Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) is a disease characterised by repetitive upper airway obstructions which are manifest by desaturation and arousal from sleep. It has been known for many years that this interruption to the normal architecture of sleep may present to the clinician as excessive daytime somnolence often with a complaint of difficulties with concentration and short term memory. Previous work had demonstrated a relationship between variables of cognitive dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea, however, little was known about which components of the syndrome contributed to this outcome and whether specific clinical thresholds of sleep disordered breathing could be defined for the development of cognitive dysfunction. In the context of this body of work cognitive dysfunction is defined as: a level of cognitive performance below normal derived values for a given cognitive test, when the subjects performance is controlled for age, sex and level of education.

Thèse de doctorat : Psychologie. Physiologie et Biologie des Organismes-Populations-Interactions : Strasbourg 1 : 2008. / Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 25 p.

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) is a disease characterised by repetitive upper airway obstructions which are manifest by desaturation and arousal from sleep. It has been known for many years that this interruption to the normal architecture of sleep may present to the clinician as excessive daytime somnolence often with a complaint of difficulties with concentration and short term memory. Previous work had demonstrated a relationship between variables of cognitive dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea, however, little was known about which components of the syndrome contributed to this outcome and whether specific clinical thresholds of sleep disordered breathing could be defined for the development of cognitive dysfunction. In the context of this body of work cognitive dysfunction is defined as: a level of cognitive performance below normal derived values for a given cognitive test, when the subjects performance is controlled for age, sex and level of education.

Les parasomnies forment un ensemble de troubles du sommeil caractérisés par la survenue de comportements ou de phénomènes psychiques indésirables au cours du sommeil. Les parasomnies du sommeil lent profond (SLP) regroupent le somnambulisme, les terreurs nocturnes et les éveils confusionnels et surviennent au décours d’éveils brutaux en SLP. Elles s’associent souvent chez un même individu et pourraient représenter des variantes cliniques d’une même pathologie.Longtemps considérées comme des troubles bénins du sommeil, les données actuelles soulignent les conséquences des parasomnies, avec des mises en danger et un retentissement fonctionnel diurne. Nos trois premiers travaux ont permis une meilleure caractérisation du phénotype et des conséquences des parasomnies, en particulier sur le plan de la somnolence et des phénomènes douloureux chroniques. Près de la moitié des adultes parasomniaques rapportaient une plainte de somnolence diurne excessive associée à une propension marquée au sommeil sur les premières heures de la journée. Nous retrouvions une fréquence élevée de douleurs chroniques, de céphalées et de migraine. Par ailleurs nous avons décrit un phénomène fréquent d’hypo/analgésie au cours des accès parasomniaques.Le diagnostic des parasomnies du SLP repose uniquement sur des éléments cliniques, sans critères polysomnographiques objectifs. Si des travaux récents suggèrent que les parasomnies sont associées à des altérations discrètes de la microstructure du SLP, les performances diagnostiques de ces paramètres n’ont pas fait l’objet d’études spécifiques. Nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode d’analyse polysomnographique qui offre de bonnes performances de classification chez des adultes parasomniaques et des sujets témoins.Malgré cinq décennies d’études cliniques et expérimentales, la physiopathologie de ces parasomnies reste mal connue. Un modèle permet de conceptualiser les mécanismes de la maladie. Chez un patient prédisposé génétiquement, certaines conditions responsables d’une instabilité du SLP favorisent la survenue d’un éveil dissocié précipité par un stimulus éveillant. Nos travaux en cours et futurs porteront sur l’étude de ces mécanismes au moyen de techniques innovantes de génétique, d’électrophysiologie et d’imagerie fonctionnelle. / Parasomnias are sleep disorders characterized by undesirable behavioral or experiential phenomena occurring during sleep. Disorders such as sleepwalking (somnambulism), sleep terrors and confusional arousal are classified under the term “Non Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep-related parasomnias” as they frequently occur during sudden arousals from slow wave sleep. They often coexist within the same individual and are considered as different phenotypes for a similar underlying pathophysiology.The widespread belief that NREM parasomnias are benign disorders is actually challenged as they can result in various adverse consequences such as violent and injurious behaviors and daytime functional impairment. Our first three studies investigated the clinical phenotype and the consequences of NREM parasomnias, especially subjective and objective daytime sleepiness and chronic pain. We found that almost an half of sleepwalkers had complaint of sleepiness with an increased objective sleep propensity in the morning. We also reported a high frequency of chronic pain, headaches and migraine in patients and described a frequent analgesia phenomenon during injurious parasomniac episodes.The diagnosis of NREM parasomnias is usually made from clinical history, without polysomnographic-based diagnostic criteria. If recent works suggested that NREM parasomnia were associated with subtle changes on the NREM microstructure, the diagnostic performances of these parameters have been poorly studied with appropriate design. We developed a new polysomnographic scoring method that offers a good classification rate of NREM parasomnia patients and controls.Despite almost five decades of clinical and laboratory investigations, the pathophysiology of NREM parasomnias remains poorly understood. One model is currently used to conceptualize the mechanisms of the disease. A predisposed patient is primed by conditions that impair slow wave sleep stability resulting in dissociated arousal precipitated by arousing stimuli. Our further works will investigate the pathophysiology of NREM parasomnia using innovative genetic, electrophysiological and functional imagery approaches.

Les exigences opérationnelles du métier de pilote sont susceptibles d'engendrer de la somnolence et des niveaux de charge mentale inadéquats (i.e., trop faible ou trop élevé) au cours des vols. Les dettes de sommeil et les perturbations circadiennes liées à divers facteurs (e.g., longues périodes de services, horaires de travail irrégulier, etc.) demandent aux pilotes de repousser sans cesse leurs limites biologiques. Par ailleurs, la charge de travail mental des pilotes présente de fortes variations au cours d'un vol : élevée au cours des phases critiques (i.e., décollage et atterrissage), elle devient très réduite pendant les phases de croisière. Lorsque la charge mentale devient trop élevée ou, à l'inverse, trop faible, les performances se dégradent et des erreurs de pilotage peuvent apparaître. La mise en oeuvre de méthodes de détection de l'état de somnolence et du niveau de charge mentale en temps quasi réel est un défi majeur pour le suivi et le contrôle de l'activité de pilotage. L'objectif de la thèse est de déterminer si la voix humaine peut permettre de détecter d'une part, l'état de somnolence et d'autre part, le niveau de charge mentale d'un individu. Dans une première étude, la voix de participants a été enregistrée lors d'une tâche de lecture avant et après une nuit de privation totale de sommeil (PTS). Les variations de l'état de somnolence consécutives à la PTS ont été évaluées au moyen de mesures auto-évaluatives et électrophysiologiques (ÉlectroEncéphaloGraphie [EEG] et Potentiels Évoqués [PEs]). Les résultats ont montré une variation significative après la PTS de plusieurs paramètres acoustiques liés : (a) à l'amplitude des impulsions glottiques (fréquence de modulation d'amplitude), (b) à la forme du signal acoustique (longueur euclidienne du signal et ses caractéristiques associées) et (c) au spectre du signal des voyelles (rapport harmonique sur bruit, fréquence du second formant, coefficient d'asymétrie, centre de gravité spectral, différences d'énergie, pente spectrale et coefficients cepstraux à échelle Mel). La plupart des caractéristiques spectrales ont montré une sensibilité différente à la privation de sommeil en fonction du type de voyelles. Des corrélations significatives ont été mises en évidence entre plusieurs paramètres acoustiques et plusieurs indicateurs objectifs (EEG et PEs) de l'état de somnolence. Dans une seconde étude, le signal vocal a été enregistré durant une tâche de rappel de listes de mots. La difficulté de la tâche était manipulée en faisant varier le nombre de mots dans chaque liste (i.e., entre un et sept, correspondant à sept conditions de charge mentale). Le diamètre pupillaire - qui est un indicateur objectif pertinent du niveau de charge mentale - a été mesuré simultanément avec l'enregistrement de la voix afin d'attester de la variation du niveau de charge mentale durant la tâche expérimentale. Les résultats ont montré que des paramètres acoustiques classiques (fréquence fondamentale et son écart type, shimmer, nombre de périodes et rapport harmonique sur bruit) et originaux (fréquence de modulation d'amplitude et variations à court-terme de la longueur euclidienne du signal) ont été particulièrement sensibles aux variations de la charge mentale. Les variations de ces paramètres acoustiques étaient corrélées à celles du diamètre pupillaire. L'ensemble des résultats suggère que les paramètres acoustiques de la voix humaine identifiés lors des expérimentations pourraient représenter des indicateurs pertinents pour la détection de l'état de somnolence et du niveau de charge mentale d'un individu. Les résultats ouvrent de nombreuses perspectives de recherche et d'applications dans le domaine de la sécurité des transports, notamment dans le secteur aéronautique. / Operational requirements of aircraft pilots may cause drowsiness and inadequate mental load levels (i.e., too low or too high) during flights. Sleep debts and circadian disruptions linked to various factors (e.g., long working periods, irregular work schedules, etc.) require pilots to challenge their biological limits. Moreover, pilots' mental workload exhibits strong fluctuations during flights: higher during critical phases (i.e., takeoff and landing), it becomes very low during cruising phases. When the mental load becomes too high or, conversely, too low, performance decreases and flight errors may manifest. Implementation of detection methods of drowsiness and mental load levels in near real time is a major challenge for monitoring and controlling flight activity. The aim of this thesis is therefore to determine if the human voice can serve to detect on one hand the drowsiness and on the other hand the mental load level of an individual. In a first study, the voice of participants was recorded during a reading task before and after a night of total sleep deprivation (TSD). Drowsiness variations linked to TSD were assessed using self-evaluative and electrophysiological measures (ElectroEncephaloGraphy [EEG] and Evoked Potentials [EPs]). Results showed significant variations after the TSD in many acoustic features related to: (a) the amplitude of the glottal pulses (amplitude modulation frequency), (b) the shape of the acoustic wave (Euclidean length of the signal and its associated features) and (3) the spectrum of the vowel signal (harmonic-to-noise ratio, second formant frequency, skewness, spectral center of gravity, energy differences, spectral tilt and Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients). Most spectral features showed different sensitivity to sleep deprivation depending on the vowel type. Significant correlations were found between several acoustic features and several objective indicators (EEG and PEs) of drowsiness. In a second study, voices were recorded during a task featuring word-list recall. The difficulty of the task was manipulated by varying the number of words in each list (i.e., between one and seven, corresponding to seven mental load conditions). Evoked pupillary response - known to be a useful proxy of mental load - was recorded simultaneously with speech to attest variations in mental load level during the experimental task. Results showed that classical features (fundamental frequency and its standard deviation, shimmer, number of periods and harmonic-to-noise ratio) and original features (amplitude modulation frequency and short-term variation in digital amplitude length) were particularly sensitive to variations in mental load. Variations in these acoustic features were correlated to those of the pupil size. Results suggest that the acoustic features of the human voice identified during these experiments could represent relevant indicators for the detection of drowsiness and mental load levels of an individual. Findings open up many research and applications perspectives in the field of transport safety, particularly in the aeronautical sector.

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2012-2013. / Cette thèse doctorale s’intéresse aux conséquences à long terme suite à un traumatisme craniocérébral (TCC) modéré à sévère. L’étude vise à documenter la présence, la sévérité et les corrélats des problèmes de somnolence, de fatigue et de sommeil. Un second objectif est d’évaluer les aspects attentionnels de vitesse de traitement de l’information, d’attention sélective et d’attention soutenue. Dans un troisième temps, la thèse a pour but d’explorer les relations entre la somnolence, la fatigue et le sommeil, d’une part, et le fonctionnement attentionnel, d’autre part. Vingt-deux adultes ayant subi un TCC modéré à sévère entre 1 et 11 ans avant leur implication dans l’étude sont comparés à 22 participants contrôles appariés selon l’âge, le sexe et le niveau d’éducation. L’étude comporte un enregistrement polysomnographique nocturne et diurne, trois tests neuropsychologiques d’attention, une tâche sur un simulateur de conduite automobile, et des mesures subjectives de somnolence, de fatigue et de sommeil. Les résultats du premier article démontrent un niveau de fatigue significativement plus élevé chez les participants TCC, alors que les groupes ne diffèrent pas sur les mesures de somnolence objective ou subjective. L’impact des problèmes de somnolence sur la productivité générale, le temps passé au lit dans la nuit, et la fréquence et la durée des siestes dans la journée sont significativement plus élevés dans le groupe TCC. Les résultats du deuxième article révèlent que les participants TCC performent significativement moins bien aux mesures de vitesse de traitement de l’information et d’attention soutenue dérivées des tests neuropsychologiques et de la tâche de conduite simulée, alors que les groupes ne diffèrent pas sur l’attention sélective. Des associations significatives sont démontrées entre une performance attentionnelle inférieure et une moins bonne continuité du sommeil ou un niveau plus élevé de somnolence, principalement dans le groupe TCC. Aucune relation n’est observée entre les mesures d’attention et de fatigue. Les résultats de la thèse suggèrent que la fatigue est un symptôme plus proéminent que la somnolence plusieurs années après un TCC modéré à sévère. Le recours à des stratégies compensatoires telles que d’augmenter les opportunités de sommeil semble être une pratique courante. Les résultats confirment que la vitesse de traitement de l’information demeure affectée plusieurs années après un TCC et indiquent que l’attention soutenue pourrait aussi être compromise. L’attention semble être reliée à la continuité du sommeil et à la somnolence, suggérant que les patients, cliniciens et chercheurs devraient porter attention à cette interaction. / This doctoral dissertation focused on sleepiness, fatigue, sleep, and attention in the long term following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The study aimed to document the presence and severity of sleepiness, fatigue and sleep problems. Another objective was to assess the attentional aspects of speed of information processing, selective attention, and sustained attention. The dissertation was also intended to explore the relationships between sleepiness, fatigue, and sleep, on one hand, and attentional functioning, on the other hand. Twenty-two adults who had sustained a moderate to severe TBI between 1 and 11 years prior to their enrolment in the study were compared to 22 control participants matched on age, sex, and education. The main outcome measures included nighttime and daytime polysomnographic recordings, three neuropsychological tests of attention, a driving simulator task, and subjective measures of sleepiness, fatigue, and sleep. Results of the first empirical paper indicated a significantly higher level of fatigue in TBI participants compared to controls, whereas groups did not differ on objective or subjective sleepiness measures. The impact of sleepiness on general productivity, the time spent in bed at night, and the frequency and duration of daytime napping were greater in the TBI group. Results of the second empirical paper revealed a poorer performance in TBI compared to control individuals on measures tapping speed of information processing and sustained attention derived from the neuropsychological tests and the driving simulator task, while groups did not differ on selective attention. Significant correlations were observed between poorer attentional performance and poorer sleep continuity or higher levels of sleepiness, mainly in the TBI group. No relationship was found between cognitive performance and subjective fatigue. This dissertation suggests that fatigue is a more prominent symptom than sleepiness when assessed several years after TBI. The use of compensatory strategies such as increasing sleep opportunities appears to be a common practice. Results add to the existing evidence that speed of information processing is still impaired several years after TBI and indicate that sustained attention may also be compromised. Attention seems to be associated with sleep continuity and daytime sleepiness, suggesting that patients, clinicians, and researchers alike should take notice of this interaction.

No description available.

INTRODUÇÃO: A diminuição de horas de sono em estudantes de Medicina é um fator determinante para sonolência excessiva, e está associado a fatores como: sobrecarga de atividades, carga horária curricular excessiva, período de estudo integral, e estresse. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar sonolência diurna e a qualidade do sono entre estudantes de Medicina e sua relação com a qualidade de vida e o ambiente de ensino. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal randomizado de nacional, que utilizou a Escala de Sonolência Diurna de Epworth (ESS), o Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index versão português-Brasil (PSQI-BR), autoavaliação da qualidade de vida, The World Health Organisation Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL-BREF), o Questionário para Avaliar a Qualidade de Vida do Estudante e Residente da Área da Saúde (VERAS-Q), e o Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM), em uma plataforma eletrônica online desenvolvida para o estudo. Consideramos sonolência diurna excessiva os escores de Epworth > 10. RESULTADOS: Dos 1.650 estudantes randomizados, 1.350 (81,8%) completaram todos os questionários. A média (DP) da ESS foi de 10,3 (3,9), e o sexo feminino teve piores escores, 10,9 (3,8) vs 9,5 (3,9), (p < 0,001). Não houve diferença entre os anos do curso. A frequência de escores patológicos da ESS foi de 46,5%, sendo mais prevalente no sexo feminino (53,2 vs 39,0%). A média (DP) dos escores do PSQI-BR foi de 6,7 (3,0) e não houve diferença entre os sexos e anos do curso. Entre os estudantes com os maiores escores de sonolência diurna (quartil superior) 11,8% afirmaram estar satisfeitos com o seu sono. A percepção de qualidade de vida no curso foi menor que a percepção de qualidade de vida em geral, com média (DP) de 6,5 (1,6) vs 7,9 (1,3), respectivamente (p < 0,001). Estudantes do sexo feminino tiveram escores menores nos domínios físico e psicológico do WHOQOL-BREF (p < 0,05), e uso do tempo, psicológico e físico do VERAS-Q (p < 0,05). Alunos do final do curso apresentaram escores mais altos no domínio físico do WHOQOL-BREF (p < 0,05) e mais baixos no domínio ambiente de ensino do VERAS-Q (p < 0,05). Sobre a percepção do ambiente de ensino, de acordo com o DREEM, observamos que os estudantes têm uma visão mais positiva que negativa, média (DP) de 119,4 (27,1). O sexo feminino e os estudantes do quinto e sexto anos tiveram menores escores totais do DREEM (p < 0,05). Estudantes com índices patológicos de sonolência diurna apresentaram pior percepção de qualidade de vida geral e no curso, e piores escores dos domínios do WHOQOL-BREF, VERAS-Q e DREEM. A análise da regressão logística mostrou associação negativa entre a ESS e escores de qualidade de vida e ambiente de ensino, principalmente para os estudantes do quartil superior de Epworth. CONCLUSÕES: Houve uma alta prevalência de sonolência diurna entre estudantes de Medicina, sendo maior no sexo feminino. Os dados do presente estudo sugerem que a sonolência diurna influencia negativamente a percepção de qualidade de vida e do ambiente de ensino, reforçando a importância de medidas preventivas e de orientação dos estudantes de Medicina / INTRODUCTION: Few hours of sleep in medical students is a decisive issue for excessive sleepiness that is associated with: overload of activities, excessive curricular workload, full study period, and stress. We aimed to assess daytime sleepiness and sleep quality among medical students and their relation with the quality of life and the educational environment. METHODS: Cross-sectional multi-centric study with random sample, using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), quality of life self-assessment, The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL-BREF), the Health Professionals and Students\' Life Questionnaire (VERAS-Q), and the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) in an online electronic platform designed for the study. We considered excessive daytime sleepiness the Epworth scores > 10. RESULTS: From the total of 1,650 engaged students, 1,350 (81.8%) completed all questionnaires. The mean (SD) of the ESS was 10.3 (3.9), and female students had worse scores, 10.9 (3.8) vs 9.5 (3.9), (p < 0.001). There was no difference between the phases of medical training. The frequency of pathological ESS scores was 46.5%, being more prevalent in women (53.2 vs 39.0%) than in men. The mean (SD) of the PSQI scores was 6.7 (3.0) and there was no difference between gender and the phases of medical training. Among students with the highest daytime sleepiness scores (upper quartile) 11.8% reported being satisfied with their sleep. The perception of quality of life in the medical school was lower than the perception of quality of life in general, mean (SD) of 6.5 (1.6) vs 7.9 (1.3), respectively (p < 0.001). Female students had lower scores on the physical and psychological domains of the WHOQOL-BREF (p < 0.05), and use of time, psychological and physical domains of the VERAS-Q, (p < 0.05). Students at the end of graduation had higher scores in the physical domain of the WHOQOL-BREF (p < 0.05) and lower scores in the educational environment domain of the VERAS-Q (p < 0.05). Regarding the perception of the educational environment, according to the DREEM, we observed that students have more positive than negative view, mean (SD) of 119.4 (27.1). Females students at the end of graduation had lower global DREEM scores (p < 0.05) than male students. Students with pathological scores of daytime sleepiness had negative perception of overall quality of life and in the medical school, and lower scores of the WHOQOL-BREF, VERAS-Q and DREEM domains. Logistic regression analysis showed negative association between ESS scores and the quality of life questionnaires and teaching environment scores, especially for the upper quartile of Epworth. CONCLUSIONS: There was a higher prevalence of daytime sleepiness among medical students, mainly in females. Data from the present study suggest that daytime sleepiness negatively influences the perception of quality of life and the teaching environment, supporting de adoption of preventive measures and mentoring medical students

INTRODUÇÃO: A empatia representa um dos domínios centrais das habilidades sociais e de comunicação e é frequentemente associada a melhores resultados diagnósticos e terapêuticos. Por esse motivo, as habilidades empáticas dos profissionais da área da saúde têm sido amplamente investigadas no contexto da educação médica. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a empatia do estudante de medicina e sua associação com qualidade de vida, esgotamento profissional e sonolência diurna. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal randomizado de abrangência nacional, com a utilização de questionários de autorrelato validados para a avaliação de empatia (Escala Multidimensional de Reatividade Interpessoal de Davis - EMRI), qualidade de vida (The Whoqol Quality of Life Assessment - WHOQOL-BREF e Questionário para avaliar a qualidade de vida do estudante e residente da área da saúde - Veras-q), esgotamento profissional (Maslach Burnout Inventory - MBI) e sonolência diurna excessiva (Escala de Sonolência Diurna de Epworth - ESS) em uma plataforma eletrônica desenvolvida para o estudo - a plataforma VERAS. RESULTADOS: Dos 1.650 estudantes randomizados, 1.350 (81,8%) completaram todos os questionários da plataforma VERAS. Observamos importantes diferenças de gênero nos domínios consideração empática e angústia pessoal da EMRI, com maiores escores para o grupo do sexo feminino (p<0,05; d>0,5). Estudantes dos diversos ciclos do curso de medicina apresentaram diferenças pouco expressivas das disposições empáticas (p<0,05; f<0,25). A percepção de qualidade de vida no curso foi muito menor do que a percepção de qualidade de vida em geral entre os estudantes de medicina (p<0,001; d>0,8). Estudantes do sexo feminino apresentaram menores escores de qualidade de vida nos domínios físico, psicológico e uso do tempo (p<0,05; d<0,5). A percepção de qualidade de vida relacionada ao ambiente de ensino também foi discretamente menor entre estudantes dos últimos anos do curso (p<0,001; f<0,25). Em relação aos escores de esgotamento profissional, estudantes do sexo feminino apresentaram maior exaustão emocional e menor despersonalização do que estudantes do sexo masculino (p<0,001; d<0,5). Estudantes dos últimos anos do curso apresentaram escores discretamente maiores de exaustão emocional, despersonalização e realização pessoal (p<0,05; f<0,25). Os escores de sonolência diurna foram discretamente maiores entre estudantes do sexo feminino (p<0,001; d<0,5) e não diferiram entre os ciclos do curso. Aproximadamente 56% dos estudantes apresentaram sonolência diurna excessiva. Os escores de sonolência diurna apresentaram correlações fracas com os domínios da EMRI. Entre os estudantes do sexo masculino, realização pessoal (beta= -0,22; p<0,001) e qualidade de vida no domínio psicológico (beta= -0,19; p<0,001) contribuíram para menor angústia pessoal. Entre o grupo do sexo feminino, realização pessoal contribuiu significativamente para maior consideração empática (beta= 0,23; p<0,001) e tomada de perspectiva (beta= 0,30; p<0,001). Escores de despersonalização contribuíram para menor disposição empática nesses domínios (beta= -0,29; p<0,001 para consideração empática e beta= -0,17; p<0,001 para tomada de perspectiva). CONCLUSÕES: Estudantes do sexo feminino apresentaram maior disposição para consideração empática e para angústia pessoal do que estudantes do sexo masculino. As diferenças das disposições empáticas dos estudantes de diferentes ciclos do curso de medicina foram inexpressivas. Dentre as variáveis estudadas, realização pessoal apresentou a maior contribuição para menor angústia pessoal entre estudantes do sexo masculino. Maior realização pessoal e menor despersonalização também contribuíram para maior disposição empática entre estudantes do sexo feminino / INTRODUCTION: Empathy is one of the main domains of social and communication skills. It is often associated to better diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes. For this reason, it has been extensively investigated among health professionals. We aimed to assess medical students\' empathic disposition and its association with quality of life, burnout and daytime sleepiness. METHODS: Cross-sectional multi-centric randomized study with the use of validated self-report questionnaires of empathy (the Interpersonal Reactivity Index - IRI), quality of life (The Whoqol Quality of Life Assessment - WHOQOL-BREF and the Health Professionals and Students\' Life Questionnaire - Veras-q), burnout (the Maslach Burnout Inventory - MBI) and daytime sleepiness (the Epworth Excessive Sleepiness Scale - ESS). Questionnaires were available to students on an electronic platform designed for the study - the VERAS platform. RESULTS: From the total of 1,650 randomized students, 1,350 (81.8%) completed all questionnaires. We observed important gender differences on students\' dispositional empathic concern and personal distress. Female students had higher scores on these domains than their male counterparts (p<0.05; d>0.5). Students from different phases of medical training had minor differences on empathic dispositions (p<0.05; f<0.25). Students\' perception of quality of life related to medical school was quite lower than their perception of quality of life in general (p<0.001; d>0.8). Female students had slightly lower scores on physical, psychological and time management domains of quality of life compared to male students (p<0.05; d<0.5). Perceptions of quality of life on the learning environment were also slightly lower among students in the final years of medical school (p<0.001; f<0.25). Female students had higher scores on emotional exhaustion and lower scores on depersonalization than their male counterparts (p<0.001; d<0.5). Students at the final years of medical school had slightly higher scores on emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment (p<0.05; f<0.25). Daytime sleepiness scores were slightly higher among female students (p<0.001; d<0.5). Sleepiness scores did not differ according to phases of medical school. Approximately 56% of students had suggestive scores of excessive daytime sleepiness. Daytime sleepiness scores yielded weak correlations with empathy domains. Among male students, personal accomplishment (beta= -0.22; p<0.001) and psychological quality of life (beta= -0.19; p<0.001) contributed to lower personal distress. Among female students, personal accomplishment had a significant contribution to higher empathic concern (beta= 0.23: p<0.001) and perspective taking (beta= 0.30; p<0.001). Depersonalization scores contributed to lower empathic disposition on these domains (beta= -0.29: p<0.001 for empathic concern domain and beta= -0.17; p<0.001 for perspective taking domain). CONCLUSIONS: Female students had higher disposition on empathic concern and personal distress than their male counterparts. Differences on students\' empathic dispositions across phases of medical school were quite small. Among all study variables, personal accomplishment had higher contributions to lower personal distress among male students. Higher personal accomplishment and lower depersonalization also contributed to higher empathic disposition among female students

Orientador: Silke Anna Theresa Weber / Coorientador: Sergio Henrique Kiemle Trindade / Banca: Silke Anna Theresa Weber / Banca: Gabriel Megnetti Guinado / Banca: José Vicente Taglianini / Resumo: Introdução: A Síndrome de Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) se caracteriza pela obstrução parcial e/ou completa intermitente da via aérea superior, causada pelo colabamento da musculatura faríngea, levando à cessação ou diminuição do fluxo aéreo respiratório e consequentemente à hipóxia intermitente e hipercapnia. A manifestação diurna mais comum de SAOS é a sonolência diurna, relatada já há mais de 2000 anos. A obesidade é o fator causal reversível mais frequente associado à SAOS, sendo a atividade física importante componente para o seu tratamento. A hipótese levantada neste estudo foi que pacientes com SAOS apresentariam alterações na sua qualidade do sono, com maior sonolência diurna e menor disposição de realização de atividade física, além de alterações na componente FEF25%-75% da espirometria, sendo essa a componente relacionada à fração expiratória involuntária sem interferência da musculatura respiratória. Nestes pacientes, o uso adequado do CPAP com pressão terapêutica poderia melhorar essas alterações, mesmo em curto prazo. Objetivo: Avaliar parâmetros da qualidade do sono, sonolência diurna, disposição para atividade física e da função pulmonar em pacientes com SAOS, antes e após o uso de CPAP. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo randomizado, duplo cego, com aprovação pelo comitê de Ética em Pesquisa local (protocolo nº41/2013. Foram convidados pacientes de ambos os gêneros, em acompanhamento no ambulatório de ventilação não invasiva, com idade entre 30 a 75 anos, com diagnóstico polissonográfico de SAOS. Os pacientes foram randomizados por sorteio pelo orientador sem conhecimento dos fisioterapeutas e foram alocados em dois grupos, sendo o Grupo I composto por pacientes em uso de CPAP em pressão mínima de 4 cmH2O e o Grupo II por pacientes em uso de CPAP na pressão terapêutica ideal. Todos pacientes receberam o equipamento de CPAP disponibilizado pelo serviço de ... / Abstract: Introduction: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by the complete or partial intermittent obstruction of the upper airway due to colapse of the pharyngeal muscles, causing the cessation or reduction of the respiratory airflow and, consequently, intermittent hypoxia and hipercapnia. The most common daytime symptom is excessive daytime sleepiness, reported already as long as 2000 years ago. Obesity is the most frequent reversibel causal fator, being physical activity an important component for its treatment. We hypothezised that OSA patients would show disordered sleep quality, higher daytime sleepiness and lower disposal for physical activity, beside changes at the spyrometric fraction FEF25%-75%, as being the componente related to unvoluntary expiration phase without interference of the expiration muscles. The adequate use o of nighttime CPAP would improve these conditions, even after a short period of intervention. Aims: To study the parameters for sleep quality, excessive daytime sleepiness, diposal for physical activity and of spirometry in OSA patients, before and after CPAP therapy. Methods: This double-blind, randomized study was approved by the local Ethics Comission. There were invited patients at follow-up at the ambulatory for non-invasive ventilation, aged 30 to 75 years old, both genders, all diagnosed OSAS by full-night polysomnography. They were randomized for two groups without the knowledge ot the physical therapeut, Group I receiving the CPAP with minimal pressure at 4 cmH2O and Group II at ideal therapeutic pressure. An equipment with blinded visor was disposed to all patients, thus, nor the patients, neither the physical therapeut had access to the ventilatory data. At two moments, before and after 7 days of CPAP treatment, all patients answered the questionnaires for daytime sleepiniess (Epworth Sleepiniess Scale), sleep quality (Pittsburgh questionnaire) and disposal for physical activity ... / Mestre