradoxical demands from authorities in custody disputes through both adaptation and resistance. Yet, regardless of the strategy, they still need to adapt to the authorities. This leads to the lack of power for parents trying to protect their children from an abusive parent and authority decisions that put their lives, safety and health at risk. Consequently, authorities risk unintentionally reproducing the vulnerability for parents and children who are victims of domestic violence.

L’allongement de la durée de la vie humaine et le déficit du rapport démographique constituent de véritables défis pour les systèmes sociaux des États membres. Pour y faire face, les législateurs doivent à la fois développer une politique de protection des plus jeunes dans le cadre des relations professionnelles, tout en revisitant les logiques des seuils d’âge notamment au regard de la fin de ces relations. Cette étude a vocation à s’interroger sur l’existence d’un concept de l’âge. Fort d’une histoire culturelle, confortée par une analyse du phénomène physiologique du vieillissement par le législateur, le critère de l’âge entretient des liens particuliers avec les principes généraux du droit de l’Union, tel que le principe de la dignité humaine et le principe de l’égalité de traitement. Malgré tout, le critère de l’âge conserve une ambivalence certaine, mise en exergue à travers le principe général du droit de l’Union de non-discrimination à raison de l’âge. Cette ambivalence se manifeste plus fortement encore à l’issue des relations professionnelles, posant ainsi la question de la place de l’âge à la fin de la vie active. Ce curseur au soutien du pacte intergénérationnel, conditionnant le bénéfice de la liquidation de la pension, connaît actuellement un renouveau, dépassant les frontières des États membres. Une convergence dans le traitement de la vieillesse se crée, tendant au développement de nouvelles solidarités dans le cadre de l’entreprise (régimes professionnels d’entreprise). Il s’agit en outre de favoriser la poursuite de l’activité à un âge élevé (relèvement de l’âge légal de la retraite, décote, surcote, encadrement des régimes dérogatoires, prohibition des ruptures de la relation de travail fondée sur l’âge…) et de repenser les rapports entre les relations de travail et l’âge (cumul emploi - retraite, retraite progressive…). Ce faisant, les législateurs promeuvent un traitement de l’âge qui s’inscrit dans la problématique générale de la longévité humaine en Europe / Dealing with longer life expectancy and demographic deficit is currently a huge challenge for the social system of European member states. To face this challenge, it is necessary for legislators to develop a dedicated protection policy for the young people in a business relationship context and, at the same time, to redefine age limits policy especially in business relationship termination situation.. The presented study focuses on the factuality of the « age » concept. Based on cultural history, confirmed by the legislator analysis of the physiological aging, « age » criterion is closely linked to general principles in E.U. legislation like, for example, the human dignity and the equal treatment. However, the « age » criterion still remains ambivalent which is underlined by the non-discrimination principle. This ambiguity is emphasized in business relationships which leads to the influence of the « age » in an ending working life situation. This intergenerational pact support, which influence the proceed of the pension liquidation, is currently experiencing a revival beyond E.U. member state boundaries. A converging point is achieved in old-age treatment which leads to new solidarity development schemes inside companies (like for example the company occupational scheme). An important objective is to promote the pursuance of a professional activity in order to retire later (increasing in the statutory retirement age, increment or reduce of the retirement pension, restriction of derogations, proscription of business relationship breaches if they are based on age, …) and to redefine the connection between age and business relationships (combined work and retirement, phased retirement, …). By this way, legislators promote a human longevity based age treatment in Europe