Personer med funktionsnedsättning rapporterar både sämre fysisk- och psykisk hälsa än resten av befolkningen. Att ha en neurologisk skada innebär ofta att man också har en funktionsnedsättning. Fysisk aktivitet är en viktig komponent för att uppnå förbättrad hälsa. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva hur personer med fysisk funktionsnedsättning till följd av neurologisk skada upplever att medverkan i ett projekt innehållande anpassad fysisk aktivitet har påverkat den fysiska aktiviteten i vardagen. Designen på studien var explorativ med kvalitativ ansats. Tolv semistrukturella intervjuer med deltagare i projektet Anpassad friskvård utfördes och materialet har analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Analysen resulterade i tio subkategorier, fyra kategorier samt ett övergripande tema. Det övergripande temat visar att medverkan i projektet har skapat förutsättningar för fysisk aktivitet i vardagen. De fyra kategorierna som identifierades var: ökade resurser, psykiskt välbefinnande, fysiskt välbefinnande samt kunskap kring fysisk aktivitet. Genom att belysa dessa delar kan denna studie bidra med ökad förståelse för vilka faktorer som är viktiga för att kunna påverka den fysiska aktiviteten hos personer med neurologisk skada. / People with disabilities experience worse health than the rest of the population. To have a neurological impairment often mean that you also are affected by physical disability. Physical activity is an important component to improving health. The aim of this study was to describe how people with neurological impairment experience their participation in the project and how adapted physical activity influences their physical activity in daily life. The design of the study was explorative with a qualitative approach. Twelve semistructered interviews were given to the participants from the project Anpassad friskvård and was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. The analysis resulted in ten subcategories, four categories and one theme. The theme was creat pre-conditions to be physically active. The four categories were increased resources, psychological well-being, physical well-being and knowledge about physical activity. The results serve a deeper understanding of which important factors influence physical activity in daily life in people with neurological impairment.

Social and emotional learning is getting more and more common to work with in Swedish schools today. That has made it more actual to do studies of how you best can implement a method in health prevention and promotion in schools and how you do for to keep the work sustainable. There are some American studies that describe implementation of methods in schools and a few studies that describe implementation of methods for social and emotional learning in schools. It is important to see implementation as a process and not as an individual event. The process never end but continues as a cycle in three phases; readiness phase, planning phase and implementation phase. The aim of this study was to describe teachers and principals experiences of obstacles and possibilities at implementation of an evidence based program for social an emotional learning in compulsory school as a part of the schools health promotion activities. From these aim three questions has been composed: · What distinguish the f-6 schools experiences from the implementation from the 7-9 schools experiences? · What distinguish the teachers’ experiences from the principals? A qualitative study with interviews was chosen as a method. Three interviews were made individual with the principals at three schools in Örebro County and three group interviews were made with the teachers at the same schools. The results assume from the three phases and obstacles and possibilities are presented for each part. It shows that the implementation been different at the three schools and the 7-9 school is most unlike. An action plan is missing general at the schools, which can make the implementation easier. At the 7-9 school the principal support are missing. The study shows that it’s important to give SEL-work time at the schedule, to give the teacher education in the subject and that teachers’ engagement and interest are high for to get a good implementation process. Conclusions that are taken are that we need more Swedish studies and it’s important that the research reach the teachers. Keyword: Implementation, school, social and emotional learning, obstacles and possibilities. / Socialt och emotionellt lärande blir idag allt vanligare att arbeta med i landets skolor. Detta har också gjort att det har blivit allt mer aktuellt att studera hur man får ett program eller metod för förebyggande eller hälsofrämjande arbete i skolan att implementeras på ett bra sätt så att detta arbete vidmakthålls. Det finns en del amerikanska studier som belyst implementering av program/metoder i skolan och några få som belyst implementering av program/metoder för socialt och emotionellt lärande i skolan. Det är viktigt att inte se implementering som en enskild händelse utan som en process. Processen tar egentligen aldrig slut utan fortsätter som en cykel i tre faser; beredskapsfas, planeringsfas och införande fas. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva lärare och rektorers upplevelser av vilka hinder och möjligheter som förelåg vid implementering av en metod (SET) för social emotionellt lärande i grundskolan som en del av skolans hälsofrämjande arbete. Utifrån detta syfte fanns följande frågeställningar formulerade: · Hur skiljer sig F-6 skolornas och 7-9 skolans upplevelser av implementeringen? · Hur skiljer sig rektorernas syn och pedagogernas upplevelser av implementeringen? En kvalitativ intervjustudie valdes som metod. Tre intervjuer genomfördes enskilt med rektorer på tre olika skolor i Örebro Län och tre gruppintervjuer hölls med pedagoger på samma tre skolor. Resultatredovisningen utgår från de ovan nämnda faserna och där redovisas hinder och möjligheter för varje del. Det visar att implementeringen har sett ganska olika ut på skolorna och att 7-9 skolan är den som utmärker sig mest. Det saknas generellt sett en tydlig handlingsplan vilket kan underlätta implementeringen. För 7-9 skolan saknas det också stöd från ledningen i själva införandet av SEL. Att lägga in tid på schema för SEL, att få utbildning och engagemang och intresse från pedagogerna är enligt studien viktiga delar för implementeringsprocessen och för att få arbetet att fungera. Ett par av de slutsatser som dras är dels att det behövs mer svensk forskning inom implementering i skolan men också vikten av att forskningen når ut till skolpersonalen. Nyckelord: Implementering, skola, social och emotionellt lärande, hinder och möjligheter.

During the last Century a tremendously technical advancement has taken place and brought a change in society, which has affected workplaces in a monumental way. Many heavily and moveable physical working tasks at the work placement have been replaced with much easier and sedentary tasks. Two of the major reasons for sick absence in Sweden are illness in the locomotive organs and pain, which can be treated and prevented with physical activity on a large scale. Many employers offer their employees’ subsidized exercise cards, which can be used during their free time. A health care exercise hour is one benefit that employers can offer their employees and normally takes place once a week during fully paid working time. A health care hour can be utilized in many different ways, for example: gym-exercise, swimming or Nordic walking. The purpose of the study is to investigate to which extent exercise in either subsidized form or within work time are offered and practiced by employees, and its possible effects on sick-absence in Örebro county. Comparisons are made between men and women, and different types of employers. A quantitative approach was chosen with existing data from the questionnaire “Life & health 2004”. The respondents were between 20-84 years old. The answering frequency was 63 % of a selection group of 17 160. The results show that women are the ones who mostly receive and make most use of the benefits of doing exercise during working hours or in the subsidized form. The following results also revealed that it is more common for employees in the municipal sector to receive exercise benefits within work time. The employees within the county council make the most out of the benefits and the private employees were the one who used them less. Finally the results show that the employees who have not received any benefits have less sick absence. / Under det senaste seklet har en enorm teknisk utveckling medfört en förändring i samhället som till stor del påverkat arbetsplatsen. Många fysiskt tunga och rörliga arbetsuppgifter på arbetsplatsen har ersatts av mer lätta och stillasittande uppgifter. Två av de främsta orsakerna till sjukfrånvaro i Sverige är sjukdomar i rörelseorganen och värk, vilket kan behandlas och förebyggas med fysisk aktivitet. Många arbetsgivare erbjuder sin personal subventionerade motionskort som kan användas för träning på fritiden. Friskvårdstimme är en annan förmån som arbetsgivare kan erbjuda sin personal som oftast i regel sker en gång i veckan på betald arbetstid. En friskvårdstimme kan utövas i olika former som exempelvis, gymträning, simning eller stavgång. Syftet med studien är att undersöka erbjudande och utnyttjande av arbetstidsförlagd och subventionerad träning/motion och dess effekter på sjukskrivning i en population i Örebro län. Jämförelser görs mellan män och kvinnor, och olika typer av arbetsgivare. En kvantitativ ansats valdes och är gjord utifrån befintligt datamaterial från enkäten Liv & hälsa 2004. Respondenterna var mellan 20-84 år. Svarsfrekvensen var 63 % i en urvalsgrupp på 17 160. Resultatet visade att det är kvinnor som till störst del fått och utnyttjar erbjudandet om att träna eller motionera på arbetstid eller i subventionerad form. Vidare visar resultatet att de är vanligare bland anställda inom den kommunala sektorn att erbjudas arbetstidsförlagd träning eller motion. Det är landstingsanställda som till störst del utnyttjar förmånen och de privatanställda som utnyttjar förmånen minst. Slutligen visar resultatet att anställda som inte fått erbjudandena är mindre sjukskrivna.

ABSTRACT Background: To work irregular hours, so called shift work, involves a greater risk to develop bad health compared to work daytime. The society today requires availability 24-hours per day which makes shiftwork necessary. We have to find a way to make shift working people remain at a good health. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the self estimated health of shift workers. This study concerns significant differences between self estimated health and: main reason for shiftwork, possibility to decide what to do at work and possibility to decide how to perform work tasks. Method: A cross sectional study was performed in four companies in industrial manufacturing, printing business and service business in the community of Örebro. 113 questionnaires were delivered and 71 persons filled the questionnaires and returned them, the reply fervency were 65 %. Results: In this population almost 80 % of the participants declared their health good, very good or excellent and no one declared their health as poor. No significant differences was found between self estimated health and: main reason for shiftwork, possibility to decide what to do at work and possibility to decide how to perform work tasks. Keywords: Shift work, self estimated health, Effort-control, Effort-reward, SOC.

ABSTRACT Wångdahl, J. (2006). Hälsofrämjande budskap i en livsmedelsbutik- kunders uppfattningar. C-uppsats i Folkhälsovetenskap. Örebro, Hälsovetenskapliga institutionen. Obesity and being overweight are on the increase in Sweden which makes work in the area of health promotion very important. Many people are confused by the numerous and varied health messages presented in society as a whole which makes the design and promotion of efficient and effective health messages extremely important. One such example is messages presented in supermarkets. The purpose in this study is to examine customers perceptions and understanding of health promoting messages and the methods used, as they are spread in a supermarket. Individual interviews as well as focus group interviews in a qualitative approach are used to examine as many perceptions as possible. In total, 64 customers participated in the survey. The results from the surveys showed that some participants understood the health messages and the methods as they are spread. Others clearly did not. It also showed that some health messages and methods used to disseminate them were understood more often than others. The participants perceived the health messages and the methods used to disseminate them as something positive to a great extent. Most participants felt that health messages were needed in that they raise awareness and draw attention to healthy products especially when new lines are available. The health messages were also seen as a help and something which improved the atmosphere of a shop, in some cases also influencing them to buy healthier provisions. The designs were felt to be good, with the right quantity and presenting a message which was voluntary. When it came to trustworthiness, many participants thought it was important to be a little bit critical as it is new advice and findings every day. Keywords: Health promoting messages, supermarket, customers perceptions.

När alkoholen kommer närmare - om förändrad alkoholtillgänglighet i en mindre svensk kommun En kvalitativ intervjustudie Ulrika Englund Örebro Universitet, Hälsovetenskapliga institutionen SAMMANFATTNING Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vad som händer i en kommun när alkoholtillgängligheten förändras, och detta med utgångspunkt i kommunens alkoholförebyggande arbete. En specifik tonvikt har lagts vid kommunens etablering av ett Systembolag. Följande perspektiv har studerats; 1) Beskrivningar av förebyggande arbete 2) Exempel på alkoholförebyggande arbete 3) Samverkan 4) Viktiga aktörer 5) Alkoholkällor 6) Möjligheter till tillgänglighetsbegränsning samt 7) Systembolagets betydelse för kommunen. Datainsamling skedde genom nio halvstrukturerade intervjuer med totalt tretton intervjupersoner vilka alla kom i kontakt med alkoholfrågan i sina arbeten. Intervjupersonerna kom att representera socialtjänst, kommun, skola, landsting, polis, Systembolaget, Brottsförebyggande rådet och nattvandrarverksamheten i den studerade kommunen. Insamlad intervjudata bearbetades med meningskoncentrering. Resultatet visar att ett omfattande alkoholförebyggande arbete bedrivs inom kommunen. Huvudsaklig fokus ligger på ungdomar och dess föräldrar och arbetet är ofta praktiskt inriktat på att försöka försena ungdomars alkoholdebut. Samverkan i alkoholrelaterade frågor pågår i stor utsträckning och många viktiga aktörer identifieras. Gruppen föräldrar bedöms vara den allra viktigaste parten i alkoholförebyggande sammanhang. Importerad alkohol beskrivs som vanligast i samband med ungdomars konsumtion och som den mest allvarliga och svårkontrollerade alkoholkällan. Systembolagets etablering i kommunen uppfattas som positiv. Någon konsumtionsökning eller ökad mängd alkoholrelaterade problem på grund av etableringen kan inte urskiljas. Systembolaget utgör ett viktigt led i tillgänglighetsbegränsningen med ålderskontrollen för alkoholinköp som den viktigaste uppgiften. Såväl den hembrända alkoholen som den offentliga ungdomsberusningen bedöms vara mindre förekommande än tidigare. Nyckelord: alkohol, förebyggande, ungdomar, Systembolaget, import, begränsning

No description available.

Background: Increasing costs and quantities of orphan drugs within the European market has led to much debate in Sweden on how they should be handled within the existing reimbursement system. Previously, there has been little research looking at local and regional handling of and implications of these issues when it comes to decision-making, financing, and access. This study aims to provide insight into these issues through perspectives and experiences obtained in interviews with representatives working for County Councils in Northern Sweden. Methods: A case study comprised of semi-structured interviews following a qualitative methodology with an inductive approach was used for this study. Five informants from three different work groups engaged with the orphan drug introduction process in Northern Sweden were interviewed. A thematic analysis was performed on the data where common themes were identified through several rounds of coding to allow cross-sectional analysis between data obtained from informants. Results: The thematic analysis identified five major themes surrounding the introduction process for orphan drugs; centralization of processes, methods & standardization, ethical considerations, economics & price setting, and challenges & difficulties. Informants provided insights, opinions, and a deeper understanding of these themes within the introduction process for orphan drugs. Conclusion: This study confirms many of the complexities in establishing a clear and fair process for introducing orphan drugs. In line with existing literature, informants highlighted how centralization and the pooling of resources and expertise is vital in ensuring equal quality and access to care for patients suffering from rare diseases. There is broad agreement how orphan drug legislation and processes should develop, but substantial hurdles concerning the specifics as well as issues with external actors on pricing of orphan drugs. Addressing these issues could potentially have important benefits, not only for healthcare budgets and patients suffering from rare diseases, but also in setting precedents for future processes where costs and ethics will again come to a head.

Human health depends on a well-functioning endocrine system to regulate hormone release for normal bodily functions. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) constitutes a group of chemicals, included in many commonly used products, (e.g., PVC flooring), with properties proven or suspected to interact with the natural hormone system in humans and animals. EDCs are manmade compounds (there are also natural compounds with such properties) that can bind to cell receptors and mimic or block the functions of natural hormones potentially resulting in adverse human health effects. One type of widely concerning EDC is phthalates. Since phthalates create weak chemical bonds when they are added into different products, they readily leach into the surrounding environment. Phthalate metabolites can therefore be frequently measured in human biological samples. Major public health concerns regarding EDCs over the past three decades have focused on phthalates. According to the World Health Organization, EDCs are suspected to be associated with altered reproductive function in males and females, increased incidence of breast cancer, abnormal growth patterns and neurodevelopmental delays in children, as well as changes in immune function. The thesis shows that PVC flooring in the home is a source for human uptake of phthalates, that replacement of phthalates in soft PVC products have an impact on human uptake of these chemicals, and that exposure for phthalates in early life increase the risk for airway disorders in children. As we have shown, ongoing regulations on phthalates is of importance for human uptake. Ultimately, individuals can make small changes in their consumer product choices that can lead to changes in uptake of chemicals with endocrine disrupting properties. Philosophically, we all have a responsibility to protect future generations from dangerous chemicals. / Human health depends on a well-functioning endocrine system to regulate hormone release for normal bodily functions. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) constitutes a group of chemicals, included in many commonly used products, (e.g., PVC flooring), with properties proven or suspected to interact with the natural hormone system in humans and animals. One type of widely concerning EDC is phthalates. Since phthalates create weak chemical bonds when they are added into different products, they readily leach into the surrounding environment. Phthalate metabolites can therefore be frequently measured in human biological samples. Major public health concerns regarding EDCs over the past three decades have focused on phthalates resulting in implementation of regulations. The thesis shows that PVC flooring in the home is a source for human uptake of phthalates, that replacement of phthalates in soft PVC products have an impact on human uptake of these chemicals, and that exposure for phthalates in early life increase the risk for airway disorders in children. This means that regulation and consumers’ product choices can lead to changes in uptake of EDCs of importance for human health. Philosophically, we all have a responsibility to protect future generations from dangerous chemicals.

No description available.