Antimony film electrode was studied for the use in a voltammetric analysis of organic compounds. The substance chosen as an analyte was trifluralin, which is used as a pesticide. The comparison of different substrate electrodes was carried out between five electrodes, which were gold, silver, copper, polished amalgam and glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Best performance was observed on antimony film glassy carbon electrode (SbFGCE). It provided higher sensitivity and lower limit of quantification in comparison with bare GCE. The antimony film was stable and it provided good reproducibility (RSD = 5.2 %). Parameters of an electrochemical preparation of SbFGCE were optimized. Conditions for determination of concentration of trifluralin were optimized on newly prepared SbFGCE. The best conditions were in a solution of methanol and 0.1 M hydrochloric acid in 1:1 ratio measured by differential pulse voltammetry. The limit of quantification was determined as 1.2·10-6 mol·l-1 . A direct voltammetric measurement on SbFGCE was carried out in a model river sample. Lower limits of quantification were achieved with solid phase extraction (SPE). Recovery values were 86 ± 8 % in deionized water with a preconcentration factor of 125. The limit of quantification was lowered to value 1.1·10-8 mol·l-1 . The extraction...

Les antibiotiques sont des polluants présents dans les écosystèmes aquatiques, réceptacles ultimes des substances anthropiques. L’étude de ces composés porte sur leur rémanence dans le milieu ou leurs effets sur des organismes naturels. De nombreux efforts ont été faits à l’échelle mondiale pour l’évaluation de la qualité environnementale des différentes ressources en eau pour la survie des espèces aquatiques mais aussi pour la consommation humaine et le risque sanitaire lié. Dans ce but, l’optimisation des techniques analytiques pour ces composés dans les systèmes aquatiques demeure une nécessité. Notre objectif est de développer des méthodes d’extraction et de détection pour 12 molécules appartenant à la famille des aminoglycosides et de la colistine dans les eaux des stations d’épuration et les eaux hospitalières. L’absence des méthodes d’analyse pour ces composés ainsi que le manque des études permettant leur détection dans l’eau sont les raisons de leur étude. L’Extraction sur Phase Solide (SPE) en mode classique (hors ligne) ou en ligne, suivie d’une analyse par la Chromatographie Liquide couplée à la Spectrométrie de Masse (LC/MS/MS) est la méthode la plus couramment employée pour ce type d’analyse. Les paramètres sont optimisés et validés afin d’assurer les meilleures conditions utilisées dans les analyses environnementales. Cette technique a été appliquée sur des échantillons réels des eaux des stations d’épuration à Bordeaux et au Liban. / Antibiotics are pollutants present in aquatic ecosystems ultimate receptacles of anthropogenic substances. These compounds are studied as their persistence in the environment or their effects on natural organisms. Numerous efforts have been made worldwide to assess the environmental quality of different water resources for the survival of aquatic species, but also for human consumption and health risk related. Towards goal, the optimization of analytical techniques for these compounds in aquatic systems remains a necessity. Our objective is to develop extraction and detection methods for 12 molecules of aminoglycosides and colistin in sewage treatment plants and hospitals waters. The lack of analytical methods for analysis of these compounds and the deficiency of studies for their detection in water is the reason for their study. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) in classic mode (offline) or online followed by Liquid Chromatography analysis coupled with Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/ MS) is the most method commonly used for this type of analysis. The parameters are optimized and validated to ensure the best conditions for the environmental analysis. This technique was applied to real samples of wastewater treatment plants in Bordeaux and Lebanon.

Dans le milieu interstellaire (MIS) les grains de poussière jouent un rôle très important pour la chimie au sein des nuages moléculaires offrant une surface froide sur laquelle les atomes et molécules de la phase gazeuse vont s'accréter, formant un manteau de glace. Les nuages moléculaires sont caractérisés par des basses températures (10-50 K) et sont le lieu de formation des étoiles. Après effondrement gravitationnel du nuage suite à une trop forte densité en son sein, celui-ci devient le lieu de formation d'une nouvelle étoile. L'enveloppe autour de l'étoile évolue en disque dans lequel pourra se former des planètes, astéroïdes, comètes et autres objets d'un système planétaire. Durant cette formation stellaire, les glaces interstellaires (et les molécules qu'elles contiennent) sont alors soumises à plusieurs processus énergétiques (cycle de réchauffement, irradiations par des photons UV ou des particules chargées) qui vont affecter leurs compositions chimiques et finalement augmenter la complexité moléculaire avant leur incorporation dans les différentes objets du futur système planétaire. En laboratoire, afin de mieux comprendre l'évolution des molécules, composantes des glaces, nous avons développé une nouvelle approche qui consiste à réaliser des analogues "spécifiques" auxquels un seul processus énergétique à la fois est appliqué. Nous avons alors montré l'importance de l'effet thermique longtemps négligé pour la formation de molécules organiques complexes, montrant plusieurs implications astrophysiques et exobiologiques. Nos études permettent une meilleure compréhension des processus chimiques qui ont lieu dans la phase solide du MIS. / Dust grains in the interstellar medium (ISM) play an important role in dense molecular clouds chemistry in providing a surface (catalyst) upon which atoms and molecules can freeze out, forming icy mantles. Dense molecular clouds are characterized by low temperature (10-50 K) and represent the birth sites of stars. After a gravitational breakdown, a part of the dense molecular cloud collapses toward the formation of star and subsequently a protoplanetary disk from which planets, asteroids and comets will appear. During this evolution, interstellar organic material inside ices undergoes different range of chemical alterations (thermal cycling process, ultraviolet photons, cosmic rays irradiation) hence increasing the molecular complexity before their incorporation inside precometary ices. In laboratory, in order to better understand the evolution of molecules in interstellar ices, we developed a new approach by making "specifics" interstellar ices analogues submitted to one energetic process at time. Consequently we showed the importance of thermal reactivity (neglected effect for long time) for the formation of complexes organics molecules (HMT, trimers, aminoalcools) which are more refractory compounds than water. Our works have many implications in astrophysics since we gave crucial informations on the chemical processes that are happening in solid phase chemistry of the ISM, and on the formation of news molecules which could be incorporated in parent's body of meteorites/comets. We also show some Exobiological implications particularly for the formations of amino acids in the ISM.

Les oligopyridine-dicarboxamides et les oligoquinoline-carboxamides sont des oligomères synthétiques capables d’adopter des conformations hélicoïdales stables et bien définies. Les premiers sont comparables à des ressorts moléculaires qui peuvent s’étirer puis s’autoassembler pour former des doubles hélices artificielles. L’étude structurale d’oligopyridines de différentes tailles par diffraction des rayons X et RMN a permis d’éclaircir les principes de l’hybridation en double hélice. Par exemple, nous constatons que la stabilité du duplex est d’autant plus grande que l’oligomère est long mais la cinétique de l’hybridation décroit avec la taille des hélices. Ces propriétés sont modulables en fonction de divers paramètres tels que le solvant ou les substituants des pyridines. Les seconds forment de simples hélices moléculaires stables dans les solvants organiques mais aussi dans l’eau. Nous avons développé leur synthèse sur support solide afin de disposer de séquences variées, à l’image des alpha-peptides. Des études par RMN suggèrent que l’introduction d’unités aminométhylpyridines au sein d’un oligoquinoline hydrosoluble apporte de la flexibilité sans perturber sa structure hélicoïdale. Cela témoigne de la stabilité de ces structures secondaires dans les solvants protiques. Par ailleurs, certains de ces peptidomimes s’avèrent capables de reconnaitre et stabiliser des motifs structuraux particuliers de l’ADN : les G-quadruplex. Etant donné que ces architectures se forment à des endroits clés du génome impliqués dans des cancers, ces hélices moléculaires font figure de potentiels agents antitumoraux d’un nouveau genre. / Oligopyridine-dicarboxamides and oligoquinoline-carboxamides are synthetic oligomers able to fold into stable and well defined helical conformations. The first ones are comparable to molecular springs which can extend then associate to form artificial double helices. A structural study of oligopyridines of various sizes by X-ray diffraction and NMR provided a better understanding of the hybridization process. For example, we noticed that the stability of the duplex is all the higher as the oligomer is long but the kinetics of hybridization decrease with length. These properties depend on diverse parameters such as the solvent or the substituants of pyridine rings. The second family forms stable single helices in organic solvents and also in water. We adapted their synthesis on solid support to promote accessibility to a variety of sequences, just like for alphas-peptides. NMR studies suggested that the introduction of aminomethylpyridine units within a hydrophilic oligoquinoline strand brings some flexibility without disrupting its helical structure, showing the high stability of these secondary structures in protic solvents. Besides, some of these peptidomimetics turn out to be capable of recognizing and stabilizing a particular DNA motif: G-quadruplex structure. Given that these architectures form in critical places of the genome involved in cancers, these molecular helices may represent a new class of potential antitumoral agents.

Nesta pesquisa está sendo investigada, pela primeira vez, a composição química de lúpulos cultivados no Brasil para a produção de cervejas artesanais. Para isso, foram analisadas 10 amostras de lúpulos das variedades cascade, columbus, chinook e hallertauer, cultivados em diferentes regiões do Brasil (Minas Gerais, Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul). Quando foram comparadas as composições químicas dos lúpulos cultivados no Brasil com lúpulos comerciais produzidos em outros países, verificou-se que o lúpulo da variedade cascade produzido em Araxá - MG era o que apresentava maior similaridade ao produto comercial. O cascade nacional apresentou teores de humulonas e lupulonas de 4% e 3%, respectivamente. Quanto aos teores de óleo essencial, o cascade nacional apresentou um rendimento de 1,2 % (v/m). Os principais constituintes do óleo essencial deste lúpulo foram: mirceno (59%), 2-metilbutil isobutirato (0,7%), linalol (0,5%), β-cariofileno (4%), α-humuleno (15%) e α-farneseno (1%). Após esta triagem, o lúpulo cascade nacional foi utilizado para fabricação de uma cerveja artesanal, sendo que, em paralelo foi também fabricada uma cerveja artesanal com o lúpulo cascade comercial (controle), a fim de comparar o efeito da origem do lúpulo na composição química de voláteis e iso-humulonas nas cervejas produzidas. Além disso, também está sendo investigado o efeito da adição de uma enzima beta-glicosidase na liberação de terpenos provenientes do lúpulo nas cervejas fabricadas com o lúpulo cultivado no Brasil e com o lúpulo comercial. Para análise dos voláteis da cerveja foi otimizada, por metodologia de superfície de resposta, a etapa de extração dos voláteis empregando micro-extração em fase sólida de headspace (HS-SPME). As condições ótimas de extração foram: fibra CAR/DVB/PDMS, temperatura de extração de 75 °C por 121 minutos. As cervejas produzidas apresentaram diferenças na composição dos seus voláteis, e no aroma avaliado em uma degustação as cegas. Aquelas cervejas elaboradas com enzima apresentaram aromas mais intensos que as elaboradas sem enzima β-glicosidase, o que pode ser explicado pela maior quantidade de certos terpenos nestas cervejas, o que sugere a existência de terpenos glicosilados nos lúpulos empregados. Quanto aos teores de iso-humulonas nas cervejas, embora estes compostos foram quantificados nas quatro cervejas elaboradas, não foi possível comparar os resultados por um possível erro na etapa de lupulagem durante a elaboração das cervejas. / In this research the chemical composition of cascade, columbus, chinook and hallertauer hops, cultivated in different regions of Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul) are being investigated for chemical composition for the first time. When comparing the chemical compositions of Brazilian hops with commercial hops produced in other countries, it was verified that the cascade variety produced in Araxá city (MG) were the most similar to the commercial products. The cascade cultivated in Brazil presented levels of humulones and lupulones of 4% and 3%, respectively. Regarding the essential oil contents, cascade cultivated in Brazil showed a yield of 1.2% (v/w). The main constituents of the essential oil of this hop were: β-mycene (59%), 2-methylbutyl isobutyrate (0.7%), linalool (0.5%), β-caryophyllene (4%), α-humulene and α-farnesene (1%). After this sceening, the cascade cultivated in Brazil were used to make a craft beer, and in parallel was also made a craft beer with commercial cascade hop (control), in order to compare the effect of hops origin on volatiles chemical composition and on iso-humulones content in the beers produced. In addition, the effect of β-glucosidase, an enzyme which catalyses the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing residues in β-glucosidese (EC number: 3.2.1.21), on the release of hop volatiles (from glicoside terpenes) to beers is also being investigated. For the beer volatile analysis, the extraction step by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions were: CAR/DVB/PDMS fiber, and extraction temperature of 75 °C for 121 minutes. The beers produced showed differences in the composition of their volatiles, and in the aroma evaluated in a blind sensory test. The beers made with enzyme showed more intense aromas than those made without β-glucosidase, which can be explained by the greater amount of certain terpenes in these beers, which suggests the existence of glycosylated terpenes in the hops. Regarding the iso-humulone levels in the beers, although these compounds were quantified in the elaborated beers, it was not possible to compare the results by a possible error in the hopping stage during brewing.

Cette thèse projetait d’étudier à la fois l’hydrodynamique et le transfert de masse dans les colonnes de pulvérisation et les colonnes à bulles, et de comparer leurs consommations de puissance spécifiques afin d’élaborer la directive de sélection pour les utilisations industrielles. Les résultats ont indiqué que la colonne à bulles avait une surface interfaciale spécifique plus grande que la colonne de pulvérisation lorsqu’on utilise un faible taux de charge de gaz. Dans cette plage de fonctionnement, la colonne à bulles produisait un coefficient de transfert de masse global plus élevé avec la même consommation d'énergie spécifique. Cependant, lorsqu’elle fonctionnait à un taux de charge de gaz élevé, la colonne de pulvérisation était meilleure que la colonne à bulles, car celle-ci consommait une plus grande consommation d’énergie, la chute de pression de la colonne à bulles étant principalement due au débit de gaz. En outre, cette recherche a également étudié l'effet de la phase solide sur l'hydrodynamique et le transfert de masse dans la colonne à bulles et la colonne de pulvérisation. En utilisant la méthode colorimétrique de l'expérience «bouteille rouge», il a été constaté que la collision bulle-particules diminuait le transfert de masse des bulles car la collision ralentissait les bulles, en particulier pour les petites bulles, du fait que la petite bulle perdait simplement leur vitesses de la collision. Cependant, l’introduction des particules présentait un avantage, car les particules solides pouvaient obstruer la bulle en hausse et réduire sa vitesse de montée. En conséquence, le temps de contact entre le gaz et le liquide est augmenté et conduit à une plus grande rétention de gaz, une zone interfaciale spécifique et donc un transfert de masse. / This thesis projected to investigate both hydrodynamics and mass transfer in both spray and bubble columns and comparing their specific power consumptions in order to develop the selection guideline for industrial usages. The results indicated that the bubble column had larger specific interfacial area than the spray column when using a small gas loading rate. At this range of operation, the bubble column yielded a higher overall mass transfer coefficient with the same specific power consumption. However, when operating at high gas loading rate, the spray column was the one better than the bubble column since the bubble column consumed larger power consumption as the pressure drop of the bubble column was mostly due to the gas flow. In addition, this research also studied the effect of the solid phase on the hydrodynamics and mass transfer in the bubble column and spray column. By using the colorimetric method of “red bottle” experiment, it was found that the bubble-particles collision diminished the mass transfer of bubbles because the collision slowed down the bubbles especially for the small bubbles due to the fact that the small bubble simply lost their velocities from the collision. However, there was an advantage of introducing the particles since solid particles could obstruct the rising bubble and reduced its rising velocity. Consequently, the contact time between gas and liquid is increased and resulted in a higher gas hold up, specific interfacial area and thus mass transfer.

Foi desenvolvido um método para determinar canabinóides (canabidiol, canabinol e delta-9-tetraidrocanabinol) no cabelo. Uma amostra de 10mg foi descontaminada com diclorometano, seguida de digestão alcalina, microextração em fase sólida por headspace (HS-SPME) e analisada por espectrometria de massa associada à cromatografia em fase gasosa (GC/MS). Os limites de detecção e de quantificação foram de 0,07 e 0,12 ng/mg, respectivamente, para todos canabinóides estudados. O método demonstrou ser simples, rápido, preciso e linear no intervalo de 0,12 a 12 ng/mg (r2 > 0,98). Amostras de cabelo de 8 usuários de Cannabis foram coletadas de pacientes provenientes de uma clínica dependentes pela equipe médica. O método mostrou-se eficiente em amostras de cabelos de usuários que faziam uso da droga pelo menos 10 vezes por semana. / A method was to develop to detect cannabinoids (cannabidiol, cannabinol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) in hair. A 10 mg of hair sample was descontaminated by dichloromethane followed by alkalin digestion, headspace solid-phase microextraction technique (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG/MS). The detection and quantitation limits were 0,07 and 0,12ng/mg respectively for all studied cannabinoids. The method proved to be simple, fast, precise and linear at the range of 0,12 to 12ng/mg (r2 > 0,98). Eight hair samples of Cannabis user were collected from patients at admittance from a dependence clinic by clinical staff. The method showed efficient in samples of users who use the drug at least 10 fold a week.

Este estudo apresenta o desenvolvimento da metodologia de extração em fase sólida e separação em cromatográfica líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas em sequencia, SPE-LC-MS/MS, para a determinação de 21 (vinte e um) fármacos pertencentes a diferentes classes terapeuticas, 1 (uma) droga de abuso e seu principal metabólito, em amostras de água superficial. A separação cromatográfica foi otimizada estudando o desempenho de fases estacionárias e fases móvies. A quantificação dos compostos selecionados foi realizada com a ionização por eletronebulização (electrospray ionization- ESI) e o espectrômetro de massas operando no modo de Monitoramento de Múltiplas Reações (Multiplas Reaction Monitoring- MRM). A validação da metodologia proposta foi realizada utilizando os parâmetros de seletividade, efeito de matriz, faixa de trabalho, linearidade, limites de detecção (LD) e quantificação (LQ), precisão, exatidão, recuperação e robustez. A validação da metodologia permitiu a sua aplicação na avaliação da distribuição dos 23 compostos selecionados, nas águas da represa Guarapiranga, um dos principais sistemas produtor de água potável da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). A presença desses poluentes nos ambientes aquáticos é proveniente da liberação direta do esgoto urbano das habitações do seu entorno, como consequência do precário sistema de saneamento básico. As águas da represa Guarapiranga foram avaliadas em 14 (quatorze) locais estrategicamente escolhidos e amostradas durante 3 (três) campanhas de coleta de amostra (agosto de 2011, setembro de 2012 e abril de 2013). Nessas amostras foram quantificados acetaminofeno (9,6 - 254 ng L-1), atenolol (8,5 177 ng L-1), benzoilegonina (7,9 139 ng L-1), cafeína (27 27386 ng L-1), carbamazepina (12 358 ng L-1), clortalidona (9,4 35 ng L-1), cocaína (12,8 2650 ng L-1), diclofenaco (8 35 ng L-1), enalapril (20 ng L-1), losartana (6,7 114 ng L-1) e valsartana (9,7 - 47 ng L-1). O ponto de coleta denominado de GU103-12 (23°4188.5S 46°4467.3W) foi a região que apresentou os valores mais elevados quanto ao nível de concentração dos compostos avaliados e ao índice de risco integrado de poluição química aquática (Integrated Risk Index of Chemical Aquatic Pollution IRICAP). O estudo também foi realizado em amostras de água de reservatórios das Unidades de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (UGRHI) 5 e 6 do Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados demonstraram que o uso e a ocupação do solo influenciam diretamente na qualidade da água dos reservatórios, evidenciando a necessidade de implementar melhorias no sistema de coleta de esgoto e de ocupação irregular para evitar a contaminação e o descarte inadequado em ambientes aquáticos. / This study presents the development of the methodology of solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry, SPE-LC-MS/MS, for the determination of 21 (twenty one) pharmaceuticals belonging to different therapeutic groups, 1 (one) illicit drug and its major metabolite, in surface water samples. The chromatographic separation was optimized by studying the performance of different stationary and mobile phases. Quantitation of selected compounds was performed by electrospray ionization (ESI) and the mass spectrometer operating in a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The validation of the proposed methodology was performed using the parameters of selectivity, matrix effect, dynamic range, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, recovery and robustness. The validation of methodology allowed to apply the methodology in the evaluation of the distribution of the 23 (twenty one) selected compounds, in Guarapiranga Dam waters, an of the major producer system of drinking water of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). The presence of these pollutants in aquatic environments is from the direct release of urban sewage from the homes of your surroundings, as a result of poor sanitation system. The waters of Guarapiranga dam were evaluated in 14 (fourteen) locations strategically chosen and sampled in 3 (three) campaigns of sample collection (August 2011, September 2012 and April 2013). In these samples were quantified acetaminophen (9.6 - 254 ng L-1), atenolol (8.5 - 177 ng L-1), benzoylegonine (7.9 - 139 ng L-1), caffeine (27 - 27386 ng L-1) carbamazepine (12 - 358 ng L-1), chlorthalidone (9.4 - 35 ng L-1), cocaine (12.8 - 2560 ng L-1), diclofenac (8 - 36 ng L-1), enalapril (20 ng L-1), losartan (6.7 - 114 ng L-1) and valsartan (9.7 - 47 ng L-1). The sample siting GU103-12 (23°4188.5S 46°4467.3W) was the region with the highest values in the level of concentration of the target compounds and the integrated risk index of chemical aquatic pollution (IRICAP). The study was also conducted on water samples from reservoirs of the UGRHI (Unit of Water Resources Management) 5 and 6, State o São Paulo. The results showed that the use and occupation of land directly influence the reservoir water quality highlighting the need to implement improvements in sewage collection system and illegal occupation to prevent contamination and the improper disposal in aquatic environments.

A análise estereosseletiva tem um lugar de destaque em várias áreas e, dentre elas, a farmacêutica, pois diversos fármacos quirais são comercializados como misturas racêmicas. A análise estereosseletiva empregando a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e a eletroforese capilar é prática e bastante eficaz para aplicações que envolvem a determinação de enantiômeros ao nível de traços em matrizes complexas, como por exemplo, em estudos de disposição cinética. Entretanto, devido à complexidade das matrizes biológicas, há necessidade da preparação da amostra antes de sua análise. Entre as diversas técnicas existentes, as mais utilizadas são a extração líquido-líquido e a extração em fase sólida. Contudo, essas técnicas apresentam algumas desvantagens,sendo a principal delas o uso de grandes quantidades de solventes. Portanto, técnicas que requerem pouco ou nenhum consumo de solventes orgânicos são bastante desejáveis. Entre essas técnicas destacam-se a microextração em fase sólida (SPME) e a microextração em fase líquida (LPME). Essas técnicas relativamente recentes têm como vantagens a utilização de quantidades mínimas de solventes orgânicos, o alto poder de concentração, a remoção dos interferentes da matriz biológica e a simplicidade de automação. Nesse trabalho propusemos a utilização da SPME e LPME como técnicas de preparação de amostras de urina, visando o desenvolvimento de métodos estereosseletivos com detectabilidade e seletividade adequadas para aplicação em estudos posteriores de disposição cinética. A SPME foi empregada para análise estereosseletiva do ibuprofeno e de seus principais metabólitos, carboxiibuprofeno e 2-hidroxiibuprofeno e da hidroxicloroquina e seus principais metabólitos, enquanto que a LPME foi usada para a análise estereosseletiva da hidroxicloroquina e seus metabólitos. Inicialmente, foi realizada a otimização da separação dos fármacos e metabólitos em diversas colunas quirais,a otimização da separação da hidroxicloroquina e seus metabólitos por eletroforese capilar e,em seguida, a otimização dos procedimentos de extração e a validação dos métodos desenvolvidos. Utilizando a coluna Chiralpak AD-RH® e fase móvel composta por solução de ácido fosfórico 1 mol L-1 pH 3 : metanol (75 : 25, v/v), foi validado um método para análise enantiosseletiva do ibuprofeno em urina. A SPME foi empregada para extração do ibuprofeno das amostras de urina utilizando a fibra PDMS-DVB 60 6;m. O método mostrou ser linear na faixa de concentração de 0,25 a 25 μg mL–1 para cada enantiômero. Para a análise do 2-hidroxiibuprofeno e carboxiibuprofeno, foi utilizada a coluna Chiralpak AS® e fase móvel composta por hexano: isopropanol (94 : 6, v/v) + 0,05% de ácido trifluoracético. A extração desses metabólitos foi feita empregando a fibra de CW-TPR 50 µm. O método mostrou ser linear na faixa de concentração de 5 a 50 µg mL -1. Já para a análise da hidroxicloroquina e seus principais metabólitos, DHCQ e DCQ, foi utilizada a coluna Chiralcel OD-H® e fase móvel composta por hexano : etanol : metanol (96 : 2 : 2, v/v/v) + 0,2% de dietilamina. A extração desses metabólitos foi feita empregando a fibra de PDMSDVB 60 μm. O método mostrou ser linear na faixa de concentração de 50 a 1000 ng mL -1para HCQ e 42 - 416 ng mL-1 para os metabólitos. A microextração em fase líquida foi avaliada na análise da hidroxicloroquina e seus metabólitos, BDCQ, DHCQ e DCQ e separação por eletroforese capilar. Para tanto foi utilizado um capilar de sílica fundida nãorecoberto com um comprimento efetivo de 42 cm, e 30 mmol L-1 de HP-b-CD + 1% de CD-b- sulfatada dissolvida em tampão tris(hidroxiaminometano) 100 mmol L-1 pH 9 como tampão de análise. O método mostrou ser linear na faixa de concentração de 10 - 1000 ng mL-1 para HCQ e 21-333 ng mL-1 para os metabólitos. Obteve-se precisão com coeficientes de variação inferiores a 15% e exatidão com erros relativos menores que 15% para todos os métodos desenvolvidos. Após validação, os métodos foram empregados na determinação da quantidade excretada acumulada do do ibuprofeno, da hidroxicloroquina e de seus metabólitos após administração de de rac-ibuprofeno e rac-hidroxicloroquina a voluntários sadios. Em suma, as duas técnicas foram eficientes na extração dos fármacos e metabólitos estudados. A SPME mostrou ser uma técnica de mais fácil manuseio, porém com baixos valores de recuperação. Por outro lado, a LPME apresentou valores de recuperação maiores, porém o manuseio do sistema de extração foi mais difícil, necessitando de um tempo maior para o domínio da técnica. / The stereoselective analysis has been standing out in several areas, and it is mainly present in the pharmaceutical industry, since many drugs are marketed as racemic mixtures. The stereoselective analysis employing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) is very useful for the determination of enantiomers at very low concentrations, as the ones found in biological matrices, for instance, in pharmacokinetic studies. The first step in the analysis of drugs in biological fluids is the extraction procedure. The most common extraction procedures employed are liquid-liquid extraction and solidphase extraction. These techniques show several drawbacks, such as the high amount of organic solvent consumed. So, based on this fact, techniques that consume small amounts of organic solvents are desirable. Among these techniques, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) have been stood out. The main advantages of these techniques are the small amount of organic solvent consumed and its high capacity in drug concentration. In this work, our purpose was to employ the SPME and the LPME as sample preparation techniques to develop stereoselective methods to be further applied in pharmacokinetic studies. SPME was employed for the stereoselective analysis of ibuprofen, hydroxychloroquine and their major metabolites.On the other hand,LPME was employed only for the enantioselective analysis of hydroxychloroquine and its metabolites. The first step was the separation optimization of the drugs and their metabolites by HPLC using several chiral columns, and the separation optimization of hydroxychloroquine and its metabolites by CE. Next, the extraction optimizations and method validations were performed. The enantioselective analysis of ibuprofen in human urine was carried out in the Chiralpak AD-RH® column, using methanol-pH 3.0 phosphoric acid solution (75 : 25 v/v) as mobile phase. The method was linear over the 0.5 - 25 µg mL-1 concentration range for both enantiomers. The fiber used in this method was PDMS-DVB 60 µm.The analysis of 2-hydroxyibuprofen and carboxyibuprofen was performed on a Chiralpak AS® column using hexane:isopropanol (95 : 5 v/v) plus 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid as the mobile phase. The method was linear over the 5 - 50 µg mL-1 concentration range. To perform the extractions, a CW-TPR 50 µm coated fiber was employed. The analysis of hydroxychloroquine and its major metabolites (DCQ and DHCQ) was done on a Chiralcel OD-H® column using hexane-methanol-ethanol (96 : 2 : 2, v/v/v) plus 0.2% diethylamine as mobile phase. The extraction was performed using a PDMS-DVB 60 µm coated fiber. The method was linear over the range of 50 - 1000 ng mL-1 for HCQ enantiomers and over the range of 42 - 416 ng mL-1 for DCQ and DHCQ enantiomers. LPME and CE were applied for the chiral determination of hydroxychloroquine and its metabolites (DCQ, DHCQ, BDCQ) in human urine. The electrophoretic separations were carried out in 100 mmol L-1tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer (pH adjusted to 9.0 with phosphoric acid) containing 1% (w/v) S-b-CD and 30 mg mL-1 HP-?-CD, with a constant voltage of +18 kV. The method was linear over the concentration range of 10-1000 ng mL -1 for each HCQ stereoisomer and 21-333 ng mL -1 for each metabolite stereoisomer. Within-day and between-day assay precision and accuracy for all described methods were lower than 15%. The developed methods were applied for the determination of the cumulative urinary excretion of ibuprofen metabolites and hydroxychloroquine and its metabolites after oral administration of racibuprofen and rac-hydroxychloroquine to health volunteers. Comparing the techniques, both SPME and LPME were efficient to extract the drugs and their metabolites from human urine. iv SPME showed to be an easier technique to handle, however, the drug amount recovered by this technique was too small. On the contrary, LPME was a more difficulty technique to be handled, but better recovery values were obtained with this technique.

Neste trabalho, é proposto o desenvolvimento de instrumentação e procedimentos analíticos automáticos empregando fotometria em fase sólida para determinação de zinco em produtos farmacêuticos e água. Para implementação do procedimento analítico, todo o sistema foi acoplado a um computador através de uma interface eletrônica. Um software escrito em linguagem QuickBASIC 4.5 permite que o computador efetue o controle da adição das soluções da amostra e do eluente e faça aquisição de dados. O sistema de detecção é constituído de uma cela de fluxo contendo, um LED e um fotodiodo. A geometria da cela de fluxo possibilitava variar o comprimento do caminho óptico. O procedimento para determinação do zinco foi baseado na retenção do analito na fase sólida (TAN-C18), previamente inserida na cela de fluxo, seguido de uma etapa de eluição. Com os parâmetros analíticos otimizados obteve-se resposta linear na faixa de 0,05 a 0,85 mg L-1 (R=0,995), limite detecção de 9,3 \'mü\'g L-1, coeficiente de variação de 1,4% (n=10) e frequência de amostragem de 36 det h-1. O módulo de análise foi aplicado em amostras de produtos farmacêuticos e a exatidão dos resultados foi averiguada comparando com os resultados obtidos por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente ICP-OES. Aplicando-se tratamento estatístico apropriado, observou-se que não havia diferença significativa ao nível de confiança de 95 %. Estes resultados comprovam a viabilidade do emprego de fotômetro de LED em fotometria em fase sólida / In this work, it is propose the instrumentation and automatic analytic procedures development using solid phase spectrophotometry for determination of zinc in pharmaceutical preparations and water. For analytic procedure implementation, the whole system was coupled to a computer through an electronic interface. A written software in language QuickBASIC 4.5 allows the computer makes the sample solutions addition control and of eluent and do data acquisition. The detection system is constituted of a flow cell contend, a LED and a photodiode. The flow cell geometry enabled vary the length of the optical path. The procedure for zinc determination was going based in analyte retention in the solid phase (TAN-C18), previously inserted in the flow cell, followed by an elution stage. With the optimized analytic parameters it btained lineal answer in the band of 0,05 to 0,85 mg L-1 (R=0,995), limit detection of 9,3 \'mü\'g L-1, variation coefficient of 1,4% (n=10) and sampling throughput of 36 det h-1. The analysis module was going applied in pharmaceutical preparations samples and the exactness of the results was going ascertained comparing with the results obtained for inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectrometry of with ICP- its. Applying appropriated statistical treatment, it observed that there wasn\'t significant difference to the reliable level of 95 %. These results prove photometer job viability of LED in photometry in solid phase