I detta arbete studeras vilka möjligheter det finns för en av 3D hus kunders hus att klara kraven för passiv- eller minienergihus. Baserat på ett projekterat hus studeras hur olika konstruktioner och produktval påverkar husets möjlighet att uppfylla kraven. Trots att samtliga konstruktionsalternativ påstods vara anpassade för energisnåla hus visar vår undersökning att transmissionsförlusterna varierade mycket mellan de olika lösningarna. Även vilka garantier de olika företagen kunde ge gällande lufttäta konstruktioner varierade stort.De områdena som särskilt studeras i detta arbete är energiförluster genom en bostads klimatskal beroende av olika konstruktioner av väggarna, samt vilka fönster och dörrar som är lämpliga.Vår studie visar att utformningen av huset som studerats kommer kräva mycket höga krav på konstruktionen för att huset ska kunna nå kraven för ett passiv- eller minienergihus. Utformningen gör däremot att förlusterna varierar stort mellan de olika valen och det kan därför vara en god idé att se över vilka produkter som ska väljas inom de olika områdena. / This report considers the possibilities to build a passive house or mini-energy house within reasonable demands on manufacturers and construction firms for one of 3D House’s customers. The client has already been in contact with different manufacturers and construction firms with different demands, but with the same warranty of energy efficient materials. In this study there’s a comparison of these demands and warrants show that, even with the same stated terms of low efficient material, the transmission loss vary considerably. Especially the warrants for airtight constructions vary much.Because of the buildings shape it becomes clear that it would need very high requirement on the products and the work to meet the requirements for passive house. The shape of the house does on the other hand make sure that it's a big difference between the different products which would make it a good idea to look over the different chose.The areas there this report is in first hand how the different companies for walls because of that is an area there it's a big different between different choice and it's a big part of the climate shield. It will also have a look over what kind of windows and doors that exist that meet both the requirements for passive house and the costumer.

Diploma work analyzes the collective systems which are solving the disposal of photovoltaic's panels, classified as electrical equipment subject to recollection since last year, and tries to get answer to question if the collective systems should ensure a smooth disposal. Biggest wave of disposal photovoltaic's panels is expected in the next 15 -- 20 years. Operators and manufacturers have a statutory obligation to pay a fee, for every kilogram of photovoltaic's panels.The question under consideration is the check of the collective systems setting and also, comparative analysis of collective systems which are dealing with disposal of photovoltaic's panels and other electrical equipment. Furthermore, the survey conducted and processed according to the conclusions of the various groups (collective systems operators, operators of PV plants, lawmakers, and public) and also, the analysis of systems is presented.

This diploma thesis deals with comparison of possible ways to supply the specific house by thermal energy. In the first part is a brief introduction of the building and determination of heat consumption. Following chapters are devoted to description and sorting of gas boilers, heat pumps, biomass boilers and solar collectors, inclusive the choice of specific source of heat. In the following part is stated economic evaluation of selected heat sources. Final part of the thesis is focused on design of additional exchanger instead of gas boiler.

The increased usage of solar panels worldwide highlights the importance of being able to detect faults in systems that use these panels. In this project, the historical power output (kWh) from solar panels combined with meteorological data was used to train a machine learning model to predict the expected power output of a given solar panel system. Using the expected power output, a comparison was made between the expected and the actual power output to analyze if the system was exposed to a fault. The result was that when applying the explained method an expected output could be created which closely resembled the actual output of a given solar panel system with some over- and undershooting. Consequentially, when simulating a fault (50% decrease of the power output), it was possible for the system to detect all faults if analyzed over a two-week period. These results show that it is possible to model the predicted output of a solar panel system with a machine learning model (using meteorological data) and use it to evaluate if the system is producing as much power as it should be. Improvements can be made to the system where adding additional meteorological data, increasing the precision of the meteorological data and training the machine learning model on more data are some of the options. / Med en ökande användning av solpaneler runt om i världen ökar även betydelsen av att kunna upptäcka driftstörningar i panelerna. Genom att utnyttja den historiska uteffekten (kWh) från solpaneler samt meteorologisk data används maskininlärningsmodeller för att förutspå den förväntade uteffekten för ett givet solpanelssystem. Den förväntade uteffekten används sedan i en jämförelse med den faktiska uteffekten för att upptäcka om en driftstörning har uppstått i systemet. Resultatet av att använda den här metoden är att en förväntad uteffekt som efterliknar den faktiska uteffekten modelleras. Följaktligen, när ett fel simuleras (50% minskning av uteffekt), så är det möjligt för systemet att hitta alla introducerade fel vid analys över ett tidsspann på två veckor. Dessa resultat visar att det är möjligt att modellera en förväntad uteffekt av ett solpanelssystem med en maskininlärningsmodell och att använda den för att utvärdera om systemet producerar så mycket uteffekt som det bör göra. Systemet kan förbättras på några vis där tilläggandet av fler meteorologiska parametrar, öka precision av den meteorologiska datan och träna maskininlärningsmodellen på mer data är några möjligheter.

Detta examensarbete handlar om utvecklingsåtgärder på platta tak. Åtgärderna som tas upp är specifikt avsedda för två hustyper på Byälvsvägen i Bagarmossen, söder om Stockholm. Hustyperna är lamell- och loftgångshus som är byggda under slutet av miljonprogrammet. Båda hustyperna har platta tak med invändigt avvattningssystem. Taken ska inom några år läggas om på grund av slitage. Syftet med detta arbete är att ta fram och undersöka olika åtgärder för att utveckla, förbättra och öka användningen av de platta taken på loftgångs- och lamellhusen.   Examensarbetet har utförts med hjälp av litteraturstudier, intervjuer och studiebesök. För gestaltning av husen och de byggtekniska lösningarna har 3D-programmet autodesk Revit använts.   Arbetet innehåller förslag på utvecklingsåtgärder som är möjliga att utföra med eller utan förstärkning av tak och stomme. I arbetet tas det även fram byggtekniska lösningar på samtliga åtgärder.   Åtgärder utan förstärkning av tak och stomme: Utveckling av takutformning Utveckling av avrinningssystem Gröna tak (lätt sedumtak) Solceller   Åtgärder med förstärkning av tak och stomme: Gröna tak (intensivt tak) Påbyggnad av lägenheter eller radhus Ökad tillgänglighet i form av hiss och trappor / This thesis is about developing measures on flat roofs. The measures that are brought up are specifically designed for two types of houses on Byälvsvägen in Bagarmossen, south of Stockholm. The house types are balcony aces blocks and lamellar houses, both are built during the so called in Swedish “million program”. Both house types have flat roofs with internal drainage. The roofs will be renovated within a few years due to wear.   The purpose is to create and examine various measures to develop, improve and increase the use of the flat roofs of the balcony aces blocks and lamellar houses.   The work has been carried out with the help of literature studies, interviews and field trips. The 3D program software Autodesk revit has been used for the design of the houses and structural engineering.   The thesis includes suggestions for developing measures that are possible to apply, with and without reinforcement of the roof and frame. This thesis also brings up structural engineering solutions on all measures.    Measures without reinforcement of roof and frame: Development of roof structure Development of drainage system Green roofs (light sedum roofs) Solar panels   Measures with reinforcement of roof and frame: Green roofs (heavy roofs) Adding storeys of apartments or townhouses Availability in form of elevator and stairs

Many buildings built in the 1960s are inefficient when it comes to their energy use. A lot of them are also in need of renovating. Therefore, this project is aiming to investigate five different scenarios where the decrease in electricity demand is in focus.One scenario is energy-saving behavior which does not need any investment for a renovation but just decreases the electricity demand by changing the behavior of the people living there.Another option is the building envelope renovation where added insulation to the outer walls, the roof and the floor is added. The windows and entrance doors are also upgraded to more efficient options. A return air only ventilation system is installed as well. The third option is to renovate the reference house to achieve the status of passive house set by Boverket. This is done by adding a much thicker layer of insulation to the building components and adding a FTX ventilation system and at the same time changing the direct electric heating system to a bed rock geothermal heating system. The last two scenarios, net-zero energy building and off-grid building, also use a FTX ventilation system and bed rock geothermal heating system. They have the same thickness as the building envelope renovation. The biggest difference is that the net-zero energy building uses solar power to match the yearly electricity demand and therefore be able to call it net-zero energy. The off-grid house has an electricity storage as well as the solar panels. This is to be able to disconnect from the electric grid completely and only consume electricity produced by the building itself.The last three scenarios all achieve a primary energy below that of what Boverket demand fornew buildings of 90 kWh/m^2, year. The building with the lowest cumulative cost over 50 years is the off-grid building, though this result could vary depending on the price of electricity. The scenario with the lowest investment cost per kWh saved is the net-zero energy building.

This report presents a master's thesis conducted within the machine design track at KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The research work was undertaken in collaboration with Novige AB, who commissioned the project. Novige AB is in the development and testing phases of a wave energy converter (WEC) of which exhibits a large area of unutilized potential. This led to the purpose of this thesis, conceptualizing a support structure and expanding mechanism for solar panels to be mounted on the float of the WEC. Since no previous work related to the subject had been conducted, the objectives were to explore different solutions and present a detailed final concept, including initial finite element calculations from expected load cases. The work consisted of several concept phases to ensure a thorough design process and to be able to accurately evaluate each concept. The outcome of the project yielded a conceptual design, featuring stackable solar panel modules. Each module consisted of four panels arranged horizontally and three panels vertically, resulting in a total of 288 solar panels, when incorporating eight modules on each float. The cumulative potential maximum power output of the configuration was estimated to be approximately 115 kW. When harsh conditions would be detected, the outer modules would retract under the fixed center module. To support the outer modules, a telescope beam was incorporated, spanning the outermost points of the structure, while roller guides were utilized at the inner end. Moreover, the movement of the outer modules was facilitated by a chain mechanism, housed within a U-profile. Most components in the design were proposed to be manufactured using steel, supplemented with protective measures such as paint or coating to ensure durability in the oceanic environment. / Denna rapport presenterar ett mastersarbete som utförts inom maskinkonstruktionsspåret vid KTH Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan. Arbetet genomfördes i samarbete med Novige AB, som beställde projektet. Novige AB befinner sig i utvecklings- och testfaserna av ett vågkraftverk (WEC) som har en stor outnyttjad yta med potential. Detta ledde till syftet med detta arbete, att konceptualisering en stödstruktur och en expanderingsmekanism för solpaneler som ska monteras på flotten av WEC. Eftersom ingen tidigare forskning hade utförts på området var målet att utforska olika lösningar och presentera ett detaljerat slutkoncept, inklusive initiala beräkningar med FEM under förväntade lastningsfall. Arbetet bestod av flera konceptuella faser för att säkerställa en noggrann designprocess och för att kunna utvärdera varje koncept på ett genomgående sätt. Projektet resulterade i en konceptuell design med stapelbara solpanelesmoduler. Varje modul höll 12 solpaneler, fyra horisontellt och tre vertikalt med 3 moduler per struktur. Varje WEC kunde bära totalt 8 strukturer vilket ger 288 solpaneler per WEC. Den sammanlagda potentiella effekten för konfigurationen uppskattades till cirka 115 kW. Vid svåra väderförhållanden, skulle de yttre modulerna dras tillbaka under den fasta mittmodulen för att minska vindfånget. För att stödja de yttre modulerna inkluderades en teleskopisk balk som bär de yttersta punkterna på modulen, medan rullstöd användes i den inre delen. Dessutom utfördes rörelsen hos de yttre modulerna av en kedja-kuggmekanism som placerades inuti en U-profil. De flesta komponenter i designen föreslogs tillverkas av stål, kompletterat med skyddsåtgärder såsom färg eller beläggning för att minimera risken för korrosion i den marina miljön.

This work involves preparing a basis for the company Riksbyggen AB and the housing association Brf ASEA-Stan for a possible installation of solar panels on their apartment building on Relävägen 5 (722 24) Västerås. As the company has already installed solar cells on other apartment buildings, a comparison will also be made between the various apartment buildings and what it means in terms of production to install solar cells on Relävägen 5 (722 24) in Västerås. Payoff time and the placement of the solar panels are further factors that have been taken into consideration when designing the solar system at Relävägen 5. From the results a conclusion was made that the apartment building electrical usage may be affected positively by an installation of solar panels. This is because in the summer the building can be self-sufficient while in the winter the building won’t need to buy as much electricity even though the sun hours are very low. The slope of the solar cell system is crucial for the electricity production for an apartment building, which reflects the work’s comparison of the slope and its differences. Interviews, study visits and simulation programs are examples of methods used during the work to facilitate the design of the solar cell system.

In order to provide Sweden and other countries across the globe with energy in a long-term and sustainable manner that accounts for our global environmental goals, we need to adopt more sources of renewable energy. Solar panels and other forms of solar power is one of these renewable energy sources that has a lot of potential and the technology has become increasingly more common in Sweden and other parts of the world in the latest decades. Everyone from private individuals to companies and authorities are increasingly making investments in the technology. With the help of our supervisors and after extensive literature studies we aim to increase the knowledge about solar panels and their economic aspects by calculating and presenting payback periods for solar panels implemented in nonbuilding structures. In conjunction with this we also aim to present a basic theoretical background about solar panels and their global impact to further the understanding of the technology even more. On behalf of, and in collaboration with Trafikverket we have examined the payback periods of four solar panel installations in connection to four of the authority´s nonbuilding structures. Three of these solar installations are applied on technical buildings that are scattered alongside the railway system across the country. The solar panels provide local electricity to the electrical components within the building. The fourth solar installation is connected to a road tunnel where it provides local electricity to the lights within the tunnel. The conducted calculations have resulted in a payback period for each respective solar installation measured in years based on various relevant factors that influence their energy production. Our hope is that this can clarify the economic aspects of the solar panels and be of help in potential future investments in solar power by Trafikverket. The conclusion is that the solar panel installation connected to the road tunnel has the shortest payback period by far and also has great potential to be economically lucrative by generating future revenue. The tree solar installations connected to the technical buildings each have a significantly longer payback period but are still expected to be paid back eventually. However they are not expected to generate a mentionable yield, if any. / För att vi ska kunna förse Sverige och resterande delar av världen med energi på ett långsiktigt och hållbart sätt som tar hänsyn till de globala miljömålen krävs det att vi börjar använda mer förnyelsebara energikällor. Solceller och solenergi är en av dessa energikällor som har stor potential och tekniken har under de senaste decennierna blivit allt vanligare både i Sverige och i andra delar av världen. Allt från privatpersoner till företag och myndigheter gör i större och större utsträckning investeringar i tekniken. Med hjälp av litteraturstudier samt stöd från handledare syftar denna avhandling till att öka kunskapen om solceller och deras ekonomiska aspekter genom att beräkna och presentera återbetalningstider för solceller implementerade i anläggningskonstruktioner. I samband med detta kommer en grundläggande teoretisk bakgrund om solceller samt deras globala påverkan att presenteras för att öka förståelsen för ämnet ytterligare. På uppdrag av och i samarbete med Trafikverket har återbetalningstiden för fyra solcellsinstallationer i anslutning till myndighetens anläggningar undersökts. Tre av dessa är teknikhus längs med järnvägen utspridda i olika delar av landet där solcellsinstallationen bidrar med elektricitet till de tekniska komponenterna i huset. Den fjärde installationen ligger i anslutning till en vägtunnel där solcellsinstallationen bidrar med elektricitet till belysningen i tunneln. Resultatet av beräkningarna har gett en återbetalningstid i år för respektive installation baserat på diverse relevanta parametrar som påverkar elproduktionen. Vår förhoppning är att detta kan klargöra de ekonomiska aspekterna av solcellerna samt underlätta för Trafikverket att ta beslut om framtida potentiella solcellsinvesteringar i anslutning till deras anläggningar. Slutsatsen är att solcellsinstallationen i anslutning till vägnätet har den överlägset kortaste återbetalningstiden samt även god potential att bli ekonomiskt lukrativ. De tre installationerna i anslutning till teknikhusen har betydligt längre återbetalningstid och anses så småningom bli återbetalda men utan någon nämnvärd avkastning, om ens någon.

Following continued emission of greenhouse gases climate change is increasingly becoming a greater threat to the continued well-being of people around the world. While airports contribute around 2.5% of the global greenhouse emissions it delivers the greenhouse gases higher up in the atmosphere which increases the negative effect of greenhouse gases. In response airports around Sweden are working towards implementing green airports and flights. This will be done in part by supplying the facility with green energy from local green power facilities but also in part by replacing the traditional fuel from petroleum-based flights to electrical flights. This report examines the required solar plant to support both the existing facility and the future planned electrical flights with solar energy. This report will examine the required size and configuration of the solar plant to supply necessary power with the help of the simulation tool SAM and weather data from NSRDB. This report will also investigate the current system capabilities and required changes to handle the increased load demand and power production into the facility using power flow simulations of the current system with the future loads