A presente pesquisa enfoca o campo da magistratura do trabalho e as estratégias dos magistrados do trabalho, observando uma abordagem relacional. O primeiro capítulo propõe uma problematização teórico-metodológica, com o objetivo de prevenir erros que derivem da falta de consciência dos pressupostos da análise. No segundo capítulo, é construída a noção de campo da magistratura do trabalho como espaço de lutas em torno da imposição universal da definição legítima do papel de juiz do trabalho, considerando-se os grandes movimentos estruturais do campo: a posição dominada original em face da tradição civilista da magistratura brasileira; a afirmação da especificidade protetiva da magistratura do trabalho; e a emergência de definições "parnasianas" da profissão judicial. O terceiro capítulo considera as trajetórias percorridas pelos magistrados individuais, no âmbito da estrutura móvel do campo, e a aquisição e a colocação em ato de disposições incorporadas, estabelecendo comparações entre as diferentes trajetórias e as definições do papel da magistratura reivindicadas e tendo em vista o condicionamento mútuo entre elas. / This research focuses the field of the laboral judicature and the strategies of the labour judges, through a relational approach. The first chapter proposes a theoretical and methodological problematization, aiming to prevent errors resultant of a lack of conscience about the analysis postulates. By the second chapter, it´s constructed the notion of field of the labour judicature as a space of fights established around the universal imposition of the labour judge´s role legitime definition, taking into consideration the great structural movements of the field: the original dominated position in face of the brazilian judicature´s civilist tradition; the affirmation of the protective specifity of the laboral judicature; and the arising of "parnasian" definitions of the judicial profession. The third chapter considers the trajectories crossed by the individual judges, in the context of the moveable structure of the field, and the acquisition and the placing in act of incorporated dispositions, by establishing comparisons between the different trajectories and the claimed definitions of the labour judge´s role and by taking into consideration the mutual conditioning between them.

A presente pesquisa enfoca o campo da magistratura do trabalho e as estratégias dos magistrados do trabalho, observando uma abordagem relacional. O primeiro capítulo propõe uma problematização teórico-metodológica, com o objetivo de prevenir erros que derivem da falta de consciência dos pressupostos da análise. No segundo capítulo, é construída a noção de campo da magistratura do trabalho como espaço de lutas em torno da imposição universal da definição legítima do papel de juiz do trabalho, considerando-se os grandes movimentos estruturais do campo: a posição dominada original em face da tradição civilista da magistratura brasileira; a afirmação da especificidade protetiva da magistratura do trabalho; e a emergência de definições "parnasianas" da profissão judicial. O terceiro capítulo considera as trajetórias percorridas pelos magistrados individuais, no âmbito da estrutura móvel do campo, e a aquisição e a colocação em ato de disposições incorporadas, estabelecendo comparações entre as diferentes trajetórias e as definições do papel da magistratura reivindicadas e tendo em vista o condicionamento mútuo entre elas. / This research focuses the field of the laboral judicature and the strategies of the labour judges, through a relational approach. The first chapter proposes a theoretical and methodological problematization, aiming to prevent errors resultant of a lack of conscience about the analysis postulates. By the second chapter, it´s constructed the notion of field of the labour judicature as a space of fights established around the universal imposition of the labour judge´s role legitime definition, taking into consideration the great structural movements of the field: the original dominated position in face of the brazilian judicature´s civilist tradition; the affirmation of the protective specifity of the laboral judicature; and the arising of "parnasian" definitions of the judicial profession. The third chapter considers the trajectories crossed by the individual judges, in the context of the moveable structure of the field, and the acquisition and the placing in act of incorporated dispositions, by establishing comparisons between the different trajectories and the claimed definitions of the labour judge´s role and by taking into consideration the mutual conditioning between them.

A presente pesquisa enfoca o campo da magistratura do trabalho e as estratégias dos magistrados do trabalho, observando uma abordagem relacional. O primeiro capítulo propõe uma problematização teórico-metodológica, com o objetivo de prevenir erros que derivem da falta de consciência dos pressupostos da análise. No segundo capítulo, é construída a noção de campo da magistratura do trabalho como espaço de lutas em torno da imposição universal da definição legítima do papel de juiz do trabalho, considerando-se os grandes movimentos estruturais do campo: a posição dominada original em face da tradição civilista da magistratura brasileira; a afirmação da especificidade protetiva da magistratura do trabalho; e a emergência de definições "parnasianas" da profissão judicial. O terceiro capítulo considera as trajetórias percorridas pelos magistrados individuais, no âmbito da estrutura móvel do campo, e a aquisição e a colocação em ato de disposições incorporadas, estabelecendo comparações entre as diferentes trajetórias e as definições do papel da magistratura reivindicadas e tendo em vista o condicionamento mútuo entre elas. / This research focuses the field of the laboral judicature and the strategies of the labour judges, through a relational approach. The first chapter proposes a theoretical and methodological problematization, aiming to prevent errors resultant of a lack of conscience about the analysis postulates. By the second chapter, it´s constructed the notion of field of the labour judicature as a space of fights established around the universal imposition of the labour judge´s role legitime definition, taking into consideration the great structural movements of the field: the original dominated position in face of the brazilian judicature´s civilist tradition; the affirmation of the protective specifity of the laboral judicature; and the arising of "parnasian" definitions of the judicial profession. The third chapter considers the trajectories crossed by the individual judges, in the context of the moveable structure of the field, and the acquisition and the placing in act of incorporated dispositions, by establishing comparisons between the different trajectories and the claimed definitions of the labour judge´s role and by taking into consideration the mutual conditioning between them.

Over the last few decades there has been a statistical increase for the use of criminal background check. Organizations that operates in the business of transport and logistics have developed the control of criminal records before employment as a standardized recruitment tool. This, despite of the lack of constitutional support for the use of it. This study aims to study and problematizing the use of the criminal records. Furthermore, this study aims towards a deeper understanding of how organizations reasons and how the assessment is made if an individual has been previously convicted. The empirical material is gathered through qualitative interviews with representatives from different organizations working within the bransch. The results shows that despite the lack of constitutional support, all informants base their assessment in a similar way. Theoretically, this indicates that a moral structure has been developed around this issue. Through the study's theoretical framework, the study’s findings indicate that the criminal record is perceived to contribute to producing trust, reducing risks and increasing organizations security.

Peace bonds are a legal tool of governance dating back to 13th c. England. In Canada, a significant change in the application of peace bonds took place in the mid-1990s, shifting their purpose from governing minor disputes between individuals to allowing for persons who have not been charged with a crime to be governed as if they had. Given the legal test for a peace bond has always been the determination of ‘reasonable fear’, the advent of these ‘specialized’ peace bonds suggests that the object of reasonable fear has changed. Despite their lengthy history, peace bonds have limited coverage in academic literature, a weakness compounded by a predominant doctrinal approach based in a liberal framework. The central inquiry of this thesis moves beyond this predominant perspective of ‘peace bonds as crime prevention’ by developing a governmental criminology, which deepens our understanding of the role of specialized peace bond law in contemporary society. Specifically, governmental criminology takes a Foucaultian critical legal studies approach, which acknowledges legal pluralism and sets out the historical context required for analysis. Ultimately, by unearthing underlying social, economic, and political power relations it is possible to critique the accompanying modes of calculation of fear and risk, thus challenging the regimes of practices that make specialized peace bonds possible. Specialized peace bonds merely manage the consequences of a criminal justice system limited by social, political, and economic circumstances, in a broader biopolitical project of integrating risky populations.

The thesis deals with the ways political and expert (especially legal and criminological) discourses formulate and reproduce the meanings, assumptions and definitions constructing the man as a subject of criminal law, a subject responsible for his actions. It focuses on the ways the political domain (in particular, the lower and upper chambers of the Czech Parliament) and the scientific domain (in particular, legal science, criminology and psychiatry) form and formulate the opinions of "criminal law" and the ways these opinions are reflected in meanings embodied in criminal law itself. Methodologically, the thesis builds on critical discourse analysis. Put in plain language, what makes discourse significant is the oppression it brings upon us by defining what can be said about the world and how one can meaningfully act in it. Thus, it is not (only) a reflection of another, more real reality and it cannot be fully reduced to some other social phenomena. Therefore, by investigating discourse, one can identify the assumptions social actors build on and the argumentative frameworks they apply in discourse. The theory section formulates premises for the subsequent analysis of specific topics related to the formulation of "criminal" guilt and responsibility. After a short review of sociological...

The thesis deals with the ways political and expert (especially legal and criminological) discourses formulate and reproduce the meanings, assumptions and definitions constructing the man as a subject of criminal law, a subject responsible for his actions. It focuses on the ways the political domain (in particular, the lower and upper chambers of the Czech Parliament) and the scientific domain (in particular, legal science, criminology and psychiatry) form and formulate the opinions of "criminal law" and the ways these opinions are reflected in meanings embodied in criminal law itself. Methodologically, the thesis builds on critical discourse analysis. Put in plain language, what makes discourse significant is the oppression it brings upon us by defining what can be said about the world and how one can meaningfully act in it. Thus, it is not (only) a reflection of another, more real reality and it cannot be fully reduced to some other social phenomena. Therefore, by investigating discourse, one can identify the assumptions social actors build on and the argumentative frameworks they apply in discourse. The theory section formulates premises for the subsequent analysis of specific topics related to the formulation of "criminal" guilt and responsibility. After a short review of sociological approaches...

La réforme économique en Chine a été largement appréhendée comme un processus dans lequel le paternaliste danwei a été remplacé par le contrat de travail, un concept plutôt libéral. A cet égard, le déclin de bien-être à caractère socialiste et la montée d’assurance sociale sont considérés comme un phénomène de marche, les récents législations sociales sont discutés dans le cadre polanyien de double-mouvement qui invoque la dichotomie entre état et marche. Cette étude vise à offrir une perspective alternative en repensant l’évolution de la transformation moderne du travail en Chine d’une manière institutionnelle. Nous montrons que la structure de l'emploi héritée de danwei était au cœur des lois du travail de la Chine en temps de réforme. La protection de l’emploi reste pertinente tandis que l’afflux de main-d’œuvre informelle en provenance des zones rurales a explosé dans les secteurs privés urbains. Eux, ils sont devenus de plus en plus des outsiders du marché du travail qui sont vulnérables quant à leur condition précaire. Cette configuration institutionnelle correspond à une structure hiérarchique dans laquelle le ‘insider’ se distingue clairement du ‘outsider’ en termes de stabilité de l'emploi et de bien-être social. Malgré les récentes législations qui visent à rendre l'assurance sociale plus inclusive, notre étude de terrain sur la résolution des conflits du travail dans l'arbitrage et le tribunal a montré que la capacité de mobiliser la loi peut différer en termes de préoccupation personnelle sur le marché du travail. L'approche de capabilité et la sociologie du droit nous permettent de développer un cadre analytique nuancé permettant d'identifier la raison sous-jacente pour laquelle les individus adoptent différentes stratégies tout en contestant la loi abstraite dans une situation concrète. Notre étude conclut que la législation du travail ne sont pas nécessairement des réactions intentionnelles à la dynamique du marché mais plutôt, en tant que forme essentielle de convention sociale, a initié le cadre dans lequel les parties coordonnent leurs activités économiques. / Market reform in China has been widely understood as a process in which paternalistic socialist danwei was replaced by labour contract that is liberal-oriented. In this regard, decline of all-encompassing welfare arrangements and the rise of social insurance is seen by mainstream as a market phenomenon, recent legislations on social rights are discussed within Polanyian double-movement framework which invokes the dichotomy between state intervention and market.This study provides an alternative perspective by rethinking the evolution of China’s modern labour transformation in an institutional way. We show that inherited employment structure rooted in danwei lied at the core of China’s labour laws in reform time. Employment protection remained relevant while influx of informal labour from rural area boomed in urban private sectors. The later, increasingly became labour market outsiders who are vulnerable as to their precarious condition. This institutional configuration amounted to a hierarchical structure in which core workforce is clearly distinguished from precarious one in terms of job stability and welfare benefit. Despite the recent legislations which aim at making social insurance more inclusive, through our field study on labour dispute resolution practice in the labour arbitration and court, we found that the extent to which people can benefit favourable legal terms is contingent as the ability to mobilize law can differ in terms of people’s own preoccupation in the labour market. The Capability approach and Sociology of Law allow us to develop a nuanced analytical framework whereby we could identify the underlying reason why people take various strategies while contesting ‘abstract law’ in concrete situation. Our study concludes that labour legislations are not necessarily intentional reactions to market momentum but rather, as essential form of social convention, initiated the framework in which parties coordinate their economic activities.

This dissertation concerns an empirical research focused on observing the case law of the Appellate Court of Justice of Minas Gerais, Brazil, about sanctioning young offenders. I identify socially available ideas, senses, and thoughts that become incorporated as standard-settings to the discourse of State Appellate judges. The online empirical data (www.tjmg.jus.br). covers a period from 03.08.2010 until 01.12.2016, composed of approximately one thousand decisions. Keywords connected to the juridical language routinely employed in young offenders' records guided the further process of gathering seventy-seven sampling dossiers. The decisions herein studied typically contain summaries of main reasons and judicially assessed evidence to prove the accusation; and also rationales, reasoning patterns, beliefs, and other motives the judges consider to ruling the concrete case. Therefore, the research places particular emphasis on describing, characterizing, and understanding the influences of many idea systems and, in addition, of the current way of thinking the Adult Criminal Law Justice in the Juvenile Criminal Justice decisions. So, the research question is: "How have Appellate judges mobilized socio-legal semantics and idea systems to make sense of criminal sanctions imposed on young offenders?" This research adopted the theory of Modern Penal Rationality to characterize one of the idea systems identified in this investigation and construct some elements of its knowledge problem that address the epistemological obstacles to the evolution of the juvenile criminal justice subsystem in criminal matters. Due to my professional background and empirical observations of some dossiers, I contend that at least three idea systems influence the Appellate judges' decisions, in the social context of the Juvenile Criminal Law subsystem, as follows: 1) "Modern Penal Rationality" (as described by Pires and conceived for adults in the criminal justice system); 2) "Doctrine of Irregular Situation" (as provided by the revoked Brazilian "Code of Minors"); and 3) "Doctrine of Integral Protection" (as established in the 1988 Brazilian Constitution and in the 1990 Child and Adolescent Statute). Thus, the analysis shows how the decision-making process by the Court of Appeal - trying to proceed with an accommodation account of presumably conflicting values - selects idea systems linked to old theories of punishment to shape the logical structure of juvenile sanctions. I demonstrate that "common legal sense" and "taken for granted" statements apply to induce "severe" sanctions imposed without considering the specificity of the case by the rules of Juvenile Criminal Justice. As a result, I reveal that punitive reasoning prevails in juvenile delinquency judgments rather than child and youth protection, and I also describe the social-legal practice of the language of Juvenile Criminal Law in the Court of Appeal's environment.

O conceito da discricionariedade, quando aplicado na compreensão do sistema de justiça criminal e das instituições nele inseridas, tem produzido grande quantidade de debates acadêmicos e institucionais. Em geral, tal ideia é reconhecida enquanto um elemento de tensão no âmbito dos processos de aplicação da lei no moderno Estado Democrático de Direito. Ela tem sido usada, mais especificamente, para designar momentos em que há alguma ruptura ou ruído nos procedimentos racionais e formais do sistema de justiça. Apesar desse sentido mais geral do termo, não é possível obter nas literaturas especializadas, em especial das ciências sociais e das ciências jurídicas, definições precisas, muito menos consensuais, para essa ideia. Notavelmente, foi nos países de língua inglesa em que esse debate alcançou maiores nuances. Ali, a discricionariedade ora foi considerada um aspecto inerente da forma de se aplicar a lei, podendo produzir justiça ou injustiça. Ora foi entendida como um resquício de formas pré-modernas de administração da justiça, sendo necessária eliminá-la. Ainda, foi definida como um conceito a ser descartado, seja por não conseguir delimitar precisamente o fenômeno que procura descrever, ou por tentar definir algo que na verdade se encontra em outro nível de análise. Já no Brasil não é possível falar em termos de um debate sobre o conceito da discricionariedade, pois aqui vem se adotando diferentes conceitos para descrever os fenômenos geralmente enquadrados por essa ideia, como arbitrariedade e seletividade. Os objetivos dessa pesquisa, portanto, são realizar uma síntese bibliográfica crítica dos debates nesses dois conjuntos de literatura, subdivididos, por sua vez, de acordo com a matriz disciplinar de cada pesquisa; estabelecer os pontos de contato e de separação entre cada uma delas; e, por fim, indicar os temas que se abrem a partir disso para a melhor compreensão do sistema de justiça criminal brasileiro. Assim, verifica-se, em maior grau, distanciamentos entre os dois grandes grupos de pesquisas em função sobretudo da configuração específica do sistema de justiça brasileiro, baseado na civil law, e de sua doutrina, em comparação com o sistema da common law. Mesmo assim, também se argumenta que a incorporação da gramática da discricionariedade, conforme delineada aqui, pode ser produtiva para o avanço da compreensão do sistema de justiça brasileiro. Por fim, indica-se o Ministério Público enquanto objeto privilegiado para a realização dessa tarefa, pois nessa instituição se expressam mais nitidamente as tensões identificadas em ambas literaturas, tanto na sua constituição organizacional, quanto na sua configuração doutrinária. Além disso, afirma-se também que o Ministério Público tem sido palco de um movimento de aproximação com seu correlato da common law, o que torna ainda mais produtiva a adoção da gramática da discricionariedade para sua análise. / Discretion is a key concept to understand the criminal justice system and its institutions. It is also the focus of a large number of academic and institutional controversies. This phenomenon is generally acknowledged as a source of tension to the processes of law enforcement associated with the democratic state governed by the rule of law. More precisely, discretion has been used to describe defective aspects of justices rational and formal procedures. Despite this general statement, social sciences and law studies are far from asserting an unequivocal definition of discretion. If one looks through researches published in English, he will find numerous differences. Discretion is sometimes described as an intrinsic feature of law enforcement that can equally provide fair or unfair consequences. It is also sometimes described as a residual feature of pre-modern administration of justice that has to be suppressed. Finally, some researches argues that discretion is a concept that must not be used since it cannot precisely describe a single phenomenon. Or because it attempts to describe something that simply do not belong to its level of analysis. Yet, Brazilian researches provide a different scenario. Discretion it is not as often used as in the previous case. The phenomena frequently understood as discretion is more commonly described by concepts such as arbitrariness or selectivity. Henceforth, the objectives of this research are: provide a research synthesis of this controversial field; compare the Brazilian literature to the English literature by means of a critical approach; and, at last, point out the questions arose by such comparison and that can be helpfully used to interrogate Brazilian justice system. Therefore, it will be argued that the different comprehensions found between Brazilian and English studies are due to the specific development and configuration of their justice system, each one being based upon different traditions (common law or civil law). However, it will also be argued that the adoption of the grammar of discretion by Brazilian researchers may result in the advance of the comprehension of its justice system. Finally, it will be pointed out that the Ministério Público (Brazils public prosecutors office) is a key institution at which discretion framework can be usefully applied. Especially because this institution clearly express the controversies and tensions previously identified in its organizational and doctrinaire constitution. Finally, it will be argued that the Ministério Público is also at the center of a movement towards its approximation with the common law prosecutors office.