Ausgewertet wurde der Anbau von Sorghumhirsen auf Versuchsfeldern unterschiedlicher bodenklimatischer Bedingungen. Dabei variierten Versuchsparameter wie Bodenbearbeitung, Aussaattermin, Saatstärke, Reihenweite, Saattiefe und Unkrautregulierung. Für Sorghum bicolor wurde eine optimale Saatstärke von 25 und für die Sudangräser von 40 Körnern/m² ermittelt. Die Reihenweiten sind von untergeordneter Bedeutung, sodass die übliche Drillweite im Betrieb nicht verändert werden muss. Die Versuche zeigen, dass Sorghum sowohl als Drill-, Einzelkorndrillsaat als auch im Mulchsaatverfahren ausgebracht werden kann. Heft 24/2012 der Schriftenreihe des Landesamtes für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie mit dem Titel „Ergebnisse mehrjähriger Sortenversuche Sorghumhirsen“ bilanziert die Trockenmasseerträge von Sorghumhirsesorten im Vergleich zu Mais.

Increasing diagnosis and awareness of celiac disease and gluten intolerance has created a need for developing improved quality gluten-free sandwich breads. Sorghum is a naturally gluten-free grain with ideal baking qualities that is underutilized in the gluten-free baking industry. Research is needed on developing gluten-free breads utilizing sorghum flour that could be used in future research and commercial production. Three objectives were tested. Objectives evaluated feasibility of using egg white foam with leavening agents in yeast-free bread, optimum mixing time in a laboratory control bread utilizing sorghum flour, and maximizing the amount of sorghum flour that could be used in the control formulation. Four comparisons were tested for yeast-free breads and 5 were compared for yeast breads. Volume, hardness, and color were measured using 15 replications. Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) was performed on selected treatments to evaluate crumb structure. Utilizing egg white foam for gluten-free breads produced acceptable volume, color, crumb structure and hardness compared to commercial gluten-free controls. Using egg white foam eliminates proofing time with increased production speed. Increasing mixing time in gluten-free yeast breads significantly (P<0.05) improved specific volume and overall loaf volume without negatively affecting crumb hardness in 10 and 15 minute mixing treatments. Crumb structure was significantly improved between 5 and 15 minute treatments. Evaluation with ESEM showed reduced clumping of ingredients in the crumb and thinner air cell walls. Specific volume and loaf volume were significantly (P<0.05) higher in 15 minute mixing (2.13 cm^3/g; 1845 cm^3) versus the commercial comparison (2.00 cm^3/g; 923 cm^3). Optimum mixing for yeast bread was 15 minutes and optimum percentage of sorghum used in the flour blend was 60 percent. Increasing the use of commodity grade gluten-free decorticated white sorghum flour will reduce cost of specialty milled ingredients. In future studies mixing for 15 minutes using the laboratory yeast bread formulation containing 60 percent sorghum should be used as the research control as it provided consistent optimum results.

Recent initiatives for biofuel production have increased research and development of sweet sorghum. Currently, the initial major limitation to integrating sweet sorghum into existing production systems is the lack of sweet sorghum hybrids adapted to industrial production systems. Hybrid development is now underway, and the application of genetic markers can be used to define the genetic basis of sugar yield and its components, as well as reduce the time required to deliver new sweet sorghum hybrids to market. The purpose of this research was to further characterize the genetic components that influence sweet sorghum productivity, agronomics, and composition. Specifically, a grain x sweet sorghum recombinant inbred line (RIL) population developed for quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis related to sugar production was evaluated for 24 phenotypic traits including brix, percent moisture, and biomass yield across four environments. The 185 F4 RILs were derived from the parents 'BTx3197' and 'Rio', which are pithy stalk grain and juicy stalk sweet sorghums respectively. Following screening, two genetic maps were constructed with 372 and 381 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) evaluated using an Illumina GoldenGate assay. Analysis of the data in QTL Cartographer revealed a major and previously reported QTL for soluble solids on chromosome 3, but in contrast to previous studies, this QTL co-localized with other QTLs that have a negative influence on biomass and seed production. Therefore, selection for this QTL may not be advantageous. Because only a few QTLs for percent moisture were found, the results indicated that the pithy stalk phenotype does not have a major effect on percent moisture as measured in this study. Thus, breeding for high or low moisture content will be more challenging than previously expected. The absence of dominance effects indicated that brix must be high in both parents to produce high brix in the hybrid.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this study was to analyze the quality of sweet sorghum seeds and their biochemical and physiological relationships by the tests of electrical conductivity, accelerated aging and activity of ezymes. Four seed lots were analyzed for each cultivar BRS 506 and F-19 separately. The physical and physiological quality were evaluated by the moisture content, weight of a thousand seeds and germination, first count of germination, length of radicle and aerial portion, dry weight, cold test and seedling emergence in the field and later were subjected to the following experiments: i: electrical conductivity mass with variations in immersion time (2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours), temperature (20, 25 and 30 ° C), number of seeds (25 and 50), water volume (50 ml and 75); ii: Individual electrical conductivity variations in the soaking time (2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours); iii: artificial accelerated aging using variations in temperature (41, 43 and 45 ° C) and storage time (48, 96 and 120 hours); and iiii: activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (POD) to root and aerial portion. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design and were assessed by comparison of means by the Scott-Knott test for enzymes and Tukey test for the other variables. The results obtained in electrical conductivity conclude that: a) it was possible to detect only the low vigor lot of the F-19 cultivar, especially in combinations using a temperature of 20 ° C, 75 mL and 25 seeds; b) there was no stratification of lots by the physiological quality on BRS 506 depending on the similarity between batches; c) the individual electrical conductivity test was efficient in detecting the lot of low physiological quality for both cultivars, and it can be accomplish in 24 hours in both cultivars. The results of the accelerated aging test and enzyme activity can be concluded that: a) the accelerated aging was sensitive to detect differences between the lots and their relation to physiological quality; b) at a temperature of 43 ° C and 96 hours were related with the best potential physiological quality of the lots; c) the enzyme activity was specific for each seedling body, with lower activity of SOD in roots and increased activity in the aerial portion, and POD enzyme, increased activity in the roots and lower activity in the aerial portion; d) the quality of the lots of each cultivar seeds influenced the activity of enzymes SOD and POD; e) 45 ° C and 96 hours was detrimental to the enzymes decreasing their activity. / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a qualidade das sementes de sorgo sacarino e suas relações bioquímicas e fisiológicas pelos testes de condutividade elétrica, envelhecimento acelerado e atividade das ezimas. Foram analisadas sementes de quatro lotes de cada cultivar BRS 506 e F-19 separadamente. A qualidade física e fisiológica foram avaliadas através do grau de umidade, peso de mil sementes e dos testes de germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, comprimento de radícula e parte aérea, massa seca, teste de frio e emergência de plântulas a campo e, posteriormente foram submetidas aos seguintes experimentos: i: condutividade elétrica massal com variações no tempo de embebição (2, 4, 6, 8, 12 e 24 horas), temperatura (20, 25 e 30ºC), número de sementes (25 e 50), volume de água (50 e 75 mL); ii: condutividade elétrica individual com variações no tempo de embebição (2, 4, 6, 8, 12 e 24 horas); iii: envelhecimento acelerado artificial utilizando-se variações na temperatura (41, 43 e 45ºC) e no tempo de armazenamento (48, 96 e 120 horas); e iiii: atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD) e guaiacol peroxidase (POD) para raiz e parte aérea. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no delineamento inteiramente casualizado e foram avaliados através da comparação de médias pelo teste de Scott-Knott para as enzimas e teste de Tukey para as demais variáveis. Os resultados obtidos nos testes de condutividade elétrica pemitem concluir que: a) foi possível detectar apenas o lote de menor qualidade fisiológica da cultivar F-19, principalmente nas combinações utilizando a temperatura de 20ºC, 75 mL e 25 sementes; b) não houve estratificação dos lotes pela qualidade fisiológica na cultivar BRS 506 em função da semelhança entre os lotes; c) o teste de condutividade elétrica individual foi eficiente em detectar o lote de menor qualidade fisiológica para as duas cultivares, sendo possível realizá-lo em 24 horas nas duas cultivares. Os resultados obtidos no teste de envelhecimento acelerado e atividade das enzimas permitem concluir que: a) o envelhecimento acelerado foi sensível em detectar diferenças entre os lotes e sua relação com a qualidade fisiológica; b) a temperatura de 43ºC e 96 horas se relacionaram melhor com o potencial de qualidade fisiológica dos lotes; c) a atividade das enzimas foi específica em cada órgão da plântula, havendo menor atividade da SOD nas raízes e maior atividade na parte aérea, e na enzima POD, maior atividade nas raízes e menor atividade na parte aérea; d) a qualidade dos lotes de sementes de cada cultivar influenciou na atividade das enzimas SOD e POD; e) 45ºC e 96 horas foi prejudicial para as enzimas diminuindo a atividade.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-21T14:14:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoPNC_DISSERT.pdf: 1669912 bytes, checksum: 8b4453f7dcaaeced3b1140dda75f1144 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-25T14:45:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoPNC_DISSERT.pdf: 1669912 bytes, checksum: 8b4453f7dcaaeced3b1140dda75f1144 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-25T14:45:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoPNC_DISSERT.pdf: 1669912 bytes, checksum: 8b4453f7dcaaeced3b1140dda75f1144 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T14:45:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoPNC_DISSERT.pdf: 1669912 bytes, checksum: 8b4453f7dcaaeced3b1140dda75f1144 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Sorghum is a plant indicated for the production of silage in dry regions because it presents tolerance to hydric stress and nutritional quality. Among the advantages of the culture of the sorghum it is presented the regrowth of the ratoons that allows the realization of other crops without the need to install the crop again, reducing the cost of production and the ground pressure. Due to the need to obtain information about the sorghum culture for the semi-arid region especially of new varieties, the objective of this paper is to characterize the sprout behavior of sorghum and forage sorghum cultivars in the potiguar semiarid under different irrigation slides and also to determine the irrigation blade for the sorghum crop. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Upanema-Rn, Brazil. The trial design was a randomized complete block in a scheme of subdivided portions (4 x 5 x 2), with four replications, being four irrigation blades applied(50, 75, 100 and 125% of ETc) estimated from Kc and ETo obtained by Penman-Monteith from climate data measured in Mossoró, RN in the portion and the five cultivars (two saccharines - BRS 508, BRS 511 and three forage crops-IPA 467-4-2-B Ponta Negra) in factorial with two densities in the subplots. The spacing used was the double of 1.05 x 0.35 x 0.15 m, and the experimental plot consisted of six lines of 5 m in length. The floor area consisted of 3.0 m of the two central lines, where all the data were collected. The variables studied were: Leaf Area Index (LAI), Plant Height (m), Stem Diameter (cm) and Productivity. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (F test) and the averages were compared by the Tukey test at the 5% probability level, using the software, SAEG version 8.1. Evaluating the productivity of total fresh mass of the aerial part of resprout of five cultivars of sorghum as a function of the irrigation slides and dry mass production, it was verified that the IPA SF-15 cultivar, associated with a 100% ETc blade, along with IPA 467-4-2 and BRS Ponta Negra were more productive. The application of irrigation blade equivalent to 50% of ETc provided a reduction of only 17% of fresh biomass and 23% of dry biomass in relation to the blade (100% ETc) / O sorgo é uma planta indicada para a produção de silagem em regiões secas por apresentar tolerância ao estresse hídrico e qualidade nutricional. Entre as vantagens da cultura do sorgo, apresenta rebrota das soqueiras que possibilita a realização de outras safras sem a necessidade de se instalar a cultura novamente, reduzindo o custo de produção e a pressão sobre o solo. Diante da necessidade de se obter informações sobre a cultura do sorgo para região do semiárido principalmente de novas variedades, tem-se como objetivo deste trabalho caracterizar o comportamento da rebrota de cultivares do sorgo sacarino e forrageiro no semiárido potiguar sob diferentes lâminas. O experimento foi realizado no município de Upanema - RN, o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados completos, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas 4 x (5 x 2), com quatro repetições, sendo quatro lâminas de irrigação aplicada (50, 75, 100 e 125% da ETc) estimada a partir dos Kc e da ETo obtida por Penman-Monteith a partir de dados climáticos medidos em Mossoró/RN, na parcela e as cinco cultivares (duas sacarinas - BRS 508 e BRS 511 e três forrageiras - IPA 467-4-2; IPA SF-15 e BRS Ponta Negra) em fatorial com duas densidades de plantio nas subparcelas. O espaçamento utilizado foi o duplo de 1,05 x 0,35 x 0,15 m, e a parcela experimental constituída de seis linhas de 5 m de comprimento. A área útil foi constituída por 3,0 m das duas linhas centrais, onde foram coletados todos os dados. As variáveis estudadas foram: Índice de Área Foliar (IAF), Altura de Plantas (m), Diâmetro de Colmo (cm) e Produtividade. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (teste F) e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, por meio do software, SAEG versão 8.1. Avaliando-se a produtividade de massa fresca total da parte aérea da rebrota de cinco cultivares de sorgo em função das lâminas de irrigação e a produção de massa seca verificou-se que a cultivar IPA SF-15, associada a lâmina de 100% da ETC, junto com a IPA 467-4-2 e BRS Ponta Negra foram mais produtivas. Aplicação de lâmina de irrigação equivalente a 50% da ETc proporcionou redução de apenas 17% de biomassa fresca e de 23% de biomassa seca em relação a lâmina (100%ETc) / 2017-07-21

SOUSA, Robson Alexsandro de. Desenvolvimento do sorgo CV. BRS Ponta Negra irrigado com água salobra e submetido a diferentes doses de esterco bovino e biofertilizantes. 2015. 171 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Fortaleza-CE, 2015. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-08-08T13:57:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_rasousa.pdf: 2067127 bytes, checksum: 3fcff5c579666b463df7111cb934ce87 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-08-08T13:58:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_rasousa.pdf: 2067127 bytes, checksum: 3fcff5c579666b463df7111cb934ce87 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-08T13:58:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_rasousa.pdf: 2067127 bytes, checksum: 3fcff5c579666b463df7111cb934ce87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / This study aimed to evaluate the effects of salinity of irrigation water and organic compound on the development in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] cv. BRS Ponta Negra. Therefore, three experiments were performed: the first, there was the effect of cattle manure and commercial biofertilizer Ative® and irrigation with different salinity water in the sorghum plants; in the second there was the cattle manure doses (10, 20, 30 and 40 t ha-1) and the salinity of the irrigation water; and in the third, there was the use of liquid biofertilizer Ative® doses (75, 150, 225 and 300 L ha-1 ) and salinity irrigation water. The plants were grown in pots containing 23 kg of sandy soil under greenhouse conditions. Salinity levels were 0.2; 2.0; 4.0; and 6.0 dS m-1, being used for its preparation is pond water with NaCl added in the first experiment; the second and third experiments with NaCl salts, CaCl22H2O and MgCl26H2O , the ratio of 7:2:1. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates in a factorial 4 x 3 in the first experiment; four replications, in a factorial 4 x 4, second and third experiments. The following variables were assessed: total dry matter; culms + sheath diameter; plant height; total leaf area; leaf succulence; bulk density leaf; sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in the leaves and culms + sheath of plants; proline and carbohydrates in the leaves of plants. In addition to the soil analysis of the experiments. The results show the three experiments that salinity affected all variables, with beneficial cattle manure and biofertilizer, however, without reducing the deleterious effects of salts when applied through irrigation water. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da salinidade da água de irrigação e compostos orgânicos, sobre o desenvolvimento de plantas de sorgo [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] cv. BRS Ponta Negra. Para isso foram realizados três experimentos: no primeiro, verificou-se o efeito da aplicação de esterco bovino e do biofertilizante comercial Ative® e irrigação com água de salinidades diferentes nas plantas de sorgo; no segundo, verificou-se as doses de esterco bovino (10, 20, 30 e 40 t ha-1) e a salinidade da água de irrigação; e, no terceiro, verificou-se o uso de doses de biofertilizante líquido Ative® (75, 150, 225 e 300 L ha-1) e salinidade da água de irrigação. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos contendo 23 kg de solo arenoso, em casa de vegetação. Os níveis de salinidade foram 0,2; 2,0; 4,0; e 6,0 dS m-1, sendo que para a sua confecção utilizou-se água de açude adicionada com NaCl no primeiro experimento; no segundo e terceiro experimentos com sais de NaCl, CaCl22H2O e MgCl26H2O, na proporção de 7:2:1. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, no primeiro experimento; quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, no segundo e terceiro experimentos. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: matéria seca total; diâmetro do colmo; altura de plantas; área foliar total; suculência foliar; massa específica foliar; teores de sódio, potássio, cloro, cálcio, magnésio e fósforo no colmo + bainhas e limbos foliares das plantas; teores de prolina e carboidratos nas folhas de sorgo. Além das análises de solo dos experimentos. Os resultados evidenciam nos três experimentos que a salinidade influenciou todas as variáveis analisadas, apresentando efeitos benéficos do esterco bovino e biofertilizante, no entanto, sem diminuir os efeitos deletérios dos sais quando aplicados através da água de irrigação.

Submitted by PAULO ROBERTO FIDELIS GIANCOTTI null (paulogiancotti@gmail.com) on 2016-01-17T13:09:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Paulo Giancotti.pdf: 604609 bytes, checksum: 5380cd245b316215f5206eef774e7315 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-01-18T16:23:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 giacontti_prf_dr_jabo.pdf: 604609 bytes, checksum: 5380cd245b316215f5206eef774e7315 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-18T16:23:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 giacontti_prf_dr_jabo.pdf: 604609 bytes, checksum: 5380cd245b316215f5206eef774e7315 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O sorgo sacarino (Sorghum bicolor) é caracterizado por conter elevados teores de açúcares fermentescíveis em seu colmo, sendo considerado atualmente de alto potencial para compor a matriz energética nacional, ao produzir álcool durante a entressafra da cultura da cana-de-açúcar. A interferência das plantas daninhas é um dos fatores de maior importância durante a condução de uma lavoura. Uma vez que pouco tem sido estudado sobre esse tipo de sorgo, especificamente, estudos da interação entre as plantas daninhas e a cultura do sorgo sacarino são muito bem-vindas no desenvolvimento da agricultura energética. Os objetivos do trabalho foram: (I) determinar os períodos de interferência e índices fitossociológicos da comunidade infestante da cultura do sorgo sacarino; (II) analisar o desenvolvimento inicial de sorgo sacarino sob alta infestação de plantas daninhas; (III) estudar o efeito do exsudado do sorgo sacarino em outras espécies de plantas e avaliar o extrato radicular de uma potencial planta estimuladora da produção de sorgoleone pelo sorgo; (IV) avaliar o efeito supressor de restos culturais de sorgo sacarino sobre as plantas daninhas. Para o primeiro objetivo, os tratamentos consistiram de períodos crescentes da cultura em convivência e controle da comunidade infestante, em duas safras; sendo avaliada a biometria e a produção comercial do sorgo sacarino, além da determinação de índices fitossociológicos da comunidade infestante (densidade, dominância e importância relativa das espécies daninhas, além dos índices de diversidade e equitabilidade da comunidade). Em vasos, foi instalado o experimento para avaliar o terceiro objetivo, no qual híbridos de sorgo sacarino foram submetidos à presença de cinco plantas daninhas em alta densidade; sendo avaliadas as características morfofisiológicas do sorgo sacarino e a massa seca acumulada pela cultura e pelas plantas daninhas. Os estudos sobre a alelopatia foram realizados em laboratório, utilizando diferentes metodologias de química analítica, além de bioensaios avaliando a atividade de exsudados de híbridos de sorgo sacarino sobre germinabilidade e o desenvolvimento de plântulas teste e o crescimento de coleóptilo de trigo. No estudo do efeito supressor de restos culturais de sorgo sacarino, este foi comparado, no campo, com outros tipos de coberturas, e avaliada a reinfestação da comunidade infestante por meio de estudos fitossociológicos e a avaliação do banco de sementes do solo. Durante a produção de colmos de sorgo sacarino, a densidade de plantas daninhas foi o fator determinante para a importância das mesmas dentro da comunidade infestante, uma vez que o desenvolvimento e acúmulo de biomassa destas foram suprimidos pela competição estabelecida pela cultura. O sorgo sacarino se mostrou extremamente competitivo no campo, sendo que a interferência das plantas daninhas não acarretou em redução da produtividade da cultura, em duas safras. A supressão das plantas daninhas proporcionada pelos restos culturais da cultura de sorgo sacarino se equiparou a da cobertura de mucuna-cinza, suprimindo as plantas daninhas no campo por, pelo menos, quatro meses, durante a época seca. Em vasos, quatro plantas daninhas tiveram sua massa seca reduzida pela presença de sorgo sacarino, mesmo em reduzida densidade; além disso, o sorgo foi insensível à presença de três espécies daninhas presentes em alta densidade. Os bioensaios não apresentaram o esperado resultado de inibição alelopática do exsudado de sorgo sacarino sobre plantas teste. Devido ao elevado coeficiente de variação, a produção de sorgoleone pelo sorgo submetido ao extrato de A. theophrasti, não apresentou resultados conclusivos. / Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is featured by the high level of fermentable sugars present in its stalk. The crop is currently considered of high potential to compose the national energetic system, by producing alcohol during the sugarcane off season. The weed interference is one of the most important factors during a crop management. Because not too much have been studied about sweet sorghum, studies about the interaction between weeds and sweet sorghum crop are very welcome for the development of the bioenergy nationwide. The aim of this research were: (I) determine the periods of weed interference and the phytosociological indexes of the weed community on the sweet sorghum crop; (II) analyze the initial growth of sweet sorghum under high weed infestation; (III) study the effect of the sweet sorghum root exudate in other plant species and also evaluate the root extract of an potential stimulant plant on the production of sorgoleone by sorghum; (IV) evaluate the suppressive effect of sweet sorghum crop residues on weeds. For the first objective, the treatments were composed by increasing periods of weed presence and weed absence at two crop seasons; when it was evaluated the sweet sorghum biometry and yield, besides the determination of phytosociological indexes of the weed community (the relative indexes of density, dominance and importance, and the weed community indexes of diversity and equitability). In pots, it was carried out an assay in order to evaluate the third aim, in which hybrids of sweet sorghum were submitted to the presence of five weed species in higher density. It was evaluated the morphophysiological features of sweet sorghum and the dry mass of both crop and weeds. The studies about allelopathy were carried out in laboratory, using different methods of analytical chemistry. Bioassays was carried out in order to evaluate the activity of exudates of sweet sorghum hybrids on test plants seed germinability and seedling development. In the study of the suppressor effect of sweet sorghum residues, it was compared at field with other cover crops and it was evaluated the reinfestation of the weed community by phytosociological studies and seed soil bank evaluation. During the sweet sorghum crop, the weed density was the determinant factor for the weed importance in the weed community, once the weed development and dry mass accumulation were suppressed by the competition established by the crop. The sweet sorghum showed an extremely competitive behavior on field and the interference of weeds did not cause yield loss, in two crop seasons. The weed suppression provided by the sweet sorghum crop residues was similar to the one provided by Mucuna pruriens, controlling the weeds on field for at least four months, during the dry season. In pots, four weed species had their dry mass reduced by the presence of sweet sorghum, even in lower density of the crop. Besides that, the sweet sorghum was insensitive to the presence of three weed species that were present in higher density. The bioassays didn’t show the expected result of allelopathic inhibition of sweet sorghum exudate on test plants. Due to the high coefficient of variation, the production of sorgoleone by sorghum subjected to root extract of A. theophrasti, did not show conclusive results. / FAPESP: 2012/11464-5

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Os baixos teores de fÃsforo disponÃveis nos solos tropicais, em geral, requerem permanentes pesquisas com relaÃÃo à eficiÃncia das aplicaÃÃes de diferentes fontes de adubos fosfatados nas culturas cujo objetivo à elevar os teores desse nutriente no solo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo, estudar as respostas do sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) Ãs aplicaÃÃes de diferentes doses e fontes de fÃsforo no que concerne ao crescimento, produÃÃo e remoÃÃo de nutrientes, alÃm de avaliar a eficiÃncia agronÃmica das diferentes fontes. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetaÃÃo da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. Foi utilizado o solo da Chapada do Apodi-CE, Cambissolo HÃplico EutÃfico. No presente trabalho foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos inteiramente casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4x4 (doses e fontes de P, respectivamente), sendo os tratamentos composto pela combinaÃÃo de quatro doses de fÃsforo (dose 1 = 0 mg de P kg-1 solo, dose 2 = 100 mg de P kg-1 solo, dose 3 = 200 mg de P kg-1 solo e dose 4 = 300 mg de P kg-1 solo) e quatro fontes de P (Fosfato Industrial Superfosfato Triplo - ST, Fosfato Natural da Bahia - FNB, Fosfato Natural do Tocantins - FNT e Fosfato Natural Reativo â Gafsa â FNR), com 4 repetiÃÃes, totalizando 64 unidades experimentais. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variÃveis: altura da planta, diÃmetro do caule, produÃÃo de matÃria seca da parte aÃrea, e teores foliares de macronutrientes e micronutrientes presentes no sorgo. As variÃveis analisadas foram submetidas à anÃlise de variÃncia (ANOVA), Ãs anÃlises de regressÃo em funÃÃo das fontes e das doses crescentes de fÃsforo e as mÃdias dessas variÃveis foram avaliadas pelo teste de Tukey, a nÃvel de 1% e 5% de probabilidade. O Superfosfato triplo (ST) e o FNB foram as fontes responsÃveis pelas respostas mais altamente significativas das variÃveis biomÃtricas estudadas, enquanto que o FNT apresentou as menores respostas. As fontes que mais contribuÃram para a absorÃÃo de fÃsforo do solo pelo sorgo foram em ordem decrescente: ST > FNB> FNR> FNT. Na dose 300 mg kg-1solo ocorreu a maioria dos valores elevados de absorÃÃo de macronutriente e micronutriente No que concerne Ãs absorÃÃes de macronutrientes e micronutrientes pelo sorgo em funÃÃo das doses e das fontes de fÃsforo usadas, estas ocorreram na seguinte ordem decrescente: N > K > Ca > Mg > P > S; para os micronutrientes, a ordem foi: Mn > Fe > Zn > Cu. A fonte que apresentou o melhor Ãndice de EficiÃncia AgronÃmica foi o Superfosfato triplo (ST), seguido do FNB. / The low available phosphorus in tropical soils generally require constant research regarding the efficiency and the application of different sources of phosphate fertilizers on crops. This work aimed to study the responses of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) to applications of different levels and sources of phosphorus in terms of growth, yield and nutrient removal, and also to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of these different sources. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions at the Federal University of CearÃ, Brazil. It was used a Cambisol soil from the Chapada do Apodi-CE. The statistical design consisted of a randomized complete block in a 4x4 factorial (rates and sources of P, respectively), with treatments consisting of a combination of four rates of phosphorus (rate 1 = 0 mg P kg-1 soil, rate 2 = 100 mg P kg-1 soil, rate 3 = 200 mg kg-1, rate 4 = 300 mg P kg-1 soil) with 4 replicates, totalizing 64 experimental units; it was used four sources of P (Phosphate Industrial Triple superphosphate - TS, Natural Phosphate of Bahia - NFB, Natural Phosphate of Tocantins - NPT and Natural Reactive phosphate - Gafsa - NRP). The following variables were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, dry shoot matter production and, macronutrients and micronutrients leaf concentrations. The variables value results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression analysis according to sources and increasing rates of phosphorus; the averages of these variables were evaluated by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The TS and the NFB sources were responsible for the higher significant responses of the biometric variables studied, whereas NPT induced the lowest responses. The sources that contributed most to the plant absorption of soil phosphorus by sorghum were in descending order: TS > NFB > NRP > NPT. In the rate 300 mg kg-1solo occurred the most elevated macronutrient and micronutrient plant P uptake. Considering the amounts of macronutrients and micronutrients absorbed by sorghum, in function of rates and P sources, these occurred in the following order: N > K > Ca > Mg > P > S (macronutrients); Mn > Fe > Zn > Cu (micronutrients). The source that had the highest index of Agronomic Efficiency was the Triple superphosphate, followed by the Natural phosphate of Bahia.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / This study aimed to evaluate the effects of salinity of irrigation water and organic compound on the development in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] cv. BRS Ponta Negra. Therefore, three experiments were performed: the first, there was the effect of cattle manure and commercial biofertilizer Ative and irrigation with different salinity water in the sorghum plants; in the second there was the cattle manure doses (10, 20, 30 and 40 t ha-1) and the salinity of the irrigation water; and in the third, there was the use of liquid biofertilizer Ative doses (75, 150, 225 and 300 L ha-1 ) and salinity irrigation water. The plants were grown in pots containing 23 kg of sandy soil under greenhouse conditions. Salinity levels were 0.2; 2.0; 4.0; and 6.0 dS m-1, being used for its preparation is pond water with NaCl added in the first experiment; the second and third experiments with NaCl salts, CaCl22H2O and MgCl26H2O , the ratio of 7:2:1. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates in a factorial 4 x 3 in the first experiment; four replications, in a factorial 4 x 4, second and third experiments. The following variables were assessed: total dry matter; culms + sheath diameter; plant height; total leaf area; leaf succulence; bulk density leaf; sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in the leaves and culms + sheath of plants; proline and carbohydrates in the leaves of plants. In addition to the soil analysis of the experiments. The results show the three experiments that salinity affected all variables, with beneficial cattle manure and biofertilizer, however, without reducing the deleterious effects of salts when applied through irrigation water. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da salinidade da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo e compostos orgÃnicos, sobre o desenvolvimento de plantas de sorgo [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] cv. BRS Ponta Negra. Para isso foram realizados trÃs experimentos: no primeiro, verificou-se o efeito da aplicaÃÃo de esterco bovino e do biofertilizante comercial Ative e irrigaÃÃo com Ãgua de salinidades diferentes nas plantas de sorgo; no segundo, verificou-se as doses de esterco bovino (10, 20, 30 e 40 t ha-1) e a salinidade da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo; e, no terceiro, verificou-se o uso de doses de biofertilizante lÃquido Ative (75, 150, 225 e 300 L ha-1) e salinidade da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos contendo 23 kg de solo arenoso, em casa de vegetaÃÃo. Os nÃveis de salinidade foram 0,2; 2,0; 4,0; e 6,0 dS m-1, sendo que para a sua confecÃÃo utilizou-se Ãgua de aÃude adicionada com NaCl no primeiro experimento; no segundo e terceiro experimentos com sais de NaCl, CaCl22H2O e MgCl26H2O, na proporÃÃo de 7:2:1. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetiÃÃes em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, no primeiro experimento; quatro repetiÃÃes, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, no segundo e terceiro experimentos. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variÃveis: matÃria seca total; diÃmetro do colmo; altura de plantas; Ãrea foliar total; suculÃncia foliar; massa especÃfica foliar; teores de sÃdio, potÃssio, cloro, cÃlcio, magnÃsio e fÃsforo no colmo + bainhas e limbos foliares das plantas; teores de prolina e carboidratos nas folhas de sorgo. AlÃm das anÃlises de solo dos experimentos. Os resultados evidenciam nos trÃs experimentos que a salinidade influenciou todas as variÃveis analisadas, apresentando efeitos benÃficos do esterco bovino e biofertilizante, no entanto, sem diminuir os efeitos deletÃrios dos sais quando aplicados atravÃs da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / The Brazilian ethanol production is mainly based on the sugarcane crop, however in the off-season mills plants cease processing, decreasing revenues as a result of the shortage of raw materials. It is in this scenario that fits the sweet sorghum, being able to provide quality material during the off-season sugarcane, in the summer months. The objective of this study was to evaluate the qualitative parameters and maturation curves of eleven genotypes of sweet sorghum, aiming ethanol production. Field experiment was conducted in Santa Maria-RS, in two growing seasons (2012/13 and 2013/14). The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replications and the treatments consisted of eleven genotypes, seven varieties (BRS506, BRS511, Fepagro 17, Fepagro 19, Past 81-04, Past 29-51 and Past 29-49) and four hybrids (CV007, CV147, CV568 and CV198). The quality of sweet sorghum juice was evaluated based on parameters: sucrose content (%), reducing sugars (%), purity (%), total soluble solids (°Brix), total recoverable sugar (kg t-1), fiber (%) and ethanol production (l ha-1). It was determined the maturity curve to characterize the industrial use period (IUP). The genotypes BRS506, BRS511 and CV198 showed IUP over 30 days. The BRS506 and BRS511 genotypes showed better characteristics for ethanol production. / A produção brasileira de etanol é baseada principalmente na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, porém, no período de entressafra as usinas cessam o processamento, diminuindo as receitas em decorrência da escassez de matéria-prima. É neste cenário que se encaixa o sorgo sacarino, capaz de fornecer material de qualidade durante o período de entressafra da cana, nos meses de verão. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros qualitativos e as curvas de maturação de onze genótipos de sorgo sacarino durante dois anos de cultivo, visando a produção de etanol. O experimento foi conduzido em Santa Maria-RS, nos anos agrícolas de 2012/13 e 2013/14. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com três repetições e os tratamentos foram compostos por onze materiais genéticos, sendo sete variedades (BRS506, BRS511, Fepagro 17, Fepagro 19, Past 81-04, Past 29-51 e Past 29-49) e quatro híbridos (CV007, CV147, CV568 e CV198). Foram avaliados os parâmetros qualitativos sacarose do caldo (%), açúcares redutores do caldo (%), pureza do caldo (%), sólidos solúveis totais (°Brix), açúcar total recuperável (kg t-1), fibra (%), rendimento de etanol (l ha-1) e também as curvas de maturação para a obtenção do período de utilização industrial (PUI). Os genótipos BRS506, BRS511 e CV198 apresentaram PUI superior a 30 dias. Os genótipos BRS506 e BRS511 apresentaram melhores características para produção de etanol.