Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carmo_mc_me_sjrp.pdf: 502429 bytes, checksum: c68a94dd50864db21d7a7619eca3b43d (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho descreve as vogais médias pretônicas dos verbos na região do município de São José do Rio Preto, noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Algumas dessas vogais sofrem o processo fonológico de alçamento, por meio do qual as vogais médias /e/e/o/ são realizadas, respectivamente, como /i/e /u/, como em d[i]s[i]nvolvendo e c[u]nheço. Como corpus de pesquisa, são utilizadas dezesseis entrevistas do Banco de Dados IBORUNA, resultado do Projeto ALIP – Amostra Lingüística do Interior Paulista (IBILCE/UNESP – FAPESP 03/08058-6). São analisadas amostras de fala espontânea de informantes do sexo feminino que apresentam: (i) Ensino Superior completo ou em andamento; e (ii) uma das seguintes faixas etárias: de 16 a 25; de 26 a 35; de 36 a 55; e acima de 56 anos. A análise é realizada segundo os princípios da Teoria da Variação e da Mudança Lingüística, com a utilização do pacote estatístico VARBRUL, bem como da Fonologia Autossegmental, representada pelo modelo da Geometria de Traços. Como resultado geral, tem-se que alçam 16% das 2455 ocorrências de vogal pretônica /e/ e 10% das 2147 ocorrências de vogal pretônica /o/. Todas as ocorrências são analisadas em relação a uma variável social e a dez variáveis lingüísticas, utilizando-se o VARBRUL. Dos resultados estatísticos, obteve-se que a variável lingüística altura da vogal da sílaba subseqüente à sílaba da pretônica-alvo é a mais relevante à aplicação do alçamento, tanto para /e/, quanto para /o/. Observa-se que, no corpus desta pesquisa, todas as ocorrências de pretônicas alçadas podem ser explicadas: (i) pela harmonização vocálica, em que a vogal sofre o alçamento pela influência de uma vogal alta presente na sílaba seguinte à da pretônica-alvo, como em acr[i]ditar; e/ou (ii) pela redução vocálica, em que a vogal alça pela influência da(s)... / This work describes the pretonic medial vowels of the verbs in the region of the city of São José do Rio Preto, northwest of São Paulo State. In these vowels, the phonological process of vowel raising can be found. Through this process, the medial vowels /e/ and /o/ are pronounced, respectively, as /i/ and /u/, in words like d[i]s[i]nvolvendo and c[u]nheço. The corpus of this research is formed of sixteen interviews of the Banco de Dados IBORUNA, a result of the ALIP Project – Amostra Lingüística do Interior Paulista (IBILCE/UNESP – FAPESP 03/08058-6). Spontaneous speech samples – of female informants that: (i) had been attending University or that had already finished it; and (ii) belonged to one of the following age-bands: 16 to 25; 26 to 35; 36 to 55; and over 56 years – are analyzed. The analysis is made under the perspective of: (i) the Theory of Linguistic Variation and Change, by using the statistical package VARBRUL; and (ii) the Autosegmental Phonology, represented by the Feature Geometry model. The general result is that 16% of the 2455 occurrences of pretonic vowel /e/ and 10% of the 2147 occurrences of pretonic vowel /o/ are raised. All the occurrences are analyzed in relation to one social variable and to ten linguistic variables, using VARBRUL package. The statistical results evinced that the height of the vowel of the syllable which is contiguous to the syllable of the pretonic vowel is the most relevant variable concerning the application of the vowel raising process, both to /e/ and to /o/. It is observed that, in the corpus of this research, all the occurrences in which the pretonic vowels are raised can be explained by: (i) a process of vowel harmonization, through which the vowel is raised by the influence of a high vowel in the syllable which is adjacent to the syllable of the pretonic vowel, as acr[i]ditar; and/or (ii) vowel reduction, through which... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Tomando como objeto o emprego variável da flexão do infinitivo (INF) no português brasileiro (PB), este estudo tem dois interesses centrais: (i) analisar se o emprego da forma flexionada (INFflex) está aumentando nos três contextos sintáticos opcionais originais\" (Bossaglia, 2013a) - orações adverbiais, complementos oracionais de nomes e complementos oracionais de adjetivos - e (ii) investigar se valores sociais positivos, tais como o prestígio geralmente associado à concordância verbal em PB (Mendes & Oushiro, 2015; Naro & Scherre, 1991; Rubio & Gonçalves, 2012; Scherre & Naro, 2014, 2006), estariam sendo atribuídos a INFflex. Para investigar a primeira hipótese, analisa-se quantitativamente o emprego de INFflex em um corpus formado por 1346 teses produzidas por alunos de diferentes unidades da USP entre 1995 e 2014. Quanto à segunda, busca-se, por meio de um estudo de percepção sociolinguística que se desenvolveu com base na técnica de estímulos pareados (Campbell-Kibler, 2008; Labov et al., 2006; Mendes, 2016b; Oushiro, 2015) verificar se falantes são julgados\" como mais inteligentes\", mais escolarizados\" e mais formais\" na presença de INFflex. Os resultados da análise dos dados de produção demonstram que, ao contrário do que se esperava, INFflex não está aumentando na escrita acadêmica. Por outro lado, verificaram-se taxas altas de INFflex com o verbo ser - independentemente do contexto sintático e da pessoa verbal -, em orações adverbiais antepostas à oração principal e com as preposições/locuções prepositivas antes de, ao, após, depois de e por. No que diz respeito à distribuição de INFflex de acordo com a área do conhecimento, verificaram-se maiores proporções de INFflex nas orações adverbiais em teses da área de Humanas. O teste de percepção, por sua vez, revelou que, em contextos sintáticos nos quais o emprego de INFflex é considerado opcional, não houve diferença significativa na forma como as vozes\" foram julgadas; porém, em contextos sintáticos nos quais flexionar o infinitivo é considerado um erro\" do ponto de vista prescritivo, a presença de INFflex levou a percepções de menor inteligência\", menor escolaridade\" e menor formalidade\". Especificamente no caso dos contextos não padrão, verificou-se, ainda, um efeito significativo da variável Idade do participante: as percepções dos participantes mais jovens foram mais neutras\", ao passo que as respostas dos acima de 50 anos foram mais polarizadas: quanto mais velhos, mais negativamente julgaram versões com INFflex e mais positivamente versões com INF0. Tais resultados sugerem que falantes mais jovens percebem com mais naturalidade usos hipercorrigidos de INFflex. / Focusing on the variable use of inected in_nitives (INF) in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), the goal of this study is twofold: (i) to investigate if the use of the inflected variant (INFflex) is increasing in three originally\" optional syntactic contexts (Bossaglia, 2013a : 27) - adverbial clauses, noun complements and adjective complements - and (ii) to investigate if positive social values, such as the prestige usually associated with verbal agreement in BP (Mendes & Oushiro, 2015; Naro & Scherre, 1991; Rubio & Gon_calves, 2012; Scherre & Naro, 2014, 2006), are being assigned to INFflex. To test the first hypothesis, the use of INFflex is analyzed in a corpus of 1.346 theses written by USP graduate students from different areas of knowledge from 1995 to 2014. As for the second hypothesis, a matched-guise experiment was conducted (Campbell-Kibler, 2008; Lambert et al., 1960; Mendes, 2016a; Oushiro, 2015) to test if speakers are perceived as more intelligent\", more educated\" and more formal\" when heard using the INFflex guises. Contradicting the study\'s hypothesis, production data show no increase in the use of INFflex in academic writing. However, high rates of INFflex were attested with the verb be - regardless of the syntactic contexts and grammatical person -, in preposed adverbial clauses and with the prepositions antes de, ao, após, depois de and por. As for the area of knowledge, higher rates of INFflex in adverbial clauses were attested in Human Sciences theses. Perception data show no difference in how the voices were perceived when INFflex was used in adverbial clauses. On the other hand, voices were perceived as less intelligent\", less educated\" and less formal\" when INFflex was used in hypercorrect contexts, as expected. In addition, a significant age effect was found in hypercorrect contexts: the older participants, the more negatively they perceived the INFflex guises and the more positively they perceived the non-inflected (INF0) guises. These results suggest that younger speakers perceive hypercorrect use of INFflex as more natural.

In this field study report, the author investigates behaviour associated with inviting in order to see if there is any effect on the language used across cultures due to factors such as status, age, gender in actual social interactions. Chapter one gives a brief introduction to the important role of the English Language in the world in general, and in Vietnam nowadays in particular, and a review of Teaching Methods which have been used in Vietnam so far. Chapter two will deal with the theoretical background, language competences including linguistic competence, sociolinguistic competence and communicative competence. In addition, speech act theory , face work, distance, power in relation to status, age and gender as well as reviews research on the differences between spoken and written are also discussed. Chapter three defines the structure of an invite with its social and cultural characteristics focussing on the natural structure of a spoken invitation. Chapter four describes research and data analysis of the issuing, accepting and declining of spoken invitations used by Vietnamese speakers of Vietnamese (VSV). Chapter five contains the data analysis of the issuing, accepting and declining of spoken invitations used by Australian speakers of English (ASE). Chapter six discusses the comparison of Vietnamese and Australian spoken invitations, the main difference being found in the use of much more direct forms used in VSV as opposed to more tentative forms preferred by ASEs. Directness of form, however, does not reflect a lack of politeness, which is conveyed to a much larger extent by other prosodic and paralinguistic features. Chapter seven is a brief cross-cultural investigation of the spoken invitations of Vietnamese learners speaking English. This shows up a degree of cross-cultural interference and offers some implications for the classroom. Chapter eight contains a summary and conclusion. The results of the study may suggest that Vietnamese learners of English need to be taught not only linguistic competence but also communicative competence with an emphasis on cultural and social factors. Spoken invitations which really have some function in actual interactions need to be incorporated in the program for teaching spoken English.

Provides an overview of work on the effects of Quebec French (QF) on Quebec English (QE) since 1977. Argues that the framework used by sociolinguists is too narrow methodologically, excluding conversations in English between people whose first languages are different and ignoring the deliberate use of language for political effect. Examines some cognate nouns to show how meanings in QE have shifted because of knowledge of QF.

This paperwork is based on microsociolinguistic research perspective. Speech material was recorded in group of eight young people during nonofficial endurance. The main objective of this paperwork is detail analysis of foreign elements used by Polish youth and presence of their functions in communication process. There were used two research methods: questionnaire and tape-recording of speech during meetings, which topic was religious issue. One part is dedicated to citations (interferences) – elements from foreign languages included into Polish syntax context, which lack any designators of adaptation of grammar and phonetics. In case of classification of citations grammar criteria was accepted as overriding. On this basis all foreign interferences were classified according to parts of speech. The other part of this paperwork presents inputs of longer expressions into speech, which in literature are defined as code switching.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focuses on the requestive behaviour, including perceptions of politeness and directness, of Omani second language (L2) English students at Nizwa University in Oman as revealed by their written responses to real life scenarios. The study is an attempt to improve linguistic understanding of pragmatic differences, with reference to the similarities and differences between Omani L2 English students and L1 English speakers’ communicative proficiency, in order to contribute to improved language teaching curricula. The research design consisted of an initial series of two questionnaires which required that the participants rate given responses based on their perceptions of ‘politeness’ and ‘indirectness’; a third discourse completion test (DCT) that required participants to respond in writing in the form of a request to five real life scenarios; and a fourth questionnaire that required teachers to judge the written responses of the DCT according to five criteria. Additionally, the Omani-speaking teachers of L2 English were interviewed and asked questions relating to their responses from a sociopragmatic/ cultural perspective. The Omani teachers’ responses were then used to assist in the analysis of the written response data. The four instruments above thus used both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The results of the data analysis showed that (1) the query preparatory is considered by both groups to be the most polite request strategy and is used to mitigate imposition; (2) Omani L2 English students consider the words should and must to be most impolite in contrast with the L1 English speakers who consider the mood derivable to be the most impolite request strategy; (3) mild hints are considered far more polite by L1 English speakers than by Omani L2 English students; (4) politeness is influenced by differences in perceptions of social variables such as social distance, social power and degree of imposition; (5) direct strategies are not considered impolite and are used six times more frequently by Omani L2 English students than by L1 English speakers in low-imposition contextual situations; and (6) positive transfer and conventionalisation of the time intensifier has been produced and the strategy is used more than twice as much by the Omani L2 English students than by the L1 English speakers. In contrast, the L1 English speakers use the preparator 11 times more frequently than the Omani L2 English students who predominantly have no pragmalinguistic knowledge of this tactic. The study highlights the need for pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic training of students in the classroom and for pragmatics to be included in the material and curriculum design of English language learning programmes. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus op hoe versoeke, insluitend die persepsies van beleefdheid en direktheid, van tweede taal (T2) Omani studente aan die Universiteit van Nizwa in Oman geformuleer word soos geopenbaar deur hulle skriftelike reaksies op realistiese lewenscenarios tydens vraagstelling. Die studie is ‘n poging om taalkundige begrip van pragmatiese verskille te verbeter, met verwysing na die ooreenkomste en verskille tussen Omani T2 Engelssprekendes en L1 Engelssprekendes se kommunikatiewe vaardighede, ten einde by te dra tot die verbetering van taalonderrig leerplanne. Die navorsing het bestaan uit ‘n aanvanklike reeks van twee vraelyste wat vereis dat deelnemers antwoorde gee op grond van hulle persepsies van beleefdheid en indirektheid; ‘n derde diskoers voltooiings toets (DVT) wat vereis dat deelnemers skriftelik reageer op versoeke in vyf realistiese lewenscenarios; en ‘n vierde vraelys wat vereis dat onderwysers die skriftelike reaksies op die DVT in vyf areas beoordeel. Daarbenewens is die T2 Omani onderwysers ondervra met betrekking tot hulle antwoorde vanuit ‘n sosio-pragmatiese perspektief. Die Omani onderwysers se antwoorde is vervolgens gebruik om die ontleding van die skriftelike response te doen. Die bogenoemde vier instrumente gebruik dus beide kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe navorsingsmetodes. Die resultate van die data-analise toon dat (1) die “query preparatory” deur beide groepe as die mees beleefde vraag-strategie beskou word en gebruik word om taakoplegging te versag; (2) T2 sprekers beskou die woorde moet en behoort meestal as onbeskof, in teenstelling met die T1 Engelssprekendes, wat die “mood derivable” as die mees onbeskofte vraag-strategie ervaar; (3) die “mild hint” word as baie meer beleefd deur L1 Engelssprekendes as deur T2-sprekers ervaar; (4) beleefdheid word beinvloed deur verskille in persepsies van sosiale faktore soos sosiale afstand en –druk, en die graad van oplegging; (5) direktheid word nie as onbeskof gesien nie, en kom ses keer meer voor by T2 sprekers in laer taalvaardigheid situasies; en (6) positiewe oordrag en vaslegging van tyd as ‘n drukkrag het voorgekom, en die taktiek word meer as twee keer soveel deur die T2 sprekers as deur die T1 Engelssprekendes gebruik. In teenstelling gebruik die T1 Engelssprekendes die “preparatory” 11 keer meer as die T2 sprekers, wat meestal geen pragma-linguistiese kennis van hierdie tegniek het nie. Die studie beklemtoon die noodsaaklikheid van pragma-linguistiese en sosio-linguistiese opleiding in die klaskamer, en dat pragmatika in materiaal en kurrikulumontwerp vir Engelse taalleer programme ingesluit word.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:43:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 576376 bytes, checksum: d74293391ba47747a86e06f1970a2a4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research deals with the preposition Para and its variants in the talk of the town of Araguatins-TO, by the Theory of Variation. It is intended mainly to observe how this change takes place, according to the literature it may occur as a function of social constraints on language. The 36 informants used in this research, were stratified equally, by gender, age and schooling. In this analysis, we tested the following groups of factors: phonological context following formal parallelism, pause, vibrant presence in the following item, sex, age and education. The main hypothesis was that the use of para variant pattern was the most observed among more educated people, while the non-standard variants of PRA and PA were more used by speakers of average or lower educaton , which was not confirmed. The factors that favor the use of variant pra prevalent variant, are following phonological context, education, age. The main results indicated by a binary analysis shows a profile to change, signaling the disappearance of this variation in pronunciation. Regarding the other variants, pra and pa , it was detected a phenomenon of stable variation in the speech of native in Araguatins-TO. / presente pesquisa trata da Preposição PARA e suas variantes no falar do nativo da cidade de Araguatins-TO, sob a luz da Teoria Variacionista. Buscou-se, sobretudo, observar de que forma essa variação se processa, pois de acordo com a literatura pode ocorrer tanto em função de condicionamentos sociais quanto linguísticos. Os 36 informantes utilizados, nesta pesquisa, foram estratificados, igualitariamente, em função do sexo, da faixa etária e da escolaridade. Nesta análise, foram testados os seguintes grupos de fatores: contexto fonológico seguinte, paralelismo formal, pausa, presença de vibrante no item seguinte, sexo, faixa etária e escolaridade. A hipótese principal era de que o uso da variante padrão PARA seria a mais observada entre pessoas mais escolarizadas, enquanto que as variantes não-padrão PRA e PA seriam mais usadas em falantes de escolaridade média ou baixa, o que não foi confirmado. Os fatores que favorecem o uso da variante pra , variante predominante, são: contexto fonológico seguinte, escolaridade, faixa etária. Os principais resultados obtidos por uma análise binária indicam perfil de mudança de para, sinalizando um desaparecimento desta variante na oralidade. Com relação às outras variantes, pra e pa, detectou-se um fenômeno de variação estável na fala do nativo de Araguatins-TO.

Les technologies numériques et multimédia favorisent, dans divers contextes sociolinguistiques, l’apparition de modes de communication écrite présentant des spécificités linguistiques et graphiques (Crystal, 2001) que nous nommons, dans le cadre de notre recherche, variantes graphiques numériques (VGN). Les échanges écrits électroniques que nous analysons ont été menés par des préadolescents (8 à 11 ans), des adolescents (14 à 16 ans), de jeunes adultes qui poursuivent leurs études universitaires (18 à 26 ans) et des adultes (28 à 63 ans). Tous ces scripteurs utilisent majoritairement le dialecte libanais, le translittèrent au moyen de graphèmes latins et complètent ces derniers par des chiffres pour représenter les phonèmes qui n’ont pas de correspondance dans ce système graphique. Ils enrichissent leur messagerie instantanée multilingue en recourant à des abréviations, des sigles, des rébus basés sur une écriture phonétique et à bien d'autres procédés graphiques qui miment l’oralité. Ils partagent un même code, celui de l’écrit, mais leurs échanges électroniques se font dans une forme qui rappelle l'oral spontané, comme le montrait déjà Anis (1999). Ils se servent de divers moyens pour rendre compte de la multimodalité inhérente aux échanges verbaux en face-à-face et constitutive de l’interaction.En raison du trilinguisme du contexte libanais de notre étude, ces usages numériques sont associés également à des pratiques plurilingues (Lüdi et Py 2002,) ou translanguaging (Garcia, 2009). Nous analysons également les implications et les modalités de contact entre l’arabe, le français et l’anglais.Parallèlement à ces descriptions formelles, nous documentons la diversité des contextes et des modalités d’usage des VGN au nord Liban. Cette étude permet de montrer la distribution des VGN et des formes de contacts dans différents types d’écrits comme les messages numériques et non numériques, privés et publics, synchrones et asynchrones, formels et informels sur Facebook. Nous complétons ces analyses d’échanges par des écrits d’élèves, recueillis auprès de 13 étudiant.e.s fréquentant des écoles et des universités privées et publiques. Ces derniers écrits montrent la diffusion des VGN de la communication électronique dans les écrits papier à usage privé.Notre corpus contient enfin des enseignes et des menus de restaurants et de cafés-trottoirs, des publicités, des captures d'écran, des titres de chansons de chanteurs libanais, des programmes télévisés de chaines libanaises, des manuels de parler libanais, un roman, des articles de presse et aussi des photos prises dans un jardin publique et dans une école publique. Notre thèse démontre que les VGN ont acquis une visibilité importante dans la société libanaise, devenant selon la formule d’Henri Boyer « un objet linguistique médiatiquement identifié » (Boyer, 1997) et qu’elles se diffusent maintenant indépendamment des supports. Ces VGN témoignent d'un mode d’écrit vernaculaire reconnu et utilisé par la société libanaise dans des contextes autres que numériques. Ainsi, notre enquête montre que les VGN ne sont plus limitées aux adolescents et à la jeunesse qui les ont véhiculées au départ mais concernent toutes les tranches d'âge. Elles sont désormais un moyen de communication recherché pour atteindre un public de plus en plus large.Nous avons également mené une enquête par questionnaire auprès des scripteurs qui ont fourni des messages numériques et/ou non numériques, et d’enseignants et de professeurs des secteurs publique et privé confrontés aux VGN. Ces questionnaires ont été complétés par des entretiens réalisés avec 11 scripteurs appartenant aux différentes catégories d'âge considérées. Cette enquête nous a permis d'étudier les représentations des scripteurs, utilisateurs ou non des outils numériques, usagers ou non des VGN. Elle révèle l'importance de la variation interindividuelle et situationnelle et les représentations ambivalentes que les Libanais ont de ces VGN. / The digital and multimedia technologies favor, in various sociolinguistic contexts, the emergency of written communication modes presenting linguistic and graphic specificities (Crystal, 2001) that we name, in our research, digital graphic variants (VGN). The electronic written exchanges that we are studying were conducted by writers from different age groups (pre-teens, adolescents, young adults students, and adults from 28 to 63 years old). All these writers mainly use the Lebanese dialect; they transliterate it through the means of Latin graphemes and add numbers to transcribe Arabic phonemes that have no match in this writing system. They enrich their instant multilingual messages by using abbreviations, acronyms, phonetic-based rebuses and many other graphic process that mimic orals. They share the same code, that of written, but their electronic exchanges are conducted in a form that evokes the spontaneous oral, as it has already been shown by Anis (1999). They use different means to compensate the lack of multimodality, which is known to be so relevant for face-to-face interaction.Due to the trilingualism of the Lebanese context, these digital usages are also associated with multilingual practices (Lüdi and Py 2002,) or translanguaging (Garcia, 2009). We also analyze the implications and modalities of contact between Arabic, French and English.In parallel with these formal descriptions, we are provide new descriptions of wide range of contexts and modalities of the use of VGN in the north of Lebanon. This study shows the distribution of VGN and forms of contact in different types of writing such as digital and non-digital messages, private and public, synchronous and asynchronous, formal and informal on Facebook. We complete these exchange analyzes with student writings, done by 13 students attending private and public schools and universities. These last writings show the diffusion of the VGN from the electronic communication towards the paper writings for private use.Our open corpus finally includes different kinds of public writing as signs and menus of restaurants and sidewalk cafes, commercials, screen shots, Lebanese singers' song titles, Lebanese channel television programs, Lebanese textbooks, a novel, press articles and also photos taken in a public garden and in a public school. Our dissertation demonstrates that VGN have gained significant visibility in Lebanese society, becoming, as Henri Boyer (1997) writes, “a linguistic object under the scope of the media”, and that they are now widespread regardless of the media. These VGN testify a mode of vernacular writing recognized and used by the Lebanese society in contexts other than digital. Thus, our survey shows that VGN are no longer limited to adolescents and youth who initially used them, but include all age groups. They are now a means of communication sought to reach a wider audience.We also conducted a questionnaire survey of script writers who provided digital and / or non-digital messages, and teachers and professors from the public and private sectors facing VGN. These questionnaires were supplemented by interviews with 11 writers belonging to different age group. This survey allowed us to study the representations and attitudes of the writers, users or not of the digital tools, users or not VGN. This reveals the importance of the interindividual and situational variation and the ambivalent representations that the Lebanese have of these VGN.

The thesis provides a detailed grammatical and lexical description of Vend Romani, an under- described dialect of Romani spoken in the Transdanubian region of Hungary, and describes its current sociolinguistic situation. The linguistic data are based on recordings of spontaneous narratives, semi-structured interviews, and linguistic elicitation by means of standardized dialectological questionnaires acquired during linguistic field research. The thesis is structured into six main chapters: The first chapter deals with the sources of data and methods. The second chapter examines the factors that influence the sociolinguistic vitality of the dialect. The following three chapters are devoted to the grammatical description. The sixth chapter analyses the layers of borrowings in Vend Romani. The thesis also includes the basic vocabulary of Vend Romani translated to English.

RAQUEL, Betânia Maria Gomes. Competências sociolinguísticas na escola pública cearense: saberes, atitudes linguísticas e práticas pedagógicas de docentes no 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental. 2015. 263f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2015. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-28T10:25:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_bmgraquel.pdf: 3016752 bytes, checksum: 8c29de4c30e606f8c38234ecad5267a1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-28T14:22:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_bmgraquel.pdf: 3016752 bytes, checksum: 8c29de4c30e606f8c38234ecad5267a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-28T14:22:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_bmgraquel.pdf: 3016752 bytes, checksum: 8c29de4c30e606f8c38234ecad5267a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / This thesis investigates the didactic and pedagogical treatment given by teachers to linguistically variable phenomena, with a view to the development of sociolinguistic competence of students in the 5th year of elementary school from Ceará, Brazil, studying in the public municipal system. Under the Variation Theory and Language Changes Basis from William Labov (1977, 1978, 1983, 2003, 2008) the sociolinguistic knowledge which permeates teachers initial and continuing education, their attitudes against variation phenomenon and language change and their pedagogical practices in classroom aiming students „sociolinguistic competencies development. The sample schools for this study was defined by the smaller (< 48,0 % (Group A)) and larger (> 77,8 (Group B)) adjustable percentages obtained by the schools in the Linguistic Variation Descriptor (D29) and SPAECE 2012 exam. The total of schools is 397 municipal schools, distributed in 135 towns. The quantitative and qualitative study was performed in two stages. The first stage (quantitative) was analyzed based on knowledge, attitudes and practices of 255 teachers from 5th grade from the 397 selected schools referred from an online questionnaire. Completing the analysis, the result of the total of students who did SPAECE 2012 exam (124.173) was analyzed. The percentage of trial and errors on each of the D29 items was dissociated considering the teacher`s group academic education: Pedagogy or Languages. The first step results demonstrated that there are no relevant differences between teachers from Group A and Group B about knowledge, attitudes and pedagogical practices related to linguistically variable phenomena. Referring to this result, on the complementary study, there was not also a relevant difference on the students‟ results related to the two items which were considered easy, no matter the students are from a teacher who studied Pedagogy or Languages. About the two items which were considered difficult, there was a larger percentage of corrected items from the students who are leaded by the teacher who studied Languages. On the second stage of the research (qualitative) 09 schools from Fortaleza, Ceará were involved. They were from the initial sample - 05 of them with lower percentage of correct answers (Group A) and 04 of them with higher percentage of correct answers on D29 (group B). It was involved 09 teachers from 5th grade (01 per school) altogether. The observed results from Group A teachers, graduated in Pedagogy, and group B teachers, graduated in Languages were relatively distant. Group B has demonstrated specific knowledge about linguistically variable phenomena and sometimes less prescriptive attitudes face the facts of linguistic variation. They also make use of different strategies related to linguistic variation in class. The two groups need more theoretic and methodological sociolinguistic basement in order to contribute for the students sociolinguistic competences. / Esta tese investiga o tratamento didático-pedagógico dado pelos professores que atuam no ensino de Língua Portuguesa, no 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental, da rede pública municipal de ensino do Ceará, aos fenômenos linguisticamente variáveis, que contribuem para o desenvolvimento das competências sociolinguísticas dos alunos. Sob o suporte da Teoria da Variação e Mudança Linguística, de William Labov (1977, 1978, 1983, 2003, 2008), enfocaram-se os saberes sociolinguísticos que perpassam a formação inicial e continuada desses docentes, suas atitudes frente ao fenômeno da variação e mudança linguística e as práticas pedagógicas por eles utilizadas em sala de aula, com fins de levar os alunos a desenvolverem as competências sociolinguísticas. A amostra de escolas deste estudo foi definida levando-se em conta os menores (< 48,0 % (Grupo A)) e os maiores percentuais de acerto (> 77,8 ( Grupo B)) obtidos pelas escolas no Descritor de Variação Linguística (D29), no SPAECE 2012, totalizando 397 escolas municipais, distribuídas em 135 municípios do Estado. O estudo quanti-qualitativo foi realizado em duas etapas. A primeira etapa, predominantemente quantitativa, consistiu, inicialmente, em uma análise geral acerca dos saberes, atitudes e práticas de 255 professores do 5º ano, das 397 escolas da amostra, a partir da coleta de dados por meio de questionário online. Com fins de dar complementariedade às análises nessa etapa, foram analisados os resultados do total de alunos que realizou o SPAECE 2012 (124.173). O percentual de erros e acertos em cada um dos quatro itens referentes ao D29 foi desagregado considerando a formação do professor da turma: Pedagogia ou Letras. Os resultados da primeira etapa demonstraram que não há diferenças significativas entre os professores do Grupo A e os professores do Grupo B quanto aos saberes, atitudes e práticas pedagógicas relacionados aos fenômenos linguisticamente variáveis. Alinhado a esse resultado, no estudo complementar, também não houve diferença significativa nos resultados obtidos pelos alunos nos dois itens considerados fáceis, independente de serem alunos de professores com formação em Pedagogia ou Letras. Nos dois itens considerados difíceis o comportamento foi outro: houve um percentual de acerto maior por parte dos alunos de professores com graduação em Letras. Na 2ª etapa da pesquisa, predominantemente qualitativa, participaram as 09 (nove) escolas de Fortaleza que faziam parte da amostra inicial, 05 com menor percentual de acerto (Grupo A) e 04 com maior percentual de acerto no D29 (Grupo B). Ao todo foram envolvidos 09 (nove) professores do 5º ano (01 por escola). Os resultados observados junto aos professores das escolas do Grupo A, graduados em Pedagogia, e os professores das escolas do Grupo B, predominantemente, graduados em Letras, distanciam-se, relativamente, entre si. Os professores do Grupo B, em relação ao Grupo A, no geral, demonstraram ter alguns conhecimentos mais específicos sobre os fenômenos linguisticamente variáveis e, às vezes, atitudes menos prescritivas frente aos fatos linguísticos que envolvem variação, além de fazerem uso de algumas estratégias diferenciadas ao abordar a variação linguística em sala de aula. Os dois grupos, entretanto, demonstraram carecer de um maior embasamento teórico e metodológico da Sociolinguística com fins de melhor contribuir para o desenvolvimento das competências sociolinguísticas dos alunos.