Den schweiziske musikern och pedagogen Emile Jaques-Dalcroze utvecklade under sin livstid den rörelsebaserade musikpedagogiska metod som i dag går under namnet rytmik. Syftet med denna magisteruppsats är att undersöka uppkomsten och den tidiga utvecklingen av Jaques-Dalcrozes ursprungliga rytmik och framför allt solfège – rörelsebaserad gehörsträning – som är ett av dess huvudmoment. För att finna svar på frågan om hur Jaques-Dalcrozes egen historia påverkade hans val av pedagogisk inriktning för hans gehörsundervisning och på frågan om på vilket sätt samtiden påverkade framväxten och mottagandet av solfègen, undersöks Jaques-Dalcrozes liv fram till 1906 samt kulturella, pedagogiska och andra samhälleliga strömningar under 1800-talet. Utgångspunkten är i historisk metod och med ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv och resultatet presenteras i en delvis biografisk form. Undersökningen visar att Jaques-Dalcroze tveklöst influerades av samtiden och påverkades av människor som kom i hans närhet, framför allt hans pianolärare de Senger, Prosnitz och Lussy, violinisten Ysaÿe, psykologen Claparède och Jaques-Dalcrozes kollegor Gorter, Boepple och Chassevant. Pestalozzi, Nägeli och Fröbel var pedagoger vars idéer återspeglas i Jaques-Dalcrozes metod. De olika influenserna i synergi med hans egen personliga historia och förutsättningar var det som ledde fram till utvecklingen av rytmiken. / During his lifetime the Swiss musician and pedagogue Emile Jaques-Dalcroze developed Dalcroze-Eurhythmics, a movement-based methodology in music education. The purpose of the present study is to explore the early development of Jaques-Dalcroze’s original Eurhythmics and especially solfège – movement based aural training – which is one of its main fields. This study aims to fathom Jaques-Dalcrozes life up to the year 1906, as well as the cultural, pedagogical and other societal tendencies during the 19th century to investigate how Jaques-Dalcroze’s personal history influenced his choice of pedagogical emphasis for his aural training, and how contemporary society in his time influenced the development and reception of Eurhythmics and solfège. The methodological basis of the study is historical with a hermeneutic perspective. The result is partly presented in a biographical form. The study shows that Jaques-Dalcroze was without doubt influenced by the world of his time, and was affected by people in his milieu, particularly his piano teachers de Senger, Prosnitz and Lussy, the virtuoso violinist Ysaÿe, the psychologist Claparède and the colleges of Jaques-Dalcroze Gorter, Boepple and Chassevant. Pestalozzi, Nägeli and Fröbel were pedagogues whose ideas were mirrored in the method of Jaques-Dalcroze. These different influences, in synergy with his own personal history and preconditions, led to the development of Dalcroze-Eurhythmics.

O solfejo, em seu conceito mais amplo, é uma técnica usual no processo de ensinoaprendizagem musical, o qual envolve a realização vocal de melodias, considerando as alturas e as durações dos sons musicais registrados em partitura, devidamente associado à marcação de compassos por intermédio de gestos que definem a estrutura métrica e o andamento da peça musical. Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem audiovisual para avaliação automática dessa prática de estudo pertinente à leitura e à estruturação musicais. O sistema proposto é dividido em três partes. A primeira efetua o reconhecimento visual dos gestos de marcação de compassos realizados pela mão, por intermédio de um classificador probabilístico. Um processo de alinhamento temporal garante o reconhecimento dos padrões de movimento mesmo em casos com variação de andamento, permitindo também a avaliação da precisão rítmica do aluno, quando comparado com um referencial metronômico. A segunda parte deste sistema obtém a transcrição melódica do canto a partir da análise do respectivo sinal de áudio. Os fragmentos melódicos detectados são agrupados e mapeados em relação às notas da partitura do exercício de solfejo, permitindo uma avaliação direta nota-a-nota da performance do canto. Por fim, a terceira parte do sistema proposto faz a integração entre o gesto de marcação de compassos e a transcrição melódica. Nesse caso, o gesto atua como um metrônomo, controlando o fluxo temporal. Assim, a avaliação nota-a-nota do solfejo pode ser empregada também em casos onde exista grande variação no andamento da peça. Tanto o processo de avaliação do gesto de marcação de compassos quanto a avaliação do canto são obtidos por intermédio de um classificador Bayesiano gerado a partir de avaliações reais, feitas por especialistas em música. Dessa forma, o sistema desenvolvido efetua o mapeamento advindo da opinião de especialistas humanos em um sistema de avaliação automática de solfejo executado por máquina, que é capaz de identificar as notas musicais cantadas pelo aluno em cada instante métrico determinado, devidamente conduzido pelo gesto, sem a necessidade de sincronização por um metrônomo ou manutenção de um andamento fixo. / Solfége is a general technique used in the music learning process, which involves the vocal performance of melodies, regarding the time and duration of musical sounds as specified in the music score, properly associated the meter-mimicking performed by the hand movement. This thesis presents an audiovisual approach for automatic assessment of this relevant musical study practice. The proposed system is divided into three parts. First, a probabilistic classifier recognizes the musical metric patterns drawn by the hand movement. A time alignment process assures the proper recognition of the movement patterns even in cases where there are changes in the musical tempo. Also, this process allows to estimate the accuracy of the rhythmic performance. In the second part of this work, audio analysis is applied to achieve the melodic transcription of the sung notes. The detected melodic fragments are then grouped and mapped into single notes, which are connected to their related notes on the music score of the solfège exercise. This mapping procedure allows the direct assessment (note by note) of the singing performance, even if there are slight discrepancies between the transcribed notes and the music score. Finally, the last part of the proposed system combines the gesture of meter-mimicking (video information) with the melodic transcription (audio information), where the hand movement works as a metronome, controlling the time flow (tempo) of the musical piece. Thus, the meter-mimicking is used to align the music score (ground truth) with the sung melody, allowing the assessment even in time dynamic scenarios. Both meter-mimicking and sung notes are evaluated by a set of Bayesian classifiers that were generated from real evaluations done by experts listeners. In this way, the developed model performs the mapping of the point of view from human experts into an automatic system which is able to make the solfege assessment, regarding the pitch, onset and duration of the music notes, without the need for external synchronization with a metronome or the maintenance of a fixed tempo.

O solfejo, em seu conceito mais amplo, é uma técnica usual no processo de ensinoaprendizagem musical, o qual envolve a realização vocal de melodias, considerando as alturas e as durações dos sons musicais registrados em partitura, devidamente associado à marcação de compassos por intermédio de gestos que definem a estrutura métrica e o andamento da peça musical. Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem audiovisual para avaliação automática dessa prática de estudo pertinente à leitura e à estruturação musicais. O sistema proposto é dividido em três partes. A primeira efetua o reconhecimento visual dos gestos de marcação de compassos realizados pela mão, por intermédio de um classificador probabilístico. Um processo de alinhamento temporal garante o reconhecimento dos padrões de movimento mesmo em casos com variação de andamento, permitindo também a avaliação da precisão rítmica do aluno, quando comparado com um referencial metronômico. A segunda parte deste sistema obtém a transcrição melódica do canto a partir da análise do respectivo sinal de áudio. Os fragmentos melódicos detectados são agrupados e mapeados em relação às notas da partitura do exercício de solfejo, permitindo uma avaliação direta nota-a-nota da performance do canto. Por fim, a terceira parte do sistema proposto faz a integração entre o gesto de marcação de compassos e a transcrição melódica. Nesse caso, o gesto atua como um metrônomo, controlando o fluxo temporal. Assim, a avaliação nota-a-nota do solfejo pode ser empregada também em casos onde exista grande variação no andamento da peça. Tanto o processo de avaliação do gesto de marcação de compassos quanto a avaliação do canto são obtidos por intermédio de um classificador Bayesiano gerado a partir de avaliações reais, feitas por especialistas em música. Dessa forma, o sistema desenvolvido efetua o mapeamento advindo da opinião de especialistas humanos em um sistema de avaliação automática de solfejo executado por máquina, que é capaz de identificar as notas musicais cantadas pelo aluno em cada instante métrico determinado, devidamente conduzido pelo gesto, sem a necessidade de sincronização por um metrônomo ou manutenção de um andamento fixo. / Solfége is a general technique used in the music learning process, which involves the vocal performance of melodies, regarding the time and duration of musical sounds as specified in the music score, properly associated the meter-mimicking performed by the hand movement. This thesis presents an audiovisual approach for automatic assessment of this relevant musical study practice. The proposed system is divided into three parts. First, a probabilistic classifier recognizes the musical metric patterns drawn by the hand movement. A time alignment process assures the proper recognition of the movement patterns even in cases where there are changes in the musical tempo. Also, this process allows to estimate the accuracy of the rhythmic performance. In the second part of this work, audio analysis is applied to achieve the melodic transcription of the sung notes. The detected melodic fragments are then grouped and mapped into single notes, which are connected to their related notes on the music score of the solfège exercise. This mapping procedure allows the direct assessment (note by note) of the singing performance, even if there are slight discrepancies between the transcribed notes and the music score. Finally, the last part of the proposed system combines the gesture of meter-mimicking (video information) with the melodic transcription (audio information), where the hand movement works as a metronome, controlling the time flow (tempo) of the musical piece. Thus, the meter-mimicking is used to align the music score (ground truth) with the sung melody, allowing the assessment even in time dynamic scenarios. Both meter-mimicking and sung notes are evaluated by a set of Bayesian classifiers that were generated from real evaluations done by experts listeners. In this way, the developed model performs the mapping of the point of view from human experts into an automatic system which is able to make the solfege assessment, regarding the pitch, onset and duration of the music notes, without the need for external synchronization with a metronome or the maintenance of a fixed tempo.

O solfejo, em seu conceito mais amplo, é uma técnica usual no processo de ensinoaprendizagem musical, o qual envolve a realização vocal de melodias, considerando as alturas e as durações dos sons musicais registrados em partitura, devidamente associado à marcação de compassos por intermédio de gestos que definem a estrutura métrica e o andamento da peça musical. Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem audiovisual para avaliação automática dessa prática de estudo pertinente à leitura e à estruturação musicais. O sistema proposto é dividido em três partes. A primeira efetua o reconhecimento visual dos gestos de marcação de compassos realizados pela mão, por intermédio de um classificador probabilístico. Um processo de alinhamento temporal garante o reconhecimento dos padrões de movimento mesmo em casos com variação de andamento, permitindo também a avaliação da precisão rítmica do aluno, quando comparado com um referencial metronômico. A segunda parte deste sistema obtém a transcrição melódica do canto a partir da análise do respectivo sinal de áudio. Os fragmentos melódicos detectados são agrupados e mapeados em relação às notas da partitura do exercício de solfejo, permitindo uma avaliação direta nota-a-nota da performance do canto. Por fim, a terceira parte do sistema proposto faz a integração entre o gesto de marcação de compassos e a transcrição melódica. Nesse caso, o gesto atua como um metrônomo, controlando o fluxo temporal. Assim, a avaliação nota-a-nota do solfejo pode ser empregada também em casos onde exista grande variação no andamento da peça. Tanto o processo de avaliação do gesto de marcação de compassos quanto a avaliação do canto são obtidos por intermédio de um classificador Bayesiano gerado a partir de avaliações reais, feitas por especialistas em música. Dessa forma, o sistema desenvolvido efetua o mapeamento advindo da opinião de especialistas humanos em um sistema de avaliação automática de solfejo executado por máquina, que é capaz de identificar as notas musicais cantadas pelo aluno em cada instante métrico determinado, devidamente conduzido pelo gesto, sem a necessidade de sincronização por um metrônomo ou manutenção de um andamento fixo. / Solfége is a general technique used in the music learning process, which involves the vocal performance of melodies, regarding the time and duration of musical sounds as specified in the music score, properly associated the meter-mimicking performed by the hand movement. This thesis presents an audiovisual approach for automatic assessment of this relevant musical study practice. The proposed system is divided into three parts. First, a probabilistic classifier recognizes the musical metric patterns drawn by the hand movement. A time alignment process assures the proper recognition of the movement patterns even in cases where there are changes in the musical tempo. Also, this process allows to estimate the accuracy of the rhythmic performance. In the second part of this work, audio analysis is applied to achieve the melodic transcription of the sung notes. The detected melodic fragments are then grouped and mapped into single notes, which are connected to their related notes on the music score of the solfège exercise. This mapping procedure allows the direct assessment (note by note) of the singing performance, even if there are slight discrepancies between the transcribed notes and the music score. Finally, the last part of the proposed system combines the gesture of meter-mimicking (video information) with the melodic transcription (audio information), where the hand movement works as a metronome, controlling the time flow (tempo) of the musical piece. Thus, the meter-mimicking is used to align the music score (ground truth) with the sung melody, allowing the assessment even in time dynamic scenarios. Both meter-mimicking and sung notes are evaluated by a set of Bayesian classifiers that were generated from real evaluations done by experts listeners. In this way, the developed model performs the mapping of the point of view from human experts into an automatic system which is able to make the solfege assessment, regarding the pitch, onset and duration of the music notes, without the need for external synchronization with a metronome or the maintenance of a fixed tempo.

Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdorales, 2015-2016 / Cette recherche visait à recenser, décrire et catégoriser les stratégies cognitives liées à la lecture à vue chantée et à l’apprentissage du solfège chez les étudiants en musique de niveau collégial. Des analyses de contenu thématiques ont été réalisées sur un corpus de données comprenant les verbatims de six entretiens individuels (quatre étudiants et deux enseignants), cinq publications scientifiques, deux ouvrages professionnels et deux manuels de formation auditive. Les analyses ont permis de recenser 72 stratégies cognitives, de les décrire et de les regrouper en quatre catégories principales : les stratégies liées aux mécanismes de lecture (décodage; construction des modèles schématiques; confirmation et intégration), les stratégies liées à l’exécution d’une lecture mélodique (préparation; performance), les stratégies d’acquisition des habiletés (enrichissement du vocabulaire musical; association symbolique; intériorisation; techniques de répétition) et les stratégies de soutien à l’apprentissage (autorégulation; gestion du temps; attention; stress; motivation). / This research aimed to identify, describe and categorize cognitive strategies related to sight-singing and to solfeggio learning in college music students. Thematic content analyses were performed on a corpus of data including transcripts of six individual interviews (four students and two teachers), five scientific publications, two professional books and two ear-training manuals. Analyses revealed 72 cognitive strategies grouped into four main categories and 14 subcategories: reading mechanisms (pitch decoding, pattern building, validation), sight-singing (preparation, performance), reading skills acquisition (musical vocabulary enrichment, symbolic associations, internalization, rehearsal techniques) and learning support (self-regulation, attention, time management, motivation, stress).

Jean-Philippe Rameau affirme que l'harmonie a pour principe la basse fondamentale. Il soutient également que cette basse fondamentale est quelque chose qui peut se sentir dans la pratique musicale. Néanmoins, il ne considère pas ce sentiment comme une justification suffisante pour son principe. En conséquence, il n'explique pas précisément en quoi ce sentiment peut consister, et préfère donner des arguments physico-mathématiques.La présente thèse traite du problème suivant: qu'est-ce donc que sentir la basse fondamentale, et ce sentiment est-il réellement inapte à justifier ce concept? Pour y répondre, il faut prêter attention aux opérations par lesquelles le lecteur de Rameau est invité à cultiver sa sensibilité à l'harmonie. Il s'agit de commenter ces opérations à l'aide de la phénoménologie de Husserl. Pour produire une phénoménologie de la basse fondamentale, il importe de décrire les sons avec plus de précision que Rameau ne le fait dans ses traités. Cela peut être réalisé grâce au solfège généralisé de Pierre Schaeffer.Mais pour cela, un travail préparatoire est nécessaire. L'introduction vise à montrer qu'il n'y a rien d'étrange, pour traiter de l'harmonie du dix-huitième siècle, à se servir des travaux de Schaeffer. Les quatre premiers chapitres ont pour but de clarifier le concept de basse fondamentale. Les quatre derniers visent à produire une phénoménologie de certains aspects du son, de l'harmonie et de la basse fondamentale. Il apparaît alors que le sentiment peut effectivement justifier la décision de considérer la nasse fondamentale comme le principe de l'harmonie; mais une telle justification n'a pas toute la force que recherchait Rameau. / Jean-Philippe Rameau has claimed that the fundamental bass is the principle of harmony. He also presents this fundamental bass as something which can be felt in musical practice. Nevertheless, he doesn't consider that feeling as a sufficient justification for his principle. As a consequence, he doesn't explain precisely what that feeling consists in, and he prefers to develop some physical and mathematical arguments to prove his theory.This thesis deals with the following issue: what is it like to feel the fundamental bass, and does this feeling really offer no sufficient justification for that concept? To answer those questions, attention has to be paid to the operations by which Rameau's reader is supposed to cultivate his own sensibility to harmony; and they shall be commented with the help of husserl's phenomenology. To provide a phenomenology of the fundamental bass, it is necessary to describe sounds more precisely than Rameau does in his treatises. Such a description shall be achieved thanks to Pierre Schaeffer's generalized solfeggio.But to make it possible, some preliminary work is required. An introduction shall argue that there is nothing strange in using Schaeffer's work to deal with harmony of the eighteenth century. The first four chapters are intended to clarify the concept of fundamental bass. The last four chapters are intended to produce a phenomenology of some aspects of sound, harmony and fundamental bass. At the end of this thesis, it appears that feeling can justify the fundamental bass to be considered as the principle of rules; but this justification does not have the strength Rameau was looking for.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans la perspective de faciliter la mise en place de l’enseignement explicite dans les cours de solfège de niveau collégial. Bien que l’efficacité de cette approche pédagogique soit largement démontrée dans la littérature en éducation, les connaissances disponibles pour la mettre en oeuvre dans les cours de formation auditive demeurent très limitées. Les recherches précédentes ont laissé de nombreuses questions en suspens : 1) un seul cadre stratégique a été proposé aux enseignants, mais n’a jamais été validé empiriquement ; 2) nous ne connaissons pas quelles sont les principales approches stratégiques des étudiants ; 3) nous ne comprenons pas bien la contribution des expériences musicales dans la réussite en formation auditive ; 4) nous ne savons presque rien au sujet des relations qui existent entre les stratégies utilisées, les caractéristiques des étudiants et la réussite en solfège. Pour répondre à ces quatre problèmes, nous avons mené un projet de recherche auprès de 285 étudiants en musique de niveau collégial s’étant inscrits dans un cours de formation auditive jazz ou classique. Durant deux semestres, tous les participants ont été invités à remplir trois questionnaires visant à documenter leurs expériences musicales ainsi que leur utilisation de stratégies d’apprentissage en solfège. Leurs réponses ont ensuite été analysées à la lumière des renseignements apparaissant dans leur dossier scolaire (habiletés scolaires générales, tests d’admission en musique). Quarante-et-un participants ont également pris part à une rencontre individuelle supplémentaire comprenant un test de lecture à vue chantée, une tâche de classification de stratégies (Q Method) ainsi qu’une courte entrevue. Ces données ont ensuite été analysées pour caractériser les approches stratégiques des étudiants. Afin de valider le cadre stratégique proposé aux enseignants, nous avons réalisé des analyses factorielles à partir des deux questionnaires relatifs aux stratégies. Elles ont révélé l’existence de onze regroupements de stratégies et nous ont conduit à proposer un nouveau cadre pédagogique comprenant les catégories suivantes : mécanismes de lecture (décodage des hauteurs, modèles schématiques, analyse musicale, aides extérieures) ; lecture à vue chantée (préparation, performance) ; répétitions individuelles (gestion des répétitions, techniques de répétition, intériorisation) ; soutien à l’apprentissage (métacognition, socio-affectivité). Afin de caractériser les approches stratégiques des étudiants, nous avons ensuite réalisé des analyses factorielles à partir des classements de stratégies réalisés par les étudiants (Q Method). Elles ont révélé l’existence de trois approches stratégiques distinctes reposant sur trois conceptions complémentaires des finalités du solfège : acquérir des habiletés techniques, comprendre la musique, et développer une oreille musicale. Aucune de ces approches n’est liée à la performance en solfège, mais elles entretiennent néanmoins des liens significatifs avec les habiletés scolaires, les connaissances théoriques et l’expertise musicale. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’adoption de ces différentes approches pourraient évoluer avec l’entraînement musical. Afin de mieux comprendre la contribution des expériences musicales dans la réussite en formation auditive, nous avons aussi réalisé des régressions multiples avec introduction séquentielles des prédicteurs. Elles ont montré que les expériences musicales influençaient la réussite en formation auditive principalement par l’intermédiaire d’habiletés musicales acquises en analyse musicale, en lecture musicale ainsi qu’en représentation des hauteurs sonores. Les résultats suggèrent que ces habiletés se développeraient à travers les expériences musicales formelles, notamment les leçons individuelles d’instruments faisant usage de la lecture musicale ainsi que par l’intermédiaire des expériences musicales collectives. La plupart des différences observées entre les instrumentistes sont attribuables au niveau d’expertise musicale ainsi qu’à la connaissance de la notation musicale. Afin d’étudier les relations qui existent entre les stratégies utilisées, les caractéristiques des étudiants et la réussite en solfège, nous avons enfin réalisé des analyses bivariées ainsi que des analyses multivariées. Les analyses bivariées ont montré que l’utilisation des stratégies était liée à plusieurs caractéristiques individuelles : genre, habiletés scolaires, oreille absolue, expériences musicales informelles, expériences musicales collectives, connaissances en théorie musicale, connaissance de la notation musicale et instrument principal. Les analyses multivariées ont révélé que les stratégies contribuaient faiblement mais significativement à la réussite en solfège. Les stratégies de lecture à vue chantée relatives à la situation de performance étaient directement liées à la réussite en solfège, tandis que les stratégies métacognitives et les stratégies d’analyse jouaient un rôle de médiation dans la relation entre certains prédicteurs de la réussite et les résultats obtenus en solfège. / This doctoral dissertation reflects the desire to sustain the implementation of explicit strategy instruction in sight-singing pedagogy. Over the last decades, educational research has shown many benefits of strategy instruction, but only a few studies have focused on sight-singing strategies. The have left several outstanding issues : 1) the one framework for strategic instruction that have been proposed relies chiefly on qualitative analysis and has not yet been validated empirically with a larger population; 2) no study has yet managed to fully investigate the strategic approaches of music students in the learning of sight-singing; 3) we know very little about the strategies employed by college music students in the context of sight-singing acquisition, the factors contributing to their use, and their relationships with sight-singing outcomes; 4) current literature does not allow to fully appreciate the contribution of music experiences in the aural skills competence. This doctoral dissertation addresses these issues. A total of 285 college-level music students were recruited from jazz and classic aural skills classes. Over two semesters, all participants were required to fill out three questionnaires intended to assess their music background and their use of sight-singing strategies. Answers they give were combined with school records data (academic and music achievement) to predict the sightsinging grades. Forty-one of these students also volunteered to attend 90-minute individual meeting where they were asked to perform a sight-singing test, to carry out a Q Sort strategy classification task, and to conduct a short interview. Data were analysed to characterise the strategic approaches used to learning sight-singing. Factor analysis revealed eleven components grouped in four major themes: reading mechanisms (pitch decoding, external support, common melodic patterns, music analysis), sight-singing (preparation, performance), personal practice (practice management, internalization, rehearsal techniques), and learning support (socio-affective, metacognition). Q Method analysis revealed three main strategic approaches: sight-singing as a technical skill, sight-singing as a means to foster musical understanding, and sight-singing as a tool to develop a musical ear. Post-hoc analyses indicated that these strategic approaches do not provide a valid typology of music students; rather, they represent underlying conceptions of sight-singing learning goals that are likely to evolve according to an individual’s musical training. Multiple regressions revealed that the influence of music experiences on aural skills were mostly mediated through music theory, notational knowledge, and absolute pitch. These music skills were more likely to be acquired in formal music learning settings, such as individual instrument lessons involving music notation and enriched collective music programs. Most aural skills differences found among instrumentalist groups were accounted by music background. However, better aural skills performance in pianists were not fully accounted by the background factors investigated. Bivariate analysis shown that strategy use is related to several individual characteristics: gender, academic achievement, absolute pitch, informal music experiences, collective music experiences, piano playing, knowledge in music theory, and notation knowledge. Multivariate analysis indicated that spontaneous strategy use offers a small but significant contribution to the overall prediction of sight-singing grades. Strategies relative to sight-singing performance were directly related to sight-singing grades while other strategies were mediating the relationships between individual characteristics and sight-singing grades.

[ES] Desde el siglo pasado, el dictado musical ha sido la principal práctica utilizada en la asignatura de Lenguaje Musical de los conservatorios para la formación del oído musical. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivos: 1. Analizar la situación actual de la educación del oído y el fenómeno de la audición desde diferentes enfoques; y 2. Elaborar una propuesta metodológica para el segundo curso de Lenguaje Musical de las Enseñanzas Profesionales de Música de los conservatorios de la Comunidad Valenciana, a través de este análisis previo. Para ello: se ha dado una visión de la formación del oído musical a través de las enseñanzas musicales, desde el punto de vista del alumno y del profesor, y se han analizado los elementos que influyen en la audición y que condicionan su entrenamiento musical, así como las estrategias más convenientes para formar de manera integral el oído musical. Con esta tesis se pretende ofrecer una propuesta didáctica, metodológicamente amplia y variada, que contribuya de manera significativa al entrenamiento auditivo, fundamentada en la utilización de la literatura musical como fuente principal de contenido. Las conclusiones obtenidas en este trabajo ofrecerán una alternativa metodológica al dictado musical tradicional para, a través del repertorio musical de todas las épocas, poder formar el oído musical de una manera más completa e integral. / [CA] Des del segle passat, el dictat musical ha sigut la principal pràctica utilitzada en l'assignatura de Llenguatge Musical dels conservatoris per a la formació de l'oïda musical. El present treball té com a objectius: 1. Analitzar la situació actual de l'educació de l'oïda i el fenomen de l'audició des de diferents enfocaments; i 2. Elaborar una proposta metodològica per al segon curs de Llenguatge Musical dels Ensenyaments Professionals de Música dels conservatoris de la Comunitat Valenciana, a través d'aquesta anàlisi prèvia. Per a això: s'ha donat una visió de la formació de l'oïda musical a través dels ensenyaments musicals, des del punt de vista de l'alumne i del professor, i s'han analitzat els elements que influeixen en l'audició i que condicionen el seu entrenament musical, així com les estratègies més convenients per a formar de manera integral l'oïda musical. Amb aquesta tesi es pretén oferir una proposta didàctica, metodològicament àmplia i variada, que contribuïsca de manera significativa a l'entrenament auditiu, fonamentada en la utilització de la literatura musical com a font principal de contingut. Les conclusions obtingudes en aquest treball oferiran una alternativa metodològica al dictat musical tradicional per a, a través del repertori musical de totes les èpoques, poder formar l'oïda musical d'una manera més completa i integral. / [EN] Since last century, Musical dictation has been the main practice used in the subject of Solfeggio in conservatories for the ear training. The aims of the present work are as follows: 1. To analyse the current situation of ear training and the phenomenon of hearing from different approaches; and 2. To elaborate a methodological proposal for the second year of Solfeggio in Professional Music Education in the conservatories of the Valencian Community, through this previous analysis. To this end: a vision has been given of the ear training through musical education, from the point of view of the pupil and the teacher, and the elements that influence hearing and condition musical training have been analysed, as well as the most suitable strategies for the integral ear training. The aim of this thesis is to offer a didactic proposal, methodologically broad and varied, which contributes significantly to ear training, based on the use of musical literature as the main source of content. The conclusions obtained in this work will offer a methodological alternative to traditional musical dictation in order to train the musical ear in a more complete and integral way through the musical repertoire of all periods. / Martínez Casas, V. (2024). La formación del oído musical en el 2º curso de la asignatura de lenguaje musical de las enseñanzas profesionales de música: una propuesta didáctica fundamentada en la literatura musical [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202616

L’objectif principal de cette étude est de mettre à jour l’œuvre de Sébastien Le Camus († 1677), un nom derrière lequel se cache également celui de son fils, Charles Le Camus († 1717), lui-même compositeur. Les 32 airs connus du père ont été rassemblés dans un recueil d’auteur posthume publié en 1678 à l’initiative du fils. En faisant appel à la métaphore du cercle avec ce recueil au centre, nous parcourons, en périphérie, l’ensemble des sources écrites qui permettaient la diffusion du genre de l’air, sérieux et spirituel, dans la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle et au début du XVIIIe siècle : les recueils collectifs musicaux et poétiques imprimés chez Ballard, les manuscrits conservés en France et à l’étranger, un roman – Clélie de Madeleine de Scudéry – et un périodique, le Mercure galant. Les 211 airs de Sébastien et Charles Le Camus collectés à ce jour ont été détachés de ces sources pour être maintenant rassemblés dans un catalogue (vol. 3) et dans une édition musicale moderne (vol. 4). La dynastie en miniature amène à s’interroger à la fois sur l’objet « partition » et sur la notion d’auteur, questionnée puis mise au centre de notre étude (vol. 1 et 2). En maniant finement cette notion plastique, nous offrons au musicien et au musicologue une analyse tant du contexte de création des airs que du matériau musical en tant que tel. Cette analyse, qui propose un va-et-vient entre la théorie et la pratique contemporaines de nos auteurs, amène à voir l’air comme un genre en mouvement dont la vie dépend tant de son succès dans les réseaux de sociabilité que de sa faculté à être composé, décomposé et recomposé pour s’adapter aux circonstances de son exécution. / The main goal of this study is to unveil the work of Sébastien Le Camus († 1677), behind whose name one also finds that of his son, Charles Le Camus († 1717), himself a composer. A collection of the father’s 32 known airs was published posthumously in 1678 upon the son’s initiative. By means of a metaphor, where that collection is at the centre of a circle, we navigate on the circle’s periphery through the set of written sources that allowed for diffusion of the genre of the French air, both secular and sacred, in the second half of the 17th century and at the beginning of the 18th century: The collections of airs and song-texts published by Ballard, the manuscripts kept in France and abroad, a novel – Clélie by Madeleine de Scudéry – and a periodical, the Mercure galant. The 211 airs by Sébastien and Charles Le Camus collected to date, extracted from those sources, are now gathered in a catalogue (vol.3) and in a modern music edition (vol.4). The miniature dynasty leads to explore the « score » as an object as well as the notion of author, first questioned and then set at the core of our study (vol.1 and 2). By subtle handling of that flexible notion, we offer to musicians and musicologists an analysis of both the airs’ creation context and the music material itself. This analysis, based on a constant dialogue between the theory and the practice of our authors’ time, leads to viewing the air as a dynamic genre whose life depends on its success within social milieus as much as on its ability to be composed, decomposed and recomposed according to the requirements of its performance context.