This diploma thesis deals with the evaluation of changes in properties of an antifreeze heat transfer liquids based on glycols used in real solar thermal system. Emphasis is placed on the use of non-toxic substances, which include propane-1,3-diol.

The theoretical part deals with three “ventilation systems” (VS). The first VS uses a ground/well temperature potential as a energy source for preheating or cooling fresh ventilation air. It was found out that energy savings can be achieved. In the winter, when the air flow volume was considered 150 m3/hr and ground temperature 4 and 8 ° C, the energy savings are in the range of 227-359 kWh. The electricity increase is 6 kWh of energy. In the summer, the energy savings are 17 to 38 kWh, with the electricity increase 8 kWh of energy. The second VS, i.e. system combining ventilation a solar systems, the calculation was carried out in TRNSYS computer program for two objects - a “low-energy house” (LEH) and “two-floor house” (TFH) - and 6 different solar systems modifications. The energy gains at the LEH for the 3 solar modif. are 49, 59 and 46 kWh per year (yearly consumption for heating is 2622 kWh). The energy gains at the TFH for the 3 solar modif. are 86, 134 and 129 kWh (yearly consumption for the heating is 8988 kWh). The third VS is a residential VS with liquid circuit with two compact “heat exchangers” (HE) at the inlet and outlet air. The results shows (compared to VS without heat recovery) that with the air flow volume 150 m3/h the energy savings in the winter are 1761-3148 kWh (16-hour and 24-hour operation mode). The electr. increase is 173 to 262 kWh of energy. In the exp. research the measuring section for the HE measuring was built. Then the conventional materials HE was measured. Is was found out that the selected HE is suitable for installation of the theoretically proposed systems. Its efficiency is in the range 58 - 82 % (with the air flow volume 570-55 m3/h). Measuring section was optimized and measured various hollow fibre HEs. Their efficiency are in the range 38-63 % (with the air flow volume 300-900 m3/h). Results of CO2 measurements shows that CO2 concentration is close to the value of 5000 ppm. It is much higher than max. allowed value 1200

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-14T13:14:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DYEGO DA COSTA SANTOS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2012..pdf: 41520705 bytes, checksum: 086b1fdd0714560722d1e4b02d15c2b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-14T13:14:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DYEGO DA COSTA SANTOS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2012..pdf: 41520705 bytes, checksum: 086b1fdd0714560722d1e4b02d15c2b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02 / Os grãos residuais de urucum constituem o subproduto da extração dos pigmentos bixina e norbixina na indústria de alimentos. Atualmente, a maioria desses grãos vem sendo descartada, o que gera a necessidade de aproveitamento desses resíduos, inclusive com estudos no sentido de incorporá-los à alimentação humana. Ante o exposto, objetivouse secar grãos residuais de urucum e farinhas de grãos residuais de urucum por meio convencional (secagem em estufa) e utilizando energia solar. Os grãos e as farinhas foram secados em estufa com circulação forçada de ar, nas temperaturas de 40, 50, 60 e 70 °C. Nas secagens por meio de energia solar foram utilizados dois secadores, um para secagem diurna, denominado secador solar, e o outro para secagem noturna, denominado Secador Acumulador de Calor para Secagem Noturna (ACSN). O secador ACSN é composto por dois circuitos de circulação de água independentes. No período diurno funcionava o circuito coletor solar/reservatório, o qual era interrompido durante a noite e aberto o circuito reservatório/câmara de secagem. Na secagem por exposição direta ao sol as amostras eram colocadas em bandejas em base de concreto recoberta com lona plástica (polietileno) preta. Para a representação da cinética de secagem dos grãos e das farinhas de urucum desidratados em estufa, secadores solar e noturno e por exposição direta ao sol foram empregados os modelos matemáticos de Aproximação da Difusão, Dois Termos, Midilli, Page e Thompson. Nas secagens convencionais, o aumento da temperatura de desidratação promoveu reduções nos tempos de secagem. A utilização do secador ACSN no período notumo evitou a absorção de água pelas amostras e promoveu sua secagem, o que possibilitou a obtenção de produto com menor teor de água. Para as amostras cuja secagem se iniciou no período notumo, a utilização do secador ACSN no período notumo possibilitou maiores taxas de secagem, em comparação com a testemunha, com obtenção de produto com menor teor de água. As secagens solares apresentaram tempos de desidratação menores que as observadas nas secagens convencionais. Os modelos de Aproximação da Difusão, Dois Termos, Midilli, Page e Thompson propiciaram bons ajustes aos dados experimentais da cinética de secagem das amostras de grãos e farinhas de grãos residuais de urucum com e sem óleo pelos métodos convencional e solar. / Residual annatto seeds are a subproduct derived from the extraction of bixin and norbixin pigments in the food industry. The fact that most of these seeds are typically discarded demonstrates the need for making better use of these residues, through studies aimed at incorporating them into the human diet. The objective of this study was to dry residual annatto seeds and annatto seed powder using conventional means (oven-drying) and solar energy. The seeds and powder were oven dried with forced air circulation at temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C. Two dryers were used in the solar energy method, one for daytime drying, called a solar dryer, and the other for nighttime drying, denominated a heat accumulator for nighttime drying (ACSN). The ACSN dryer is composed of two independent water circulation circuits. The solar collector circuit/reservoir was in operation in the daytime. This was interrupted during the night, whereupon the reservoir circuit/drying chamber was opened. In solar drying, samples were collected in concrete trays covered with a black plastic tarp (polyethylene). Diffusion approximation, two term, Midilli, Page and Thompson mathematical models were used to represent the drying kinetics of annatto seeds and powder dried in an oven and solar and nighttime dryers, as well as by direct exposure to the sun. In conventional drying, an increase in temperature promoted reductions in drying time. Using the ACSN dryer at night avoided water absorption by the samples, promoting their drying and resulting in a product with lower water content. For samples dried at night, employing the ACSN dryer led to greater drying rates compared to the control sample, generating a product with lower water content. Solar dryers exhibited shorter drying times than those observed in conventional dryers. Diffusion Approximation, Two Term, Midilli, Page and Thompson models showed a good fit to experimental data derived from the drying kinetics of annatto seed samples and residual powder, with and without oil, using conventional and solar methods.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RaimundoNAC.pdf: 846914 bytes, checksum: 05f5ca2a386c7e7ce11ac1dae42ab71d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-01 / An solar alternative system for water heating is presented. Is composed for one low cost alternative collector and alternative thermal reservoir for hot water storing. The collector of the system has box confectioned in composite material and use absorption coils formed for PVC tubes. The box of hot water storage was confectioned from a plastic polyethylene drum used for storage of water and garbage, coated for a cylinder confectioned in fiber glass. The principle of functioning of the system is the same of the conventionally. Its regimen of work is the thermosiphon for a volume of 250 liters water. The main characteristic of the system in considered study is its low cost, allowing a bigger socialization of the use of solar energy. It will be demonstrated the viabilities thermal, economic and of materials of the system of considered heating, and its competitiveness in relation to the available collectors commercially. Relative aspects will be boarded also the susceptibility the thermal degradation and for UV for the PVC tubes. It will be shown that such system of alternative heating, that has as main characteristic its low cost, presents viabilities thermal, economic and of materials / Apresenta-se um sistema de aquecimento solar de ?gua, trabalhando em regime de termossif?o, constitu?do por um, coletor solar alternativo e um reservat?rio armazenador de ?gua tamb?m alternativo. O coletor foi constru?do com um material comp?sito a base de gesso e isopor e o reservat?rio t?rmico a partir de um tambor de polietileno de 200 litros utilizado para armazenamento de ?gua e lixo recoberto por um cilindro em fibra de vidro, tendo isopor triturado entre as duas superf?cies. A utiliza??o do comp?sito e a nova forma de obten??o da grade absorvedora permitem que o coletor apresente apenas tr?s elementos ao inv?s dos cinco caracter?sticos de um coletor convencional, diminuindo, portanto o seu custo. A superf?cie absorvedora dos coletores foi montada utilizando-se tubos de PVC pintados de preto fosco, ligados atrav?s de uma configura??o em paralelo, utilizando como elementos de liga??o conex?es em T de PVC de mesmo di?metro. Ser?o apresentados dados de efici?ncia e perda t?rmicas que demonstram a efici?ncia t?rmica do sistema de aquecimento proposto Abordarse-? tamb?m aspectos relativos a susceptibilidade de degrada??o dos tubos de PVC quando expostos a radia??o solar. Mostrar-se-? que tal sistema de aquecimento alternativo, que tem como principal caracter?stica seu baixo custo, apresenta viabilidades t?rmica, econ?mica e de materiais

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NatanaeyfleRGS.pdf: 3490813 bytes, checksum: f204addb5db220050260ffb91221e262 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-08 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / A solar alternative system for water heating is presented. It work on a thermosiphon, consisting of one or two alternative collectors and a water storage tank also alternative, whose main purpose is to socialize the use of energy mainly to be used by people of low income. The collectors were built from the use of pets bottles, cans of beer and soft drinks and tubes of PVC, ? " and the thermal reservoirs from a drum of polyethylene used for storage of water and garbage placed inside cylinder of fiber glass and EPS ground between the two surfaces. Such collectors are formed by three elements: pet bottles, cans and tubes absorbers. The heating units, which form the collector contains inside the cans that can be closed, in original form or in the form of plate. The collectors have an absorber grid formed by eight absorbers PVC tube, connected through connections at T of the same material and diameter. It will be presented data of the thermal parameters which demonstrate the efficiency of the heating system proposed. Relative aspects will be boarded also the susceptibility the thermal degradation and for UV for the PVC tubes. It will be demonstrated that this alternative heating system, which has as its main feature low cost, presents thermal, economic and materials viabilities / Apresenta-se um sistema de aquecimento de ?gua solar atrav?s do uso da energia solar, trabalhando em regime de termossif?o, constitu?do por um ou dois coletores, coletores alternativos e um reservat?rio armazenador de ?gua tamb?m alternativo, cuja principal finalidade ? socializar o uso da energia principalmente para ser utilizada por popula??es de baixa renda. Os coletores foram constru?dos a partir da utiliza??o de garrafas pet, latas de cervejas e refrigerantes e tubos de PVC de ? e os reservat?rios t?rmicos a partir de um tambor de polietileno utilizado para armazenamento de ?gua e lixo colocado no interior de cilindro em fibra de vidro, tendo isopor triturado entre as duas superf?cies. Tais coletores s?o formados por apenas tr?s elementos: garrafa pet, latas e tubos absorvedores. As unidades de aquecimento que formam o coletor cont?m em seu interior as latas que podem estar fechadas, vazadas ou em forma de aletas. Os coletores possuem uma grade absorvedora formada por oito tubos absorvedores de PVC, ligados atrav?s de conex?es em T do mesmo material e di?metro. Ser?o apresentados dados de rendimento e perda t?rmicos que demonstram a efici?ncia do sistema de aquecimento proposto Abordar-se-? tamb?m aspectos relativos a susceptibilidade de degrada??o dos tubos de PVC quando expostos a radia??o solar. Mostrar-se-? que tal sistema de aquecimento alternativo, que tem como principal caracter?stica seu baixo custo, apresenta viabilidades t?rmica, econ?mica e de materiais

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2017-11-17T18:28:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_josenildo_araujo_silva.pdf: 3324043 bytes, checksum: ad6ffc169174693f97e0f08b67e1ed4f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-17T18:28:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_josenildo_araujo_silva.pdf: 3324043 bytes, checksum: ad6ffc169174693f97e0f08b67e1ed4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-10 / Algorithms have been developed in arder to simulate the water solar heating as a strategy for lowering castor bean pie destoxication costs, among from the biodiesel oil for production extraction processo Diverse procedure, substances solubilization, this residue toxic caracter factor, found in hot water and in some saline solutions, motivated this water heating modeling work, through solar energy, since this procedure type can and low cost to the above-mentioned methods, on account of this, one has used computational smulink/matlab in arder to simulate and to arise favorable conditions for this technique use strategies elaboration. One has, then, analized several situation, departing from a termal heating proposal, since this is a less expensive heat transference formo Of this form an objective function was proposal to create O variable that esteem the behavior of the system and better define the excellent conditions for the considered processo .Among these, the established variable as parameters for the simulated conditions, are presented the results, taking itself in account values of income for the process, existing in literature. One porpuses dynamic models, under complexity different degress, for a water heating process previous evaluation, through solar energy. Temperature variations, in the process diferrent stages, have been simulated, with simulink/matlab aid for the above-mentioned system behaviour analysis one presents computational models. blocks diagrams, correspondent to each one of the elaboration stage. Proposed mathematical models provided important previsions for temperature values, in the above-mentioned system different components, resulting as a work important tool for a next stage which is that one of the optimization. / Diversos procedimentos têm sido utilizados para destoxicação da torta de mamona. Entre esses a solubilização das substâncias responsáveis pelo caráter tóxico desse resíduo, ricina e ricinina, em água quente e/ou soluções salinas aquecidas. Foram desenvolvidos algo ritmos para simular o aquecimento solar da água como estratégia para baixar custos no processo de destoxicação da torta de mamona, originária do processo de produção de biodiesel. Para isto foi utilizada a ferramenta computacional Simulink/MATLAB@. Foram então analisadas várias situações com base na proposta de aquecimento direto, por se tratar de uma forma de transferência de calor menos dispendiosa. São propostos modelos dinâmicos em diferentes graus de complexidade para uma avaliação prévia do processo de aquecimento da água por meio de energia solar. Apresentam-se os diagramas de blocos dos modelos computacionais, correspondentes a cada uma das etapas de elaboração. Os modelos matemáticos propostos proporcionaram importantes previsões para valores de temperatura nas diferentes fases de elaboração. apresentando-se como importante ferramenta de trabalho para uma próxima etapa que é a de validação experimental do modelo final.

This report describes the process of a thesis implemented in Colombia concerning solar energy. The project was to install a self-circulating solar heating system, as well as creating exchange of knowledge regarding renewable energy. One of the two major goals of the project was to achieve a functioning solar heating system in Timbio, a village outside the city of Popayán in south west Colombia. The purpose was to use the free power from the sun and show people how to use it in a way that is not complicated or too expensive. The second major goal was to hold workshops about renewable energy in general, and solar energy in particular. The preparatory work started in October 2010 by concretizing the project, applying for scholarships and establishing necessary contacts; both in Colombia and Sweden. Research and correspondence continued throughout 2011, along with the search for finance from companies and funds to cover the project costs. The implementation took approximately three months and was finished in April 2012. However, the project was limited due to time scale and financial resources. The project was successful; a functioning solar heater and workshops. The aim to arise interest for renewable energy is fulfilled plus the aim to show how to use solar energy in a practical and useful way. / Denna rapport beskriver processen av ett examensarbete som behandlar solenergi, implementerat i Colombia. Projektet innebar en installation av en självcirkulerande solvärmeanläggning, och även kunskapsutbyte om förnybar energi. Ett av de två huvudmålen var att installera en fungerande solvärmeanläggning i byn Timbio utanför staden Popayán i sydvästra Colombia. Syftet var att använda gratis energi från solen och visa människor hur man kan använda energin på ett inte alltför komplicerat eller dyrt sätt. Det andra huvudmålet var att hålla workshops om förnybar energi i allmänhet och solenergi i synnerhet. Förberedelserna började i oktober 2010 genom konkretisering av projektet, stipendieansökningar och skapandet av nödvändiga kontakter; i Colombia och Sverige. Efterforskningar och korrespondens fortsatte under 2011 samtidigt som finansiering till projektet söktes från företag och fonder. Installationen tog ungefär tre månader och färdigställdes i april 2012. Projektet begränsades av tillgänglig tid och ekonomiska resurser. Projektet blev framgångsrikt; en fungerande solvärmeanläggning och lyckade workshops. Målet att väcka intresse för förnybar energi uppfylldes, även målet att visa hur solenergi kan användas på ett praktiskt och användbart sätt.

The diploma thesis deals with design of warm air heating and ventilating system for low energy house. Introduction of this thesis is focused on dividing residential buildings by their heat requirement. Then problems of residential building ventilation and possibilities of warm air heating systems including heat recovery are presented. In the next chapter summary of ventilating units with heat recovery and warm air heating units for residential low energy buildings and pasive family houses is presented. Calculation of low energy house heat losses, which is solved, is based on CSN 06 0210, CSN 73 0540 and CSN EN 12831 standards. Design and calculation of warm air heating and ventilation system and ground heat exchangers is also described. Floor heating system, fireplace insert and solar heating system are designed as supplementary systems. At the end of this thesis the control system is presented. Project documentation is enclosed in appendix.

This thesis presents work on a holistic approach for improving the overall design of solar cooling systems driven by solar thermal collectors. Newly developed methods for thermodynamic optimization of hydraulics and control were used to redesign an existing pilot plant. Measurements taken from the newly developed system show an 81% increase of the Solar Cooling Efficiency (SCEth) factor compared to the original pilot system. In addition to the improvements in system design, new efficiency factors for benchmarking solar cooling systems are presented. The Solar Supply Efficiency (SSEth) factor provides a means of quantifying the quality of solar thermal charging systems relative to the usable heat to drive the sorption process. The product of the SSEth with the already established COPth of the chiller, leads to the SCEth factor which, for the first time, provides a clear and concise benchmarking method for the overall design of solar cooling systems. Furthermore, the definition of a coefficient of performance, including irreversibilities from energy conversion (COPcon), enables a direct comparison of compression and sorption chiller technology. This new performance metric is applicable to all low-temperature heat-supply machines for direct comparison of different types or technologies. The achieved findings of this work led to an optimized generic design for solar cooling systems, which was successfully transferred to the market.