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La société Solvay est le plus grand producteur de bicarbonate de sodium raffiné au monde. Le NaHCO3 est un des produits parmi les plus connus et utilisés. Sa production a lieu dans des colonnes à bulles de volumes très importants. La production du bicarbonate de sodium raffiné dans ces réacteurs peut se résumer par la réaction entre une solution saturée de carbonate de sodium (Na2CO3) et le CO2(gaz) <p> <p>Cette production implique la connaissance et le contrôle des réacteurs de type triphasique. En effet dans ce procédé on met en jeu deux types de transferts entre un gaz et un liquide le CO2 et la solution de Na2CO3 et entre un liquide et un solide, NaHCO3 (liq) et NaHCO3 (solide)<p>Le but de ce travail est d’acquérir des informations concernant la cristallisation du NaHCO3 dans une colonne à bulles. L’étude de la cristallisation de ce produit se fait au travers des modèles des cinétiques de cristallisation :la vitesse de croissance G (m•s-1) et la vitesse de nucléation J ( / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Forty-eight Holstein cows at Utah State Dairy Farm were blocked statistically according to date of calving, previous milk production, and numbers of lactation at parturition. The cattle were assigned randomly to one of four treatments within blocks. The four treatments included a base ration (control, treatment #1), base ration plus .8% of sodium bicarbonate (treatment #2), base ration plus .4% of magnesium oxide (treatment #3), and base ration plus both .8% of sodium bicarbonate and .4% of magnesium oxide (treatment #4). The research was conducted from February 1983 to November 1984. A formagraph was used to measure milk coagulation parameters and pH was determined. There was no significant difference in milk coagulation parameters or pH between the control and the buffer treatments. Milk parameters were significantly different in individual cow, week, and milk pH. Milk parameters did not appear to be dependent upon season. Curd firmness was significant in interaction of season and treatment. Significant variations in milk pH were observed in relation to week, season, and individual cow. Overall treatments, the clotting time, K20, and pH value increased each week, and A30 decreased each week. The milk parameters and pH in each treatment were significant between weeks except K20 and A30 in treatment #3, and A30 in treatment #2 (p>0.05). The clotting time and K20 were negatively correlated with firmness, and there was positive correlation between Ct and K20 as expected. Somatic cell count was positively correlated with clotting time, K20, and pH and negatively correlated with A30. Milk pH was the most significant and had positive correlation coefficient with clotting time and firming rate and negative correlation coefficient with curd firmness.

Este estudo in vitro avaliou a influência do tempo de aplicação do bicarbonato de sódio a 10% na qualidade da união de um sistema adesivo universal unido ao esmalte bovino clareado por meio de testes de resistência de união (microtração imediata e após 6 meses) e grau de conversão na interface adesiva (espectroscopia micro-Raman). Cento e dez blocos de esmalte bovino (4x4 mm) foram planificados e distribuídos aleatoriamente em 5 grupos: C: controle, sem clareamento; B: clareamento com peróxido de hidrogênio 35% (HP); BS3: clareamento com HP seguido de tratamento com a solução de bicarbonato de sódio 10% (BS) por 3 min; BS5: clareamento com HP seguido de tratamento com BS por 5 min; BS10: clareamento com HP seguido de tratamento com BS por 10 min. O HP foi aplicado duas vezes (20 minutos cada, com exceção do grupo C) e em seguida as restaurações adesivas foram realizadas. Após 24 horas, 20 espécimes de cada grupo foram seccionados em palitos (1x1 mm) e submetidos ao teste de resistência de união (imediato e após 6 meses) em máquina de ensaios universal com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min (n=10). Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA a dois critérios (p <0,05). As médias das análises imediata e após 6 meses foram: C: 26,77 / 25,32; B: 26,42 / 26,42; BS3: 23,95 / 22,98; BS5: 23,65 / 26,64; BS10: 23,42 / 29,30. Nenhum dos fatores testados apresentou significância: tratamento (p=0,349) e tempo (p=0,234), não havendo interação entre estes (p=0,198). Falhas adesivas foram predominantes nos dois períodos de avaliação. Para a análise do grau de conversão, após 24 horas da restauração, 2 espécimes de cada grupo foram seccionados em fatias de 1mm, sendo apenas 3 fatias selecionadas. Os seguintes parâmetros foram utilizados: excitação dos espécimes com laser de argônio operando a 538 nm, espectro obtido a uma resolução ~4cm-1, sob uma região de espectro entre 1580-1660cm-1, verificando a altura dos picos 1608cm-1 e 1637cm-1. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA a um critério (p <0,05) e as médias do grau de conversão foram: C: 71,10%; B: 72,11%; BS3: 73,98%; BS5: 69,25%; BS10: 70,56%. O fator de estudo tratamento não apresentou significância estatística (p=0,808). A adesão no esmalte clareado parece não ter sido afetada negativamente quando restaurações adesivas foram feitas imediatamente após o clareamento, independente da aplicação ou não da substância antioxidante. Mais estudos que avaliem a adesão em esmalte clareado, principalmente no que diz respeito ao grau de conversão e aos diferentes tipos de sistemas adesivos universais se fazem necessários para fins comparativos e para que possamos indicar seguramente as restaurações imediatas (quando necessárias) na prática clínica. / The present in vitro study evaluated the influence of the application time of 10% sodium bicarbonate in the adhesion quality of a universal adhesive system bonded to bleached enamel through microtensile bond strength testing (immediate and after 6 months) and the degree conversion (micro-Raman spectroscopy). One hundred and ten bovine enamel blocks (4x4mm) were flattened and randomly allocated into 5 groups: C: control, without bleaching; B: bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP); BS3: bleached and treated with 10% sodium bicarbonate solution (BS) for 3 min; BS5: bleached and treated with BS for 5 min; BS10: bleached and treated with BS for 10 min. HP was applied twice (20 minutes each, except in group C) and the adhesive restorations were performed. After 24 hours, 20 specimens from each group were sectioned into sticks (1x1 mm) and submitted to microtensile bond strength testing (immediately and after 6 months) in a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min (n = 10). Data was analyzed by two-way ANOVA (p <0.05). The means of the immediate and 6 months analysis were: C 26.77 / 25.32; B: 26.42 / 26.42; BS3: 23.95 / 22.98; BS5: 23.65 / 26.64; BS10: 23.42 / 29.30. None of the tested factors showed significance: treatment (p = 0.349) and time (p = 0.234), with no interaction between them (p = 0.198). Adhesive failures were predominant in both evaluation periods. For the degree of conversion analysis, 2 specimens of each group were sectioned into 1 mm slices after 24 hours of the restorative procedure, and 3 slices were selected. The following parameters were used: excitation of specimens with argon laser operating at 538 nm, spectrum obtained at a resolution of ~4cm-1, under a spectrum region between 1580-1660cm-1, evaluating the height of the peaks at 1608cm-1 and 1637cm-1. Data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA (p <0.05). The means of degree of conversion were: C: 71.10%; B: 72.11%; BS3: 73.98%; BS5: 69.25%; BS10: 70.56%. The study factor \"treatment\" was not statistically significant (p = 0.808). The results of bonding to bleached enamel was not negatively affected when adhesive restorations were made immediately after bleaching, regardless of the application of the antioxidant substance. Further studies to evaluate the adhesion on bleached enamel, mainly with regard to the degree of conversion and different types of universal adhesive systems are needed for comparative purposes. Only after this, the immediate restoration (if necessary) in clinical practice can be safely and indicated.

Le bicarbonate de soude raffiné, produit industriellement par la société Solvay, est fabriqué dans des colonnes à bulles de grande taille, appelées les colonnes BIR. Dans ces colonnes, une phase gazeuse contenant un mélange d’air et dioxyde de carbone (CO2) est dispersée sous forme de bulles dans une solution aqueuse de carbonate et de bicarbonate de sodium (respectivement Na2CO3 et NaHCO3). Cette dispersion donne lieu à un transfert de CO2 des bulles vers la phase liquide. Au sein des colonnes, la phase gazeuse se répartit dans deux populations de bulles : des petites bulles (diamètre de quelques mm) et des grandes bulles (diamètre de quelques cm). Le transfert bulle-liquide de CO2 est couplé à des réactions chimiques prenant place en phase liquide, qui conduisent à la conversion du Na2CO3 en NaHCO3. Une fois la concentration de saturation dépassée, le NaHCO3 précipite sous forme de cristaux et un mélange liquide-solide est recueilli à la sortie de ces colonnes. Ce travail, réalisé en collaboration avec la société Solvay, porte sur l’étude et la modélisation mathématique des phénomènes de transfert de matière entre phases, couplés à des réactions chimiques, prenant place au sein d’une colonne BIR. L’association d’études sur des colonnes à bulles à l’échelle industrielle ou réduite (pilote) et d’études plus fondamentales sur des dispositifs de laboratoire permet de développer une meilleure compréhension du fonctionnement des colonnes BIR et d’en construire un modèle mathématique détaillé. L’objectif appliqué de ce travail est la mise au point d’un modèle mathématique complet et opérationnel d’une colonne BIR. Cet objectif est supporté par trois blocs de travail, dans lesquels différents outils sont développés et exploités. Le premier bloc est consacré à la modélisation mathématique du transfert bulle-liquide de CO2 dans une solution aqueuse de NaHCO3 et de Na2CO3. Ce transfert est couplé à des réactions chimiques en phase liquide qui influencent sa vitesse. Dans un premier temps, des modèles sont développés selon des approches unidimensionnelles classiquement rencontrées dans la littérature. Ces approches passent par une idéalisation de l’écoulement du liquide autour des bulles. Une expression simplifiée de la vitesse du transfert bulle-liquide de CO2, est également développée et validée pour le modèle de colonne BIR. Dans un second temps, une modélisation complète des phénomènes de transport (convection et diffusion), couplés à des réactions chimiques, est réalisée en suivant une approche bidimensionnelle axisymétrique. L’influence de la vitesse de réactions sur la vitesse de transfert est étudiée et les résultats des deux approches sont également comparés. Le deuxième bloc est consacré à l’étude expérimentale du transfert gaz-liquide de CO2 dans des solutions aqueuses de NaHCO3 et de Na2CO3. A cette fin, un dispositif expérimental est développé et présenté. Du CO2 est mis en contact avec des solutions aqueuses de NaHCO3 et de Na2CO3 dans une cellule transparente. Les phénomènes provoqués en phase liquide par le transfert de CO2 sont observés à l’aide d’un interféromètre de Mach-Zehnder. Les résultats expérimentaux sont comparés à des résultats de simulation obtenus avec un des modèles unidimensionnels développés dans le premier bloc. De cette comparaison, il apparaît qu’une mauvaise estimation de la valeur de certains paramètres physico-chimiques apparaissant dans les équations de ce modèle conduit à des écarts significatifs entre les grandeurs observées expérimentalement et les grandeurs estimées par simulation des équations du modèle. C’est pourquoi une méthode d’estimation paramétrique est également développée afin d’identifier les valeurs numériques de ces paramètres physico-chimiques sur base des résultats expérimentaux. Ces dernières sont également discutées. Dans le troisième bloc, nous apportons une contribution à l’étude des cinétiques de précipitation du NaHCO3 dans un cristallisoir à cuve agitée. Cette partie du travail est réalisée en collaboration avec Vanessa Gutierrez (du service Matières et Matériaux de l’ULB). Nous contribuons à cette étude par le développement de trois outils : une table de calcul Excel permettant de synthétiser les résultats expérimentaux, un ensemble de simulations de l’écoulement au sein du cristallisoir par mécanique des fluides numérique et une nouvelle méthode d’extraction des cinétiques de précipitation du NaHCO3 à partir des résultats expérimentaux. Ces trois outils sont également utilisés de façon combinée pour estimer les influences de la fraction massique de solide et de l’agitation sur la cinétique de germination secondaire du NaHCO3. Enfin, la synthèse de l’ensemble des résultats de ces études est réalisée. Le résultat final est le développement d’un modèle mathématique complet et opérationnel des colonnes BIR. Ce modèle est développé en suivant l’approche de modélisation en compartiments, développée au cours du travail de Benoît Haut. Ce modèle synthétise les trois blocs d’études réalisées dans ce travail, ainsi que les travaux d’Aurélie Larcy (du service Transferts, Interfaces et Procédés de l’ULB) et de Vanessa Gutierrez. Les équations modélisant les différents phénomènes sont présentées, ainsi que la méthode utilisée pour résoudre ces équations. Des simulations des équations du modèle sont réalisées et discutées. Les résultats de simulation sont également comparés à des mesures effectuées sur une colonne BIR. Un accord raisonnable est observé. A l’issue de ce travail, nous disposons donc d’un modèle opérationnel de colonne BIR. Bien que ce modèle doive encore être optimisé et validé, il peut déjà être utilisé pour étudier l’effet des caractéristiques géométriques des colonnes BIR et des conditions appliquées à ces colonnes sur le comportement des simulations des équations du modèle et pour identifier des tendances. // The refined sodium bicarbonate is produced by the Solvay company using large size bubble columns, called the BIR columns. In these columns, a gaseous phase containing an air-carbon dioxyde mixture (CO2) is dispersed under the form of bubbles in an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate (Na2CO3 and NaHCO3, respectively). This dispersion leads to a CO2 transfer from the bubbles to the liquid phase. Inside these columns, the gaseous phase is distributed in two bubbles populations : small bubbles (a few mm of diameter) and large bubbles (a few cm of diameter). The bubble-liquid CO2 transfer is coupled with chemical reactions taking places in the liquid phase that leads to the conversion of Na2CO3 to NaHCO3. When the solution is supersaturated in NaHCO3, the NaHCO3 precipitates under the form of crystals and a liquid-solid mixture is extracted at the outlet of the BIR columns. This work, realized in collaboration with Solvay, aims to study and to model mathematically the mass transport phenomena between the phases, coupled with chemical reactions, taking places inside a BIR column. Study of bubble columns at the industrial and the pilot scale is combined to a more fundamental study at laboratory scale to improve the understanding of the BIR columns functioning and to develop a detailed mathematical modeling. The applied objective of this work is to develop a complete and operational mathematical modeling of a BIR column. This objective is supported by three blocks of work. In each block, several tools are developed and used. The first block is devoted to the mathematical modeling of the bubble-liquid CO2 transfer in an NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 aqueous solution. This transfer is coupled with chemical reactions in liquid phase, which affect the transfer rate. In a first time, mathematical models are developed following the classical one-dimensional approaches of the literature. These approaches idealize the liquid flow around the bubbles. A simplified expression of the bubble-liquid CO2 transfer rate is equally developed and validated for the BIR column model. In a second time, a complete modeling of the transport phenomena (convection and diffusion) coupled with chemical reactions is developed, following an axisymmetrical twodimensional approach. The chemical reaction rate influence on the bubble-liquid transfer rate is studied and the results of the two approaches are then compared. The second block is devoted to the experimental study of the gas-liquid CO2 transfer to NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 aqueous solutions. An experimental set-up is developed and presented. CO2 is put in contact with NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 aqueous solutions in a transparent cell. The phenomena induced in liquid phase by the CO2 transfer are observed using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The experimental results are compared to simulation results that are obtained using one of the one-dimensional model developed in the first block. From this comparison, it appears that a wrong estimation of some physico-chemical parameter values leads to significative differences between the experimentally observed quantities and those estimated by simulation of the model equations. Therefore, a parametric estimation method is developed in order to estimate those parameters numerical values from the experimental results. The found values are then discussed. In the third block is presented a contribution to the NaHCO3 precipitation kinetic study in a stirred-tank crystallizer. This part of the work is realized in collaboration with Vanessa Gutierrez (Chemicals and Materials Department of ULB). Three tools are developed : tables in Excel sheet to synthetize the experimental results, a set of simulations of the flow inside the crystallizer by Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) and a new method to extract the NaHCO3 precipitation kinetics from the experimental measurements. These three tools are combined to estimate the influences of the solid mass fraction and the flow on the NaHCO3 secondary nucleation rate. Finally, the synthesis of all these results is realized. The final result is the development of a complete and operational mathematical model of BIR columns. This model is developed following the compartmental modeling approach, developed in the PhD thesis of Benoît Haut. This model synthetizes the three block of study realized in this work and the studies of Aurélie Larcy (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes Department of ULB) and those of Vanessa Gutierrez. The equations modeling the phenomena taking place in a BIR column are presented as the used method to solve these equations. The equations of the model are simulated and the results are discussed. The results are equally compared to experimental measurement realized on a BIR column. A reasonable agreement is observed. At the end of this work, an operational model of a BIR column is thus developed. Although this model have to be optimized and validated, it can already be used to study the influences of the geometrical characteristics of the BIR columns and of the conditions applied to these columns on the behaviour of the model equation simulations and to identity tendencies.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 2, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed on June 25, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

LIMA, Raffaella Castro. Níveis de sódio para codornas japonesas (Coturnix xotunix japonica) nas fases de crecimento e postura. 2009. 92 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T18:38:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_rclima.pdf: 280140 bytes, checksum: ec9fb17c2197428e5f5b407d68b654a2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-10T15:19:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_rclima.pdf: 280140 bytes, checksum: ec9fb17c2197428e5f5b407d68b654a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T15:19:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_rclima.pdf: 280140 bytes, checksum: ec9fb17c2197428e5f5b407d68b654a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / With the aim to evaluate the effects of the sodium levels in the growth and laying phases of Japanese quails, we conducted two experiments in which we evaluated the sodium levels of de 0,07%; 0,12%; 0,17%; 0,22%; 0,27% and 0,32%. In the first experiment (growth phase), 480 quails with one day were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments of eight replications of ten birds each. According to the results, in the period from 1 to 21 days, there was a linear increase in feed and water intake with the increase in sodium levels and a quadratic effect in the weight gain and feed conversion with optimum sodium levels of 0,23% and 0,21%, respectively. In the period from 21 to 42 days, there was a linear reduction in the weight gain, linear increase in water intake and worse in feed conversion with the increase in sodium in the ration, while feed intake was not affected. In the total period (1 to 42 days of age) with the increase in sodium in the ration, we observed a linear increase in the water intake and in the excreta moisture and a quadratic effect on the digestibility of the dry matter (DCMS), nitrogen (CDN), gross energy (DCEB) and values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent corrected (AMEn) with estimated optimum levels of 0,20% for DCMS, 0,27% for CDN and 0,19% for DCEB, AME and AMEn. Moreover, in this experiment we observed that the performance of the laying phase was not influenced significantly by the sodium level supplied to quails in the growth phase. In the second experiment, 288 quails with 16 weeks of age were distributed at random in six treatments with eight replications of six birds each. There was a linear increase in feed intake, in water intake, and in egg weight with the increase in sodium levels and a quadratic effect for egg production, egg mass and feed conversion with optimum sodium levels of 0,23%, 0,24% and 0,23%, respectively. Also, there was a quadratic effect of the sodium levels for percentages the yolk, shell and albumen, obtaining a maximum proportion of albumen and shell and a minimum proportion of yolk with a 0,21% sodium level. There was no significant effect of the sodium levels for the Haugh Units. However, there was a quadratic for specific gravity, with an optimum sodium level of 0.22%. The increase in sodium content did not affect the excreta moisture, but there was a quadratic effect on the digestibility of dry matter (DCMS), nitrogen (CDN), gross energy (DCEB) and values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent corrected (AMEn) with estimated optimum levels of 0,24% for CDMS, 0,22% for CDN, 0,21% for CDEB and 0,18% for AME and AMEn. Considering the results, we can recommend that the diets for Japanese quails in the growth phase (1 to 42 days) are formulated with sodium levels between 0,12% and 0,23% and in the production phase with sodium levels between 0,18% and 0,23% / Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de sódio da ração nas fases de crescimento e de postura de codornas japonesas foram realizados dois experimentos, nos quais, foram avaliados os níveis de 0,07; 0,12; 0,17; 0,22; 0,27 e 0,32% de sódio. No primeiro experimento (fase de crescimento), 480 codornas com um dia de idade, foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos de oito repetições de dez aves cada. Conforme os resultados, no período de 1 a 21 dias, houve aumento linear do consumo de ração e água com aumento dos níveis de sódio e efeito quadrático no ganho de peso e conversão alimentar com níveis ótimos de 0,23% e 0,21% de sódio, respectivamente. De 21 a 42 dias, houve redução linear no ganho de peso, aumento linear no consumo de água e prejuízo na conversão alimentar com o acréscimo de sódio na ração, enquanto, o consumo de ração não foi influenciado. No período total (1 a 42 dias de idade) com o aumento de sódio na ração, observou-se aumento linear no consumo de água e na umidade das excretas e efeito quadrático sobre a digestibilidade da matéria seca (CDMS), nitrogênio (CDN), energia bruta (CDEB) e valores energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida (EMAn) com níveis ótimos estimados de 0,20% para CDMS, 0,27% para o CDN e 0,19% para CDEB, EMA e EMAn. Ainda, nesse ensaio, observou-se que o desempenho da fase de postura não foi influenciado significativamente pelo nível de sódio recebido pelas codornas na fase de crescimento. No segundo experimento, 288 codornas com 16 semanas de idade foram distribuídas ao acaso em seis tratamentos com oito repetições de seis aves por unidade experimental. Houve aumento linear do consumo de ração, consumo de água e peso do ovo com o acréscimo de sódio e efeito quadrático para produção de ovos, massa de ovo e conversão alimentar com níveis ótimos de 0,23%, 0,24% e 0,23% de sódio, respectivamente. Também, houve efeito quadrático dos níveis de sódio para as percentagens de gema, casca e albúmen, obtendo-se máxima proporção de albúmen e casca e mínima de gema com 0,21% de sódio. Não houve efeito significativo dos níveis de sódio para Unidades Haugh, entretanto houve feito quadrático para gravidade específica, com nível ótimo de 0,22% de sódio. O acréscimo de sódio não afetou a umidade das excretas, mas houve efeito quadrático sobre a digestibilidade da matéria seca (CDMS), nitrogênio (CDN), energia bruta (CDEB) e valores energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida (EMAn) com níveis ótimos estimados de 0,24% para CDMS, 0,22% para CDN, 0,21% para CDEB e 0,18% para EMA e EMAn. Considerando os resultados, pode-se recomendar que as rações para codornas japonesas na fase de crescimento (1 a 42 dias) sejam formuladas com níveis de sódio entre 0,12% e 0,23% e na fase de produção, com níveis entre 0,18% e 0,23% de sódio

Nesse estudo comparou-se o efeito tamponante do HEPES e Bicarbonato de Sódio em manter o pH e a viabilidade do sêmen resfriado de pôneis da raça Brasileira. As alterações no pH ocasionadas por diferentes diluições com diluente a base de leite desnatado em pó sem tampão a 5 e a 15°C também foram medidas. No experimento 1 avaliou-se o efeito da diluição e da temperatura de resfriamento sobre a motilidade, integridade de membrana, pH e atividade mitocondrial do sêmen pré e pós resfriamento. O sêmen de nove pôneis da raça Brasileira (dois ejaculados/pônei) foi diluído em diluente a base de leite desnatado (em pó) sem tampão e refrigerado a 5 ou 15°C por 48h em três diferentes diluições (1+1, 1+2, 1+3). As três diluições não alteraram os parâmetros avaliados após a diluição a fresco. A diluição 1+1 resultou em valores maiores de pH (7,63 e 7,57, respectivamente) e menor percentual de motilidade progressiva (MP) a 5 e a 15°C. O maior percentual de células íntegras (1+1=44,16; 1+2=48,16; 1+3=50,05) foi detectado a 15°C (P < 0,01), independente da diluição. A MP foi maior nas 48h de resfriamento (39,72%; P < 0,05) quando o sêmen foi diluído a 1+3 e refrigerado a 15°C. A atividade mitocondrial (P > 0,05) em função do tempo e temperatura foi similar entre as diluições. No experimento 2 avaliou-se o efeito tampão do bicarbonato de sódio e do HEPES em diluentes sobre a viabilidade de espermatozoides resfriados a 5°C durante 48h. Os diluentes testados compunham-se de leite desnatado em pó com bicarbonato de sódio (A), HEPES (B) ou diluente sem tampão (C). O sêmen de sete pôneis da raça Brasileira (três ejaculados/pônei) foi utilizado e a motilidade progressiva foi similar entre os diluentes (P > 0,05) após a diluição. Nas 24 e 48h, a MP foi, respectivamente, para A (44,76%; 25,23%), B (51,42%; 38,09%) e C (54,05%; 41,66%). A integridade da membrana plasmática foi similar após a exposição aos três diluentes. A fresco, a atividade mitocondrial foi maior (P < 0,05) no sêmen exposto ao diluente A (A=1,05nm, B=0,81nm, C=0,79nm) e após 24h A e B foram similares (0,83nm; 0,73nm), enquanto que no diluente C observou-se menor atividade (0,64nm). Nas 48h não houve diferença (A=0,72; B=0,69; C=0,63; P > 0,05). O pH do diluente e sua osmolaridade, assim como o pH do sêmen diluído foi maior no diluente A (8; 382; 7,9), intermediário (7,5; 362; 7,32) no B e menor no C (7,16; 350; 7,07). A peroxidação lipídica e a indução da peroxidação foram similares em todos os grupos. Sugere-se que, quando da utilização do sêmen a fresco, qualquer das diluições aqui testadas pode ser utilizada com segurança. O resfriamento do sêmen por 48h modifica e eleva o pH do sêmen. Os melhores resultados foram observados com o resfriamento do sêmen a 15°C por 48h e com a diluição 1+3 em um diluente a base de leite em pó desnatado sem tampão. O bicarbonato de sódio (A) reduz a MP e aumenta o pH do sêmen. O diluente sem tampão foi considerado o mais apropriado para uso imediato na IA. Tanto o diluente com HEPES, quanto o diluente sem tampão foram adequados para o resfriamento do sêmen equino a 5°C durante 48h. / This study compared the buffering effect of HEPES and sodium bicarbonate on pH and viability of Brazilian pony semen cooled at 5°C. pH changes caused by different dilutions using skim milk powder semen extender without buffer were also measured. In experiment 1, the effect of dilution and cooling temperature on semen motility, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity and pH pre and post cooling was investigated. Ejaculates of nine Brazilian ponies (two ejaculates per pony) were diluted, of a non buffered powder milk extender and cooled at 5°C or 15°C during 48h in three different dilutions (1+1, 1+2 and 1+3). Dilutions did not change the parameters evaluated before cooling. Samples diluted 1+1 resulted in higher pH values (7.63 and 7.57, respectively) and lowest percentage of progressive motility (PM) at 5 and 15°C. All samples cooled at 15°C showed a lower incidence of abnormal spermatozoa (1+1 = 55.84%; 1+2 = 51.84%; 1+3 = 49.95%) (P < 0.01) independent of dilution. Progressive motility was higher when semen was cooled during 48h in 1+3 dilution at 15°C (39.72%; P < 0.05). Mitochondrial activity despite of time and temperature was similar (P > 0.05) among dilutions. In experiment 2, the buffer effect of sodium bicarbonate and HEPES on extenders were evaluated considering the maintenance of sperm viability after cooling at 5°C during 24 and 48h. A non-buffered milk powder extender (C = control) and the same extender buffered with Sodium Bicarbonate (A) and HEPES (B) was used. Semen from 7 Brazilian ponies (three ejaculates / pony) was used. Immediately after dilution sperm motility was evaluated and progressive motility was similar with all extenders (P > 0.05). At 24 and 48h after cooling at 5oC sperm motility was evaluated, respectively, on groups A (44.76%; 25.23%), B (51.42%; 38.09%) and C (54.05%; 41.66%). Plasma membrane integrity was similar after exposure to the three extenders. Before cooling, mitochondrial activity was higher (P <0.05) in extender A (A = 1.05nm, B = 0.81nm, C = 0.79nm). Mitochondrial activity after cooling for 24h was 0.83nm (A), 0.73nm (B) and 0.64nm (C). After 48h it decreased to 0.72nm (A), 0.69nm (B) and 0.63nm (C) (P > 0.05), respectively. The extenders pH, osmolarity and pH of diluted semen was higher in A (8; 382; 7.9), intermediate in B (7.5; 362; 7.32) and lower in C (7.16; 350; 7.07). Lipid peroxidation and its induction were similar in all groups. It was concluded that all dilution grades in fresh semen were adequate and that pH was affected and increased when semen was extended and cooled for 48h. The best results were observed when semen was diluted at 1+3 and cooled at 15°C for 48h in a non buffered powder milk extender. Sodium bicarbonate (A) reduces progressive motility and increases semen pH. The non buffered (C) semen extender was considered more appropriated for semen dilution for immediate use in artificial insemination. The non buffered and HEPES buffered semen extenders were considered appropriated for cooling equine semen at 5°C during 48h.

Submitted by JULIANA TESSÁLIA WAGATSUMA null (jutessalia@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-16T18:40:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese banco unesp.pdf: 1884895 bytes, checksum: 6191e5a465fbd78f3ca1dd64c9983f46 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-16T20:19:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 wagatsuma_jt_dr_araca.pdf: 1884895 bytes, checksum: 6191e5a465fbd78f3ca1dd64c9983f46 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-16T20:19:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wagatsuma_jt_dr_araca.pdf: 1884895 bytes, checksum: 6191e5a465fbd78f3ca1dd64c9983f46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Sete cães foram submetidos à anestesia inalatória com isoflurano para permitir a realização do bloqueio peribulbar, com punção única inferior, guiado por ultrassonografia com ropivacaína a 1%, e assim comprovar a eficácia desta técnica de bloqueio guiado na redução do volume anestésico injetado de ropivacaína a 1%, e avaliar possíveis efeitos potencializadores como a redução da latência e do volume anestésico utilizado, assim como complicações oftálmicas associadas à alcalinização do anestésico com bicarbonato de sódio a 0,33%. Foram avaliados dois volumes diferentes de ropivacaína a 1% (0,2 mL/Kg e 0,1 mL/Kg) associados ou não ao bicarbonato de sódio a 0,33% que, ao ser adicionado ao anestésico, elevou o pH da solução anestésica para 6,0. Uma vez realizado o bloqueio peribulbar, com punção única inferior, guiado por ultrassom o tempo necessário para ocorrer a centralização do bulbo do olho era cronometrado, e os animais permaneciam anestesiados para a aferição da pressão intraocular, que foi realizada imediatamente e 15 minutos após o bloqueio e, concluída essa mensuração, a anestesia foi encerrada. Com os cães já despertos foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: a pressão intraocular, o diâmetro pupilar, o bloqueio motor, sensitivo (realizado por meio de estesiometria corneal com estesiômetro de Cochet e Bonnet), e a observação das intercorrências oftálmicas como quemose, hiperemia conjuntival, hematoma subconjuntival, prurido e secreção ocular. As análises estatísticas foram conduzidas com o auxílio do software de livre acesso RStudio. Variáveis não paramétricas, ordinais e categóricas foram avaliadas por teste estatística tipo ANOVA ou ATS. Variáveis contínuas paramétricas foram avaliadas pelo Modelo linear misto para medidas repetidas. O Teste Kendall Tau-b foi utilizado para verificar possíveis correlações entre as variáveis. Com exceção do reflexo fotomotor (G0,1: 30 (0-90) e G0,2: 150 (0-210 minutos), não houve diferença significativa entre grupos quando comparado a latência, a pressão intraocular, o diâmetro pupilar, as durações e qualidade dos bloqueios motor e sensitivo, e as intercorrências oftálmicas, mas houve diferença significativa quando comparados os momentos dentro de um mesmo grupo para todas as variáveis analisadas. Deste modo concluiu-se que entre os volumes avaliados de ropivacaína a 1%, no bloqueio peribulbar guiado por US em cães, houve um melhor desempenho clínico relacionado a intensidade e duração dos bloqueios sensitivo e motor, com o volume de 0,2 mL/kg. A adição de NaHCO3 - a 0,33% não agregou benefícios, como a potencialização da ação ou redução da latência anestésica, contudo não ocorreram intercorrências oftálmicas significativas relacionadas diretamente à sua administração ou a da ropivacaína a 1%. / Seven dogs were subjected to inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane to allow the realization of peribulbar block, with lower single puncture, guided by ultrasound with 1% ropivacaine, and thus prove the effectiveness of this blocking technique guided in reducing anesthetic volume of ropivacaine 1%, and evaluate possible potentiating effects such as reducing the latency and anesthetic volume used and ophthalmic complications associated with the anesthetic alkalinization with sodium bicarbonate 0,33%. We evaluated two different volumes of 1% ropivacaine (0.2 ml / kg and 0.1 ml / kg) with or without sodium bicarbonate to 0.33% which when added to anesthetic raised the pH of the solution anesthetic to 6.0. Once performed peribulbar block, with lower single puncture guided by ultrasound time required to place the centralization of the eye bulb was timed, and the animals remained anesthetized for the measurement of intraocular pressure was carried out immediately and 15 minutes after blockade and completed this measurement, anesthesia was terminated. With dogs the following parameters already awake were evaluated intraocular pressure, pupil size, the duration and intensity of motor block, sensory (performed by esthesiometry corneal with esthesiometer Cochet and Bonnet), and observation of ophthalmic complications as chemosis, conjunctival hyperemia, subconjunctival hematoma, pruritus, and ocular secretion resulting from the anesthetic technique or employee drug. Statistical analyzes were conducted with the free software Rstudio. nonparametric variables, ordinal variables and categorical variables were evaluated using the statistical test ANOVA type or ATS. Parametric continuous variables were assessed by linear mixed model for repeated measures. The Test Kendall Tau-b was used to verify possible correlations between variables. Aside from fotomotor reflex (G0,1: 30 (0-90) and G0,2: 150 (0-210 minutes), there was no significant difference between groups when compared to latency, intraocular pressure, pupil size, the durations and quality of sensory and motor block, and ophthalmic complications, but there was significant difference when comparing times within the same group for all variables. Thus it was concluded that among the evaluated volumes of 1% ropivacaine in the lock US peribulbar guided in dogs, there was a better clinical performance related to the intensity and duration of sensory and motor block, with a volume of 0.2 ml / kg. the addition of 0.33% NaHCO3 no added benefits, such as potentiation of action or reduction of latency anesthetic, but no significant ophthalmic complications directly related to its administration or the 1% ropivacaine. / FAPESP: 2014/09654-6