In order to provide Sweden and other countries across the globe with energy in a long-term and sustainable manner that accounts for our global environmental goals, we need to adopt more sources of renewable energy. Solar panels and other forms of solar power is one of these renewable energy sources that has a lot of potential and the technology has become increasingly more common in Sweden and other parts of the world in the latest decades. Everyone from private individuals to companies and authorities are increasingly making investments in the technology. With the help of our supervisors and after extensive literature studies we aim to increase the knowledge about solar panels and their economic aspects by calculating and presenting payback periods for solar panels implemented in nonbuilding structures. In conjunction with this we also aim to present a basic theoretical background about solar panels and their global impact to further the understanding of the technology even more. On behalf of, and in collaboration with Trafikverket we have examined the payback periods of four solar panel installations in connection to four of the authority´s nonbuilding structures. Three of these solar installations are applied on technical buildings that are scattered alongside the railway system across the country. The solar panels provide local electricity to the electrical components within the building. The fourth solar installation is connected to a road tunnel where it provides local electricity to the lights within the tunnel. The conducted calculations have resulted in a payback period for each respective solar installation measured in years based on various relevant factors that influence their energy production. Our hope is that this can clarify the economic aspects of the solar panels and be of help in potential future investments in solar power by Trafikverket. The conclusion is that the solar panel installation connected to the road tunnel has the shortest payback period by far and also has great potential to be economically lucrative by generating future revenue. The tree solar installations connected to the technical buildings each have a significantly longer payback period but are still expected to be paid back eventually. However they are not expected to generate a mentionable yield, if any. / För att vi ska kunna förse Sverige och resterande delar av världen med energi på ett långsiktigt och hållbart sätt som tar hänsyn till de globala miljömålen krävs det att vi börjar använda mer förnyelsebara energikällor. Solceller och solenergi är en av dessa energikällor som har stor potential och tekniken har under de senaste decennierna blivit allt vanligare både i Sverige och i andra delar av världen. Allt från privatpersoner till företag och myndigheter gör i större och större utsträckning investeringar i tekniken. Med hjälp av litteraturstudier samt stöd från handledare syftar denna avhandling till att öka kunskapen om solceller och deras ekonomiska aspekter genom att beräkna och presentera återbetalningstider för solceller implementerade i anläggningskonstruktioner. I samband med detta kommer en grundläggande teoretisk bakgrund om solceller samt deras globala påverkan att presenteras för att öka förståelsen för ämnet ytterligare. På uppdrag av och i samarbete med Trafikverket har återbetalningstiden för fyra solcellsinstallationer i anslutning till myndighetens anläggningar undersökts. Tre av dessa är teknikhus längs med järnvägen utspridda i olika delar av landet där solcellsinstallationen bidrar med elektricitet till de tekniska komponenterna i huset. Den fjärde installationen ligger i anslutning till en vägtunnel där solcellsinstallationen bidrar med elektricitet till belysningen i tunneln. Resultatet av beräkningarna har gett en återbetalningstid i år för respektive installation baserat på diverse relevanta parametrar som påverkar elproduktionen. Vår förhoppning är att detta kan klargöra de ekonomiska aspekterna av solcellerna samt underlätta för Trafikverket att ta beslut om framtida potentiella solcellsinvesteringar i anslutning till deras anläggningar. Slutsatsen är att solcellsinstallationen i anslutning till vägnätet har den överlägset kortaste återbetalningstiden samt även god potential att bli ekonomiskt lukrativ. De tre installationerna i anslutning till teknikhusen har betydligt längre återbetalningstid och anses så småningom bli återbetalda men utan någon nämnvärd avkastning, om ens någon. / FoI Solenergi

During the recent prolonged drought in La Guajira, Colombia, the child mortality rate surged to 23.4 per 1000. With the focal point in rural Alta Guajira, a lack of rainfall and wind resulted in an acute potable water scarcity. This paper presents data gathered from interviews conducted with members of the Wayúu indigenous group residing in Alta Guajira and the results surveying in field the solutions already present to the water scarcity. Four potential technological solutions were then devised and evaluated in this context: wind-driven wells, solar-driven wells, solar stills, and reverse osmosis desalination systems. This study shows that reverse osmosis desalination systems are economically unfeasible due to their high initial investment. Solar stills are concluded to be potentially viable for drought emergencies but prohibitively expensive due to their low productivity and area requirements. Solar-driven wells frequently break in the region, likely due to inadequate insulation in underground electrical components, but they represent a crucial yet non-existent complement for water production. Wind-driven wells are the most prominent water source, although relying solely on these creates significant risks. Hence a suggestion for mainly wind-driven production, complemented with solar-driven production, and backed by emergency systems of manual wells and solar stills is suggested.

No description available.

Det som studien vill undersöka är meningen av miljövänlighet i relation till solceller och hur detta koncept generaliseras i samhället, men även hur grannar i ett relativt nära område påverkar varandras motivation till att investera i denna typ av teknologi. Studiens syfte är att ge deltagarna en chans att berätta deras sida av hur de upplever konkurrensen i deras grannskap, med hjälp av intervjuer. Finns det en korrelation mellan granndynamiken och statusjakten, vilket i sin tur skapar köpkraft genom att grannar jämför med varandra? Vi har sett att det inte bara är viljan att ses som miljövänlig som ligger till grunden för individens motivation att investera, utan det är en komplex samling faktorer. Detta bekräftas av vårt teoretiska ramverk, Bourdieus kapitalteori och Habermas kommunikationsteori, som förklarar dynamiken mellan individer som bor i ett grannskap, samt hur kommunikationen blir ett samspel mellan olika aktörers tolkningar. Resultatet visar att individer är mer benägna att investera i solceller om deras granne har gjort det. Vidare visar det på en korrelation mellan de olika samhälleliga värderingarna, och viljan att rätta sig efter de normer som skapats av gruppen. Behovet av att känna sig miljövänlig och samtidigt uppehålla en känsla av status kan ha en större individuell effekt än vad som uppfattas. / The study wants to examine the meaning of environmentally friendly in relation to solar power and how this concept generalizes in society but furthermore how neighbours in are latively narrow circuit affects each other’s motivation to purchase this kind of object. The study has a purpose to give the chosen participants a chance to tell their side on how they experience the competition in their neighbourhood, which is done by interviews. Is there a correlation between the neighbours dynamic and status hunt which creates purchasing power through comparison with the people living nearby? We have found that it’s not simply the drive to be seen as environmentally friendly that builds people’s motivation in such purchases but it’s a complex mix of factors. This is confirmed by our theoretical framework which are Bourdieu's Capital theory and Habermas communication theory, that explains the dynamics between people in distinct circuits and how the language is an interplay of different actors which all have their own interpretation on the concept. The results show that individuals are more prone to invest in solar panels if their neighbours have acquired solar panels. Furthermore, it shows the correlation between the different societal values and the will to conform to the norms created by the group. The feeling of needing to be environmentally friendly and at the same time uphold a sense of status may have a bigger effect on the individual than they perceive.

Arbetet dimensionerar ett panelsystem för att motstå yttre påfrestningar som snö och vind, samtidigt som att det ska erbjuda oförstörande av- och påmontering. Hållfasthetsberäkningar har utförts med hjälp av statiska balkfall. Dimensionering av spår, snäppfunktion och låsningar i profilsystemet har utförts. Konstruktionsritningar har utförts, baserade på dimensionering och standarder. Med hjälp av detta arbete går det att tillverka detta system, åtminstone i ett prototypstadie. / This work dimensions a panel system to withstand external loads such as snow and wind, while it will offer non-destructive removing and assembly. Strength calculations have been performed using static beam cases. The design of the track, the snap-fit assembly and locks in the profile system has been changed. Construction drawings have been made, based on the calculated dimensions and required ISO-standards. With the existing work, it is possible to manufacture this system, at least in a prototype stage.

Syftet: Med arbetet är att utreda en fastighets klimatskal och energiförbrukning med hjälp av energibalansberäkningar. Målet: med rapporten är att upplysa hur fastighetens energiförbrukning kan beskrivas utifrån transmission och ventialtionsberäkningar. Avgränsning: avgränsning till att beräkna energibalanser till en fastighet som består av 46 lägenheter och nästan alla beräkningar är manuella, där energiförbrukningen beräknas. Detta ger en bra överblick över vad som behövs förbättras i dessa lägenheter. Teori: Information om fatigheten samlades in vid ett platsbesök där både in- och utsida undersöktes samt via samtal med företaget PEPA som byggde fastigheten. En ytterligare undersökning gjordes där information om området, byggår, tidigare års energideklarationer och energiberäkningar insamlades samt vilka energibesparingsåtgärder som gjorts i dagsläget. Med hjälp av litteratur, webbaserade källor och artiklar har arbetat granskat och bearbetat till ett sakligt slutresultat. Metod: En studie av litteratur undersökning i ämnet har utförts för att hitta relevant och nödvändig information inom området. För att undersöka fastighetens energianvändning, uppvärmning och konstruktion så har ett flertal fastighetsbesök gjorts. Utförande: Har undersöks fastighetens energiförbrukning och med hjälp av energibalansförbrukningen upplysas fastighetens elanvändning, fjärrvärme, tappvarmvatten, transmissionsförluster och ventilationsförluster etc. Denna studie har gjorts för att utreda investeringskostnader för solceller på fasader och på taket på en byggnad. Dessutom har studien utförs för att se om dessa bidrar till att minska fastighetens årskostnader och energiförbrukning under ett år. Resultat: I resultatdelen visas transmissionsförluster med ett värde på 330 MWh/år och köldbryggor som är 20 % av totala transmissionsförluster. Medan ventilationsförluster är 270 MWh, där luftläckage är 379 W/C. Sammanställningen av U-värde för transmissionsförluster är 0,35 W/m2. C och boverkets krav 0,4 W/m2.C, detta innebär att U-värde uppfyller boverkets krav. Värmeenergi behovet till fastigheten är 647 MWh, medan värmeeffektbehov är 228 kW, där energianvändningen och gränsvärde är 103 kWh/m2.år Diskussion: Syftet med arbetet var att studera och titta närmare på vilka energieffektiviserande åtgärder som finns till huset och vilka åtgärder som kan ge ett bra resultat, för att minska energi förbrukningen och ge besparing. Undersökningen har utförts genom manuella beräkningar, via samtal med personal från HSB på plats i Östersund och Sundsvall. Undersökningen har även utförts genom att samla in alla byggnadsritningar, genom kurslitteratur, Boverket, ISO standard samt genom diskussioner med företag som PEAB som har bidragit med viktig information. Ett schablonblad som erhölls av HSB har används vid beräkningar som exempelvis till dörrar, fönster, ytterdörrar, balkonger samt köldbryggor Slutsats: Transmissionsberäkningarna visar att värmegenomgångskoefficienten har ett rimligt värde, vilket är bra i jämförelse med boverkets krav på 0,4 W/m²·K. Vidare visas det i rapporten att ventilationen som används i fastigheten är bra, då FTX system används och värmeåtervinning sker. En annan åtgärd i rapporten, är en beräkning som visar en sänkning av inomhus temperaturen och är på så sätt lönsam. Den sista åtgärden som har utförts är snålspolande kranar som visar ett bra reslutat på en besparing året runt. Solcellernas beräkningar visar två olika resultat, de som är belägna på taket har en livslängd på 12 år och är mer rimlig än de som är på fasaden som har livslängd på 30 år. / The purpose of the work is to investigate real estate climate scale and energy consumption using energy balance calculations. The goal of the report is to disclose how the energy consumption of the building can be described by transmission, air leakage and ventilation calculations. And where you make an energy balance calculations to the real estate. The work delimited to calculate energy balances for a house consisting of 46 apartments and almost all calculations are manual calculations where energy consumption is calculated which gives a good overview of what is needed to improve in apartments. Information about the real estate was collected at a site visit where both inside and outside were investigated as well as conversations with the company PEPA that built the property. A further survey has been made where information about the area, year of construction, previous year's energy declarations and energy calculations was collected, as well as what energy saving measures have been taken today. With the help of literature, web-based sources and articles have been reviewed and processed into a true final result. Method: A study of literature research on the subject has been conducted to find relevant and necessary information in the field. To investigate the energy use, heating and construction of the property, several property visits have been made. This study has been conducted to investigate investment costs for solar on facades and on roofs of a building. In addition, the study has been conducted to see if these contribute to reducing the property's annual costs and energy consumption over an entire year. Results: Transmission losses are 330 MWh and cold bridges”köldbryggor” which are 20% of total transmission losses. While ventilation losses are 270 MWh, where air leakage is 379 W / C. Compilation of U value for transmission losses is 0.35 W/m2.C and energy agency requirements 0.4 W / m2.C, which means that the U value meets the requirements of the building. Heat energy the need for the property is 647 MWh, while the heat power requirement is 228 kW and energy consumption and limit value is 103 kWh / m2, year.   Discussion: The purpose of the work was to study and look into what energy efficiency measures are available to the house and what measures can provide a good result, to reduce energy consumption and save savings. The survey has been carried out through manual calculations, via talks with HSB staff in place in Östersund and Sundsvall. The survey has also been carried out by collecting all building drawings, through literature and the Boverket, ISO standard and through discussions with companies such as PEAB that have contributed with important information. Conclusion: The transmission calculations show that the heat transfer coefficient is a reasonable value, which is a good in comparison with the requirements of 0.4 W / m². K. Furthermore, the report shows that the ventilation used in the property is good when using FTX systems and heat recovery takes place. Another measure calculation performed in the report is a decrease in indoor temperature, which proves to be profitable. The last measure that has been carried out in the report is the fast-moving cranes that show a good deal of savings all year round. Sun cells calculations show two different results the first one sun cells those located on the roof have a life span of 12 years and are more reasonable while the another one those on the facade that have a life span of 30 years.

A geração de energia solar fotovoltaica tem crescido anualmente em utilização. Com o aumento dos custos de geração de energia elétrica, fontes renováveis de energia como essa crescem em interesse, até mesmo em aplicações residenciais de microgeração. Este trabalho apresenta o projeto, construção e ensaios de um rastreador solar autônomo, com controle e aquisição de dados de sensoriamento baseado em sistemas embarcados totalmente projetados e produzidos no país, com o objetivo de se aumentar o ganho de energia elétrica gerada a partir de painéis solares de mercado. O projeto do firmware de controle e os algoritmos utilizados foram adaptados continuamente até se atingir os melhores resultados. Foi utilizado um painel solar comum de mercado para realizar os testes, e as placas de circuito impresso projetadas foram confeccionadas localmente. A tomada de dados em diferentes ensaios mostrou que o rastreamento solar de fato aumentou o ganho de energia elétrica com um painel solar comum de mercado, mesmo com alguns problemas a serem corrigidos em uma próxima pesquisa. Assim, a pesquisa realizada confirmou o ganho de energia elétrica para o painel solar escolhido. / Photovoltaic solar generators have grown annually in use. With the increase in electricity generation costs, renewable sources of energy like that grow in interest, even in residential microgeneration applications. This work presents the design, construction and testing of a standalone solar tracker, with control and acquisition of sensors data based on embedded systems totally designed and produced in the country, aiming to increase the power generated from retail solar panels. The firmware design and used algorithms have been continuously adapted to achieve the best results. It was used a standard solar panel to perform the tests, and the designed printed circuit boards were manufactured locally. The data taken in different tests showed that the solar tracking actually increased the power generated with a standard solar panel, even with some problems in the design that have to be corrected in a future implementation. So the project was validated and can be used, including microgeneration in ordinary houses.

A geração solar fotovoltaica em painéis de silício tem se destacado como uma maneira limpa e renovável de atender à demanda por energia elétrica. Este trabalho apresenta o projeto, construção e testes de um sistema autônomo para obtenção da curva IV e caracterização de painéis fotovoltaicos comerciais instalados em campo. Após um estudo do problema de medição de painéis solares, uma especificação da Solução foi concebida. Com base na especificação, foram realizados o projeto elétrico, a construção de protótipos, a escrita do software de medição e os testes de validação em laboratório. Para validação definitiva do hardware desenvolvido, foram realizados testes em campo utilizando um painel solar comercial. Após a tomada de dados e análise dos resultados, conclui-se que o dispositivo concebido atende aos requisitos especificados e cumpre sua proposta inicial. A metodologia empregada neste trabalho pode ser utilizada para geração de outros instrumentos com finalidade similar ou idêntica. / Photovoltaic solar generators, using silicon panels, have grown popular as a clean and renewable way to supply electrical energy. This work presents the project, construction and testing of an autonomous system for IV curve tracing and characterization of commercial photovoltaic panels deployed in the field. After a study how to properly measure solar panels, a Solution was put in a form of a specification. From specifications, the following phases took place: electrical project, prototype construction, software development and lab testing. To perform final validation of the developed hardware, a field test with a commercial solar panel was performed. After collecting and analyzing data from, it was concluded that the design fulfills the required specifications and intended goals. The methodology employed in this work and be utilized to generate other measuring instruments with similar or identical function.

A photo-voltaic system consists of solar cells, power converters, battery and the load. The power converter interfaces the solar cells, battery and the load. The battery serves to equalise the energy demand (load) and the energy supply (solar cell). Currently the solar cells and the battery cost nearly 90% of the system cost. A typical photo-voltaic system can adopt various power bus configurations. Battery tied bus is the simplest of the power bus configurations. In this topology, the battery is always attached to the bus. This system is extremely simple in terms of power circuit configuration as well as control. Such systems weigh less and are more reliable. However, the battery tied bus suffers certain disadvantages. The first among them is the poor utilisation of solar panels. The load has to tolerate the full swing of the battery voltage variation. On account of the constraint on the solar panel voltage, the solar panels may not be loaded to the maximum power capacity. Such operating conditions lead to gross under-utilisation of the expensive solar panels. The battery tied bus configuration is designed, built and evaluated experimentally with 4 solar panels rated at 35 W each and a lead acid battery of 12 V 42 AH rating. This thesis explores alternate power architecture to overcome the above limitations. Load regulation and maximum power harvesting from the solar panels are the objectives. In the proposed configuration, a bidirectional power converter is inserted between the bus and the battery. The bidirectional power converter operates in boost mode and charges the battery when the sunlight is available. During eclipse period, it operates in buck mode and meets the load demand. The maximum power is extracted from the panels by controlling the voltage across the solar panels. The bus voltage reference is computed by MPPT block and the bus voltage is regulated to the reference voltage through closed loop control. So the maximum power is extracted from the panels at the expense of extra bidirectional power converter. Even though there is an additional power loss due to the introduction of power converter, this power bus configuration is superior because it increases the output power from the panel itself. The entire control logic implementation is done digitally using dspic30F6010A. The simulation is done by writing script files in C language. The proposed bus configuration is designed, built and evaluated experimentally with the same setup and the results are then compared.

The purpose of this thesis is to simulate different scenarios where all vehicles are replaced by electric vehicles in the future.   An addition of electric vehicles to the electric grid is not easy to handle, especially not if the consumers choose to charge their vehicles with higher power. As can be seen in the results of this report, flexible demand through power management is a good option to reduce overall power consumption. Of course, customers will have to agree to that their consumption is controlled in this manner.   Using solar cells during the summer works well, but it’s harder wintertime as the largest electric demands arise during the night, when there is close to no sunlight. However, in the case of batteries, they may be helpful. Possibly by letting the solar cells charge the battery during the day and then use it to help charge the electric vehicle during the night. Unfortunately, it was not possible to include this scenario as the used software was unable to handle batteries in that way.   By completely replacing the heat source, in this case with district heating, and thus releasing available power in the transformer, turned out to be the best option. In this way, virtually all predicted amounts of electric cars could be charged with optional charging strength between 3.7 and 11 kW.   As for the T422 transformer, there is no choice but to replace it if a larger number of electric vehicles wants to start charging there. At present, it can handle a maximum of 10-20 electric vehicles that charge at the lowest power as there is only about 50 kW available there winter time. District heating cannot be applied either as the connected customers do not use electric heating. / Detta arbete har till syfte att simulera olika scenarier i ett område där samtliga fordon ersätts av elbilar i framtiden.   En tillkomst av elbilar i elnätet är inte lätt att hantera, speciellt inte om kunderna i nätet väljer att ladda med högre effekt. Vilket kan ses i resultatet i denna rapport, är flexibel förbrukning genom effektstyrning ett bra alternativ för att sänka den totala effektförbrukningen. Fast det gäller då givetvis att kunderna går med på att förbrukningen styrs på detta sätt.   Att använda solceller fungerar bra sommartid, men vintertid är det värre, då det största elbehovet uppstår på natten, när det inte är lika stor solljustillgång. I samband med batterier kan de dock vara till hjälp. Möjligen genom att låta solcellerna ladda upp batteriet under dagen och sedan använda det för att hjälpa till att ladda elbilen under natten. Dessvärre var det inte möjligt att simulera detta scenario på grund av brister i mjukvaran som användes.   Att helt ersätta värmekällan, i detta fall med fjärrvärme, och därmed frigöra effekt i transformatorn visade sig däremot vara det bästa alternativet. På så sätt kunde i stort sett samtliga mängder elbilar laddas med valfri laddningsstyrka mellan 3,7 och 11 kW.   Vad gäller transformator T422, ses inget annat val än att byta ut den om ett flertal elbilar ska börja ladda där. I nuläget klarar den av högst 10-20 elbilar som laddar på lägsta effekt eftersom det endast finns ca 50 kV tillgängligt vintertid. Fjärrvärme kan inte användas där heller som komplement då de tillkopplade kunderna inte använder elektrisk uppvärmning.