Yes / We present hot melt extrusion (HME) for the design of floating multiparticulates. Metoprolol succinate was selected as the model drug. Our foremost objective was to optimize the components Eudragit® RS PO, polyethylene oxide (PEO) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) to balance both buoyancy and controlled release. Gas generated by sodium bicarbonate in acidic medium was trapped in the polymer matrix to enable floating. Eudragit® RS PO and PEO with sodium bicarbonate resulted in multiparticulates which exhibited rapid flotation within 3 minutes but inadequate total floating time (TFT) of 3 hours. Addition of HPMC to the matrix did not affect floating lag time (FLT), moreover TFT increased to more than 12 hours with controlled release of metoprolol succinate. Floating multiparticulates exhibited t50% of 5.24 hours and t90% of 10.12 hours. XRD and DSC analysis revealed crystalline state of drug while FTIR suggested nonexistence of chemical interaction between the drug and the other excipients. The assay, FLT, TFT and the drug release of the multiparticulates were unchanged when stored at 40 °C/75%RH for 3 months confirming stability. We present floating multiparticulates by HME which could be extrapolated to a range of other drugs. Our approach hence presents platform technology for floating multiparticulates.

Abstract:<p><p>Sodium bicarbonate is one of the major chemical compound used worldwide. We have studied the mechanisms presiding the crystallization of this product in order to identify the kinetic parameters.<p>To be assured of the relevancy of our experimental results, we developed new and accurate measurement techniques to follow the supersaturation and to characterize the crystal morphologies of NaHCO3 like density measurement and images analysis.<p>The systematic study of the mechanisms and the kinetic parameters of the crystallization of NaHCO3 has been conducted by the use of three different types of crystallizers conceived and built at the Department of Industrial Chemistry of ULB :a fluidized bed crystallizer, a classic MSMPR crystallizer and a bubble column. By this choice, we were able to thoroughly investigate the intrinsic phenomena occurring in the crystallization of NaHCO3 from the ideal condition to the conditions close to the industry. <p>A NaHCO3 solution is typically a three components equilibrium, NaHCO3, Na2CO3 and CO2, depending on temperature. Our developed method of density measurement allows to measure continuously the supersaturation, during the crystallization. This method permits to neglect complex side effects due to Na2CO3 or dissolved mineral impurities. Density measurements are quick, sensitive and reliable.<p>We have shown that the growth of sodium bicarbonate is widely controlled by a reaction step at 45°C (< 200 µm). A diffusion step controlled growth occurs however for large crystals (>300-425µm) which consume much less material than the small ones. We have shown that the secondary nucleation of NaHCO3 is principally dominated by the surface nucleation. <p>The shape of the crystals obtained experimentally is in agreement with the theory, and strongly related to the size of the crystals and to the presence of impurities.<p><p>Based on experience of NaHCO3 crystallization without introduction of impurity, we have demonstrated that Ca2+ and Mg2+ suppress crystallization kinetics.<p>In the end, we have taken a brief look at the precipitation of NaHCO3 by gaz-liquid reaction in a bubble column. <p><p>By a comparative and a fundamental approach, our experimental studies lead us to improve our understanding and the operational parameters of the NaHCO3 industrial refining process.<p><p>Key words: Industrial crystallization, Sodium bicarbonate, Density measurement, Fluidized bed, MSMPR, Bubble column, Crystal growth, Nucleation<p><p>Résumé: <p><p>Le bicarbonate de sodium (NaHCO3) est un produit chimique important sur le marché mondial. Nous avons étudier les mécanismes de la cristallisation de ce produit afin d'en déterminer les paramètres cinétiques. <p>Afin de garantir l'analyse la plus objective de ces phénomènes, nous avons développé des techniques de mesures originales pour la connaissance de la sursaturation et pour la caractérisation des cristaux de NaHCO3 par densimétrie et par analyse d’images. <p>L'étude systématique des cinétiques et des mécanismes de cristallisation du NaHCO3 a été réalisée au moyen de trois cristallisoirs de conception différente, développés et construits au laboratoire du Service de Chimie Industrielle de l'ULB: un cristallisoir à lit fluidisé, un cristallisoir à cuve agitée MSMPR et une colonne à bulles. Ce choix nous a permis d'approfondir notre connaissance des phénomènes intrinsèques de la cristallisation du NaHCO3 dans des conditions idéales et des conditions proches des procédés industriels. <p>Une solution de NaHCO3 est un système à l’équilibre à trois composantes, NaHCO3, Na2CO3 et CO2 fonction de la température. La mise au point de la méthode densimétrique a permis la mesure de la sursaturation en NaHCO3 en continu. Cette méthode permet de s’affranchir des complications introduites par la présence de Na2CO3 et des impuretés inorganiques en solution. Les mesures de masse volumique sont rapides, précises et sensibles.<p>Nous avons démontré que la croissance du bicarbonate de sodium est largement dominé par l'étape de réaction à 45°C (< 200 µm). L'étape de diffusion intervient cependant dans la croissance de grands cristaux (>300-425µm) qui ne sont toutefois pas les plus grands consommateurs de matière. Nous avons mis en évidence que le mécanisme de la germination secondaire du NaHCO3 est principalement une germination secondaire vraie.<p>La forme des cristaux obtenus est parfaitement en accord avec la théorie et dépend étroitement de la taille des cristaux mais également de la présence d'impuretés.<p><p>En se basant sur les expériences de cristallisation du NaHCO3 sans introduction d’impuretés, nous avons démontré les effets de ralentissement des cinétiques de cristallisation d'ions tels que Ca2+ et Mg2+ .<p>Nous avons enfin brièvement abordé la précipitation du NaHCO3 par réaction gaz-liquide dans une colonne à bulles. <p><p>Cette approche expérimentale, comparative et fondamentale a permis d'affiner notre compréhension et d’optimiser un procédé industriel de raffinage du bicarbonate de sodium.<p><p>Mots clés: Cristallisation industrielle, Bicarbonate de sodium, Densimétrie, Lit fluidisé, MSMPR, Colonne à bulles, Croissance des cristaux, Germination <p><p> / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Influence of dust particles on the characteristics of premixed methane-air flames has been studied in this dissertation. Experiments are performed in a Bunsen burner type experimental set-up called Hybrid Flame Analyzer (HFA), which can be used to measure the burning velocity of gas, dust, and hybrid (gas and dust) premixed flames at constant pressure operating conditions. In the current study, analysis of particle-gas-air system of different types of dust particles (at particle size, dp = 75-90 µm) in premixed methane-air (ϕg = 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2) flames. Coal, sand, and sodium bicarbonate particles are fed along with a premixed methane-air mixture at different concentrations (λp = 0-75 g/m3) in both laminar and turbulent conditions. First, the variation of laminar burning velocity with respect to the concentration of dust particles, and type of dusts are investigated for different equivalence ratios. Second, the laminar premixed flame extinction with inert and chemical suppressant particles are studied. Third, the variation of turbulent burning velocity of these hybrid mixtures are investigated against different turbulent intensities apart from the different concentrations and types of dusts. Fourth, the radiative fraction of heat released from turbulent gas-dust premixed flames are also presented against the operating parameters considered. Combustible dust deflagration hazard is normally quantified using the deflagration index (Kst) measured using a constant volume explosion sphere, which typically is a sealed 20-liter metal sphere where a premixed mixture is ignited at the center and the progression of the resulting deflagration wave is recorded using the pressure measured at the vessel wall. It has been verified from prior studies that the quantification of the turbulence by this method is questionable and there is a need to analyze the controlling parameters of particle-gas-air premixed system accurately through a near constant pressure operated experimental platform. Thus, the main objective of this study is to analyze the influence of dust particles on premixed methane-air flames at near constant pressure conditions. The turbulent burning velocity is calculated by averaging the measured flame heights and the laminar burning velocity is calculated through the premixed cone angle measurements from several high-speed shadowgraph images obtained from the experiments. The turbulent intensity and length scale of turbulence generated by a perforated plate in the burner is quantified from the hot-wire anemometer measurements. Radiative heat flux is also measured for each of the turbulent test conditions. The outcomes from these experiments are: 1. An understanding of the variation of turbulent burning velocity of gas-dust premixed flames as a function of dust type, turbulent intensity, integral length scale, dust concentration and gas phase mixture ratio. 2. An understanding of the flame extinction characteristics and variation of laminar burning velocity of gas-dust premixed flames as a function of dust concentration and gas phase mixture ratio. 3. Quantify the radiative heat flux and radiative fraction of heat released from gas-dust turbulent premixed flames as a function of dust type, turbulent intensity, dust concentration and gas phase mixture ratio. Dust type and concentration play an important role in deciding the trend in the variation of both laminar (SL) and turbulent burning velocity (ST). Coal particles, with the release of volatile (methane), tend to increase burning velocities except for fuel rich conditions and at higher coal concentrations at larger turbulent intensities. At a higher turbulent intensity and larger concentrations, higher ST values are observed with the addition of sand. Sodium bicarbonate addition, with the release of CO2 and H2O, decreased the burning velocity at all the concentrations, turbulent intensities and equivalence ratios. Laminar flame extinction was observed with the addition of sand and sodium bicarbonate particles at conditions exceeding certain critical dust concentrations. These critical concentrations varied with the equivalence ratios of gaseous premixed flames. The turbulence modulation exhibited by particles and particle concentration is evident in these observations. The independent characteristic time scale analysis performed using the experimental data provided further insights to the results. The chemical and convective times in gas phase confirm the broadened preheat thin reaction zone regime in the current test cases, which has an effect of attenuating turbulence and thereby the resulting turbulent burning velocity. The particle time scale analysis (Stokes number) show that the effect of particles and particle concentration is to slightly enhance the turbulence and increase the turbulent burning velocity at lower concentrations. However, the time scale analysis of particle vaporization (vaporization Damköhler number) indicate an increase in the vaporization rate for particles (coal and sodium bicarbonate) resulting in a decrease in their turbulent burning velocities at higher concentrations and turbulent intensities. Sodium bicarbonate has higher evaporation rate than coal at same level of turbulence and the absence of this effect for inert (sand) results in higher turbulent burning velocities at higher concentrations. An increase in the turbulent intensity increases the vaporization rate of particles. The investigation on radiative fraction of heat released by methane-air-dust turbulent premixed flames identified that, the addition of dust particles increases the radiative fraction irrespective of the dust type due to the radial and axial extension of flame. A unified approach to couple this multiple complex phenomenon of turbulence, particle interaction, particle vaporization and combustion in particle laden premixed gaseous flames is the direction for future research.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the stability of a generic lansoprazole product in a 3 mg/mL sodium bicarbonate suspension under room temperature and refrigerated conditions. METHODS Lansoprazole suspensions (3 mg/mL) were prepared in triplicate using an 8.4% sodium bicarbonate vehicle for each storage condition (room temperature and refrigerated). During 1 month, samples from each replicate were periodically removed and analyzed for lansoprazole concentration by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Each sample was spiked with 10 mg/L omeprazole to serve as the internal standard. A positive electrospray LC-MS/MS method was validated over the calibration range of 5 to 25 mg/L using Food and Drug Administration Guidance. The identities of the analyte and internal standard in the samples were verified by monitoring the MS/MS transitions of m/z 370 to m/z 252 and m/z 346 to m/z 198 for lansoprazole and omeprazole, respectively. Additionally, the pH of the suspensions was monitored throughout the study. RESULTS The stability of lansoprazole in the oral sodium bicarbonate suspension under refrigeration is compromised prior to what has been previously reported in the literature. Samples kept at room temperature lost >10% of the lansoprazole after 48 hours compared with the refrigerated samples, which maintained integrity up to 7 days. No statistically significant difference was found between the pH of the room temperature and refrigerated suspension samples, indicating that this factor is not the cause for the differences in stability at these two conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the extemporaneously compounded lansoprazole oral suspension prepared in 8.4% sodium bicarbonate should not be stored in plastic oral syringes longer than 48 hours at room temperature and no longer than 7 days when refrigerated. These data indicate an expiration time earlier than that previously reported for the refrigerated product (14 days).

No description available.

Introdução: Nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC) está associada a piores desfechos intra-hospitalar e a longo prazo. Estudos recentes sugerem que hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio possa ser útil na sua prevenção; no entanto, essa medida de prevenção de NIC não foi, ainda, avaliada em pacientes diabéticos. Método: Subanálise de um estudo multicêntrico envolvendo 301 pacientes com creatinina sérica ≥ 1,2 mg/dl ou depuração de creatinina endógena (DCE) < 50 ml/min submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia ou angioplastia coronária, randomizados para receber hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio ou solução salina (soro fisiológico – SF) a 0,9%. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados com contraste iônico de baixa osmolaridade. Os desfechos avaliados foram incidência de NIC (definida como aumento de 0,5 mg/dl) e variação da creatinina e da DCE em 48 horas após o procedimento. Da totalidade de pacientes, 87 tinham diabetes melito e foram incluídos nesse subestudo. Resultados: Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação a características demográficas, volume de contraste e níveis basais de creatinina e DCE. Entre os pacientes avaliados, 8 desenvolveram NIC: 4 (9,8%) pacientes no grupo bicarbonato e 4 (8,9%) no grupo SF 0,9% (p = 0,9). A variação da creatinina sérica e da DCE foi similar entre os grupos. Conclusão: Hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio não demonstrou benefício em reduzir a incidência de NIC em pacientes diabéticos submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco ou angioplastia coronária em comparação à hidratação com SF 0,9%. / Background: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is associated with worse clinical outcomes both at short and long-term follow-up. Recent evidence indicates that intravenous hydration with sodium-bicarbonate may reduce the incidence of CIN. However, this strategy has not been reported in diabetic patients. Methods: Sub-analysis of a multicenter study involving 301 patients with serum creatinine ≥ 1,2 mg/dL or creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min submitted to coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention and randomized to intravenous hydration with sodium-bicarbonate or normal saline. All patients received low-osmolar contrast media. We assessed the incidence of CIN (defined as creatinine increase ≥ 0,5 mg/dL), and the average change in creatinine and creatinine clearance 48 hours after the procedure. A total of 87 diabetic patients were analyzed. Results: There was no difference between groups regarding baseline characteristics, contrast volume used, baseline creatinine levels and creatinine clearance. Eight patients presented CIN: 4 (9.8%) in the bicarbonate group and 4 (8.9%) in the saline group (p = 0.9). The average change in serum creatinine and creatinine clearance were similar between groups. Conclusion: Intravenous hydration with sodium-bicarbonate did not reduce the incidence of CIN in diabetic patients undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention as compared to hydration with normal saline.

Introdução: Nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC) está associada a piores desfechos intra-hospitalar e a longo prazo. Estudos recentes sugerem que hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio possa ser útil na sua prevenção; no entanto, essa medida de prevenção de NIC não foi, ainda, avaliada em pacientes diabéticos. Método: Subanálise de um estudo multicêntrico envolvendo 301 pacientes com creatinina sérica ≥ 1,2 mg/dl ou depuração de creatinina endógena (DCE) < 50 ml/min submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia ou angioplastia coronária, randomizados para receber hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio ou solução salina (soro fisiológico – SF) a 0,9%. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados com contraste iônico de baixa osmolaridade. Os desfechos avaliados foram incidência de NIC (definida como aumento de 0,5 mg/dl) e variação da creatinina e da DCE em 48 horas após o procedimento. Da totalidade de pacientes, 87 tinham diabetes melito e foram incluídos nesse subestudo. Resultados: Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação a características demográficas, volume de contraste e níveis basais de creatinina e DCE. Entre os pacientes avaliados, 8 desenvolveram NIC: 4 (9,8%) pacientes no grupo bicarbonato e 4 (8,9%) no grupo SF 0,9% (p = 0,9). A variação da creatinina sérica e da DCE foi similar entre os grupos. Conclusão: Hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio não demonstrou benefício em reduzir a incidência de NIC em pacientes diabéticos submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco ou angioplastia coronária em comparação à hidratação com SF 0,9%. / Background: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is associated with worse clinical outcomes both at short and long-term follow-up. Recent evidence indicates that intravenous hydration with sodium-bicarbonate may reduce the incidence of CIN. However, this strategy has not been reported in diabetic patients. Methods: Sub-analysis of a multicenter study involving 301 patients with serum creatinine ≥ 1,2 mg/dL or creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min submitted to coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention and randomized to intravenous hydration with sodium-bicarbonate or normal saline. All patients received low-osmolar contrast media. We assessed the incidence of CIN (defined as creatinine increase ≥ 0,5 mg/dL), and the average change in creatinine and creatinine clearance 48 hours after the procedure. A total of 87 diabetic patients were analyzed. Results: There was no difference between groups regarding baseline characteristics, contrast volume used, baseline creatinine levels and creatinine clearance. Eight patients presented CIN: 4 (9.8%) in the bicarbonate group and 4 (8.9%) in the saline group (p = 0.9). The average change in serum creatinine and creatinine clearance were similar between groups. Conclusion: Intravenous hydration with sodium-bicarbonate did not reduce the incidence of CIN in diabetic patients undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention as compared to hydration with normal saline.

To evaluate interaction of water alkalinity and stocking density on body ionic levels, survival, growth and behavior of silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, juveniles, a short-term experiment (96 h) analyzed the effect of three alkalinity levels (30, 80 and 130 mg/L CaCO3) and four stocking densities (4, 8, 16, and 24 g/L). In addition, a growth experiment of 30 days verified the effect of three stocking densities (4, 8, 16 g/L) and the same alkalinity levels. Survival and body ionic levels were not significantly affected in the short-term experiment, but after 30 days survival was significantly reduced in the group maintained at the stocking density of 16 g/L and 30 mg/L CaCO3. However, this treatment provided higher weight and specific growth rate compared to the treatment with the highest alkalinity and the same stocking density. The time of capture of the food, in both experiments, was faster in the treatments of high stocking density. In the short-term experiment fish remained mainly in the bottom, and the reduction of stocking density increased swimming speed. The color of the animals was significantly clearer in the lowest densities of the growth experiment. Agonistic side behaviors prevailed in the lowest alkalinities of the stocking density of 8 g/L, and cannibalism occurred only in the stocking density of 8 g/L and alkalinity of 130 mg/L CaCO3 of the growth experiment. The stocking density of 16 g/L and alkalinity of 80 mg/L CaCO3 seems to be the most appropriate for silver catfish juveniles growth in these experimental conditions. / Com o objetivo de avaliar a interação da alcalinidade da água com diferentes densidades de estocagem sobre os níveis iônicos corporais, sobrevivência, crescimento e comportamento de juvenis de jundiá, Rhamdia quelen, delineou-se um experimento de curta duração (96 h) com três níveis de alcalinidade (30, 80 e 130 mg/L CaCO3) e quatro densidades de estocagem (4, 8, 16 e 24 g/L). Além disso, em um experimento de crescimento (30 dias) testou-se três densidades de estocagem (4, 8, 16 g/L) e as mesmas alcalinidades. A sobrevivência e os níveis iônicos corporais não foram afetados no experimento de curta duração, mas após 30 dias a sobrevivência foi reduzida no tratamento de maior densidade e menor alcalinidade. Este mesmo tratamento foi o que obteve melhores resultados de peso e taxa de crescimento específico em relação à maior alcalinidade da mesma densidade. O tempo de captura do alimento, em ambos experimentos, foi mais curto nos tratamentos de maior densidade. No experimento de curta duração os peixes se concentravam mais no fundo à medida que se diminuía a densidade de estocagem e com o aumento desta aumentou a velocidade de natação. A coloração dos animais foi significativamente mais clara nas menores densidades do experimento de crescimento. Confrontos laterais predominaram nas menores alcalinidades da densidade de 8 g/L, canibalismos ocorreram apenas na densidade de 8 g/L e alcalinidade de 130 mg/L CaCO3 do experimento de crescimento. A utilização da densidade de estocagem de 16 g/L e alcalinidade de 80 mg/L CaCO3 é a mais adequada para o cultivo de juvenis de jundiá nestas condições experimentais.

Introdução: Nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC) está associada a piores desfechos intra-hospitalar e a longo prazo. Estudos recentes sugerem que hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio possa ser útil na sua prevenção; no entanto, essa medida de prevenção de NIC não foi, ainda, avaliada em pacientes diabéticos. Método: Subanálise de um estudo multicêntrico envolvendo 301 pacientes com creatinina sérica ≥ 1,2 mg/dl ou depuração de creatinina endógena (DCE) < 50 ml/min submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia ou angioplastia coronária, randomizados para receber hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio ou solução salina (soro fisiológico – SF) a 0,9%. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados com contraste iônico de baixa osmolaridade. Os desfechos avaliados foram incidência de NIC (definida como aumento de 0,5 mg/dl) e variação da creatinina e da DCE em 48 horas após o procedimento. Da totalidade de pacientes, 87 tinham diabetes melito e foram incluídos nesse subestudo. Resultados: Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação a características demográficas, volume de contraste e níveis basais de creatinina e DCE. Entre os pacientes avaliados, 8 desenvolveram NIC: 4 (9,8%) pacientes no grupo bicarbonato e 4 (8,9%) no grupo SF 0,9% (p = 0,9). A variação da creatinina sérica e da DCE foi similar entre os grupos. Conclusão: Hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio não demonstrou benefício em reduzir a incidência de NIC em pacientes diabéticos submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco ou angioplastia coronária em comparação à hidratação com SF 0,9%. / Background: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is associated with worse clinical outcomes both at short and long-term follow-up. Recent evidence indicates that intravenous hydration with sodium-bicarbonate may reduce the incidence of CIN. However, this strategy has not been reported in diabetic patients. Methods: Sub-analysis of a multicenter study involving 301 patients with serum creatinine ≥ 1,2 mg/dL or creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min submitted to coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention and randomized to intravenous hydration with sodium-bicarbonate or normal saline. All patients received low-osmolar contrast media. We assessed the incidence of CIN (defined as creatinine increase ≥ 0,5 mg/dL), and the average change in creatinine and creatinine clearance 48 hours after the procedure. A total of 87 diabetic patients were analyzed. Results: There was no difference between groups regarding baseline characteristics, contrast volume used, baseline creatinine levels and creatinine clearance. Eight patients presented CIN: 4 (9.8%) in the bicarbonate group and 4 (8.9%) in the saline group (p = 0.9). The average change in serum creatinine and creatinine clearance were similar between groups. Conclusion: Intravenous hydration with sodium-bicarbonate did not reduce the incidence of CIN in diabetic patients undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention as compared to hydration with normal saline.

Orientadores: Fernanda Paula Collares Queiroz, Sandra Cristina dos Santos Rocha / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T14:22:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pilarski_Emmanuelle_D.pdf: 13352787 bytes, checksum: 0ecea335c03bb27966c47554b420caee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de (i) micropartículas lipídicas contendo bicarbonato de sódio pelo processo de spray cooling e de (ii) aglomerados de bicarbonato de sódio, utilizando-se do processo de melt agglomeration em leito vibrofluidizado. Essas tecnologias foram aplicadas com o intuito de melhorar a estabilidade desse material, uma vez que o mesmo se decompõe na presença de umidade/ou temperaturas mais elevadas. Uma mistura lipídica composta por gordura de palma totalmente hidrogenada (GPTH) e óleo de palma refinado (OP) foi empregada como material de parede/ligante que atendeu ao requisito de ponto de fusão de 55 ºC, com a proporção de 57,5 e 42,5 %, respectivamente. No processo de spray cooling, foi realizado um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR), com 11 ensaios, para cada um dos três diâmetros de abertura de bico atomizador estudados (??igual a 1,0; 1,2 e 1,5 mm), totalizando 33 experimentos, a fim de se avaliar o efeito da temperatura de entrada da dispersão (Te) (65 a 85 ºC) e da pressão de atomização (Pat) (1,0 a 2,0 kgf/cm2) sobre as seguintes variáveis dependentes: (i) eficiência de microencapsulação (EM, % de CO2), (ii), quantidade de bicarbonato de sódio superficial (BSS, % de CO2) e (iii) rendimento (R, em %). As micropartículas apresentaram formato esférico e estrutura de superfície irregular para os ensaios realizados. A análise estatística dos resultados mostrou que para ??= 1,0 mm, um aumento nos níveis da Te e da Pat ocasionou um decréscimo da EM; para o ??= 1,2 mm, o aumento da Te ocasionou uma melhoria nessa resposta, entretanto, a Pat quando aumentada acarretou na sua diminuição. Para o ??= 1,5 mm, essas duas variáveis apresentaram menores efeitos, onde o aumento da Pat favoreceu a EM e o aumento da Te, a sua diminuição. A Te exerceu efeito positivo no R para o ??= 1,0 mm, sem influência nessa resposta para os diâmetros 1,2 e 1,5 mm, enquanto que a Pat teve efeito positivo para ??igual a 1,0 e 1,5 mm (termo linear) e negativo para o termo quadrático deste último. Pela combinação das respostas obtidas, verificou-se que o ensaio 4, diâmetro de bico atomizador (??= 1,5 mm), altas temperatura de entrada e de pressão de atomização (Te = 82 ºC e Pat = 1,85 kgf/cm2) apresentou o melhor desempenho (eficiência 3,18 %; quantidade de bicarbonato de sódio superficial 0,17 % e rendimento 80,0 %) quando comparado com os outros diâmetros de abertura. No processamento em leito vibrofluidizado, foi realizado um DCCR, totalizando 17 ensaios, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito das variáveis: (i) pressão de atomização (5,0 a 15,0 Psig), (ii) frequência de vibração (186 a 354 rpm) e (iii) amplitude de vibração (0,40 a 2,00 cm), sobre as variáveis dependentes (i): rendimento R (%), (ii) eficiência da aglomeração Eagl (% CO2), para as frações granulométricas de 300, 600 e 840 µm, (iii) crescimento de partícula C3,3 (%) e (iv) índice de torrões Itor (%). O material aglomerado apresentou ampla distribuição de tamanho e a nucleação dos aglomerados ocorreu pelo mecanismo de imersão. Os aglomerados apresentaram Eagl diferentes para as frações avaliadas, sendo que a maior eficiência foi observada para a fração 840 µm, seguida das frações 600 e 300 µm. Contudo, através da comparação entre a Eagl e o C3,3, observou-se que a proteção não depende somente do tamanho da partícula, mas mais importante que isso é o mecanismo de formação do aglomerado, demonstrando a complexidade do processo. Com relação à proteção do material (avaliada pela Eagl), o efeito da pressão, da frequência e da amplitude foi positivo para as frações de 300 µm e 600 e 840 µm (termos quadráticos). Pela combinação das respostas, o ensaio que apresentou melhor desempenho no leito vibrofluidizado foi a de fração 840 µm, cujos parâmetros estavam fixados em baixos valores de pressão e frequência e alta amplitude. Os resultados demonstraram que ocorreu a proteção do bicarbonato de sódio contra a liberação de CO2 para ambos os processos estudados. As técnicas demonstraram grande potencial na produção desses materiais (bicarbonato de sódio microencapsulado e bicarbonato de sódio aglomerado), que se mostram viáveis para serem utilizados na formulação de um novo fermento químico, constituído pelo bicarbonato de sódio microencapsulado ou aglomerado e pelo componente ácido, sem a necessidade do agente inerte (amido) como separador físico / Abstract: This work had the objective of developing: (i) lipid microparticles containing sodium bicarbonate obtained by spray cooling process, and (ii) sodium bicarbonate agglomeration, obtained by melt agglomeration process in a vibrofluidized bed. These technologies were applied with the objective of improving the material stability, since it decomposes in the presence of humidity and/or higher temperatures. A lipid mixture composed of 57.5 % fully hydrogenated palm fat and 42.5 % refined palm oil, whose melting point is 55 ºC, was used. In the spray cooling process, a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was applied, with 11 trials for each of the three nozzle atomizer diameters (?) studied (??= 1.0, 1.2 and 1.5 mm). Thirty three experiments were conducted with the objective of evaluating inlet temperature on the dispersion (65 to 85 ºC) and pressure atomization (1.0 to 2.0 kgf/cm2) on the following dependent variables: (i) microencapsulation efficiency (% CO2), (ii) amount of sodium bicarbonate on the surface (% CO2) and (iii) yield (%). The microparticles presented spherical shape and irregular surface. Statistical analysis showed that for ??= 1.0 mm and increases in levels of temperature on the dispersion and pressure atomization, the microencapsulation efficiency dropped. For ??= 1.2 mm, an increase in temperature on the dispersion led to an improvement in this response, however, when pressure atomization was increased, the microencapsulation efficiency fell. For ??= 1.5 mm, these two variables presented smaller effects, on the other hand, an increase in pressure atomization favored the microencapsulation efficiency. Increasing temperature on the dispersion, reduced the microencapsulation efficiency. Temperature on the dispersion presented a positive effect on yield for ??= 1.0 mm (this had no effect on the response for 1.2 and 1.5 mm diameters), while pressure atomization had a positive effect for d = 1.0 and 1.5 mm (linear term), its quadratic term had a negative effect on yield. By combining of dependent variables, it was found for ??= 1.5 mm, test 4, higher temperature on the dispersion and pressure atomization, presented the best performance (3.18 % higher efficiency, 0.17 % lower amount of surface sodium bicarbonate pressure and 80.0 % yield) when compared with the other diameters. In the vibrofluidized bed process, a CCRD was conducted, totaling 17 trials, to assess the effect of these independent variables: (i) atomization pressure (5.0 to 15.0 Psig), (ii) vibration frequency (186 to 354 rpm) and (iii) vibration amplitude (0.40 to 2.00 cm) on the dependent variables: (i) yield (%), (ii) agglomeration efficiency (% CO2), for the particle size fractions of 300, 600 and 840 µm (iii) particle growth (%) and (iv) lump. The agglomerated material presented ample size distribution and the nucleation mechanism occurred by immersion. The agglomeration efficiency presented different values for each fractions tested (300 µm <600 µm <840 µm). However, a comparison of agglomeration efficiency and particle growth, demonstrated that protection depends not only on particle size, but more on the formation mechanism of agglomeration particles, demonstrating its complexity. With regard to the protection of the material (assessed by agglomeration efficiency), the effect of pressure was positive for 300, 600 µm, and 840 µm fractions (quadratic terms), while the frequency had a positive effect for the three fractions. With respect to amplitude, the effect was positive on the larger particle size fractions. Considering all answers, the test that produced the best performance in the vibrofluidized bed was 840 µm fraction, whose parameters were set at low pressure and frequency values and high amplitude. The results showed that there was protection of sodium bicarbonate against the release of CO2 for both processes studied. The techniques demonstrated great potential in the production of these materials (microencapsulated sodium bicarbonate and agglomerated sodium bicarbonate particles), thus demonstrating its viability for use in the formulation of a new baking powder. A new baking soda, consisting of microencapsuled sodium bicarbonate or agglomerated and another acid compound, without the need for an inert agent (starch) as physical separator / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos