Authors: Karin Lindberg & Erika Losciale Title: The West and the Rest Level: BA Thesis in Media and Communication Studies Location: Linnaeus University Language: Swedish In today's media, the use of stereotypes and simplifications of the world and of different groups are common. It is a part of how humans make sense of the world. The problem is that these simplifications tend to encourage false notions of reality. The way charities communicate in advertising is important in order to engage the audience to donate. This study aims to examine how the non-profit organization SOS Barnbyar Sverige portray underprivileged individuals in their commercials. We have chosen to focus on two different commercials in relation to the ongoing refugee crisis in Europe. The first commercial has no relation to the crisis and the second one is an attempt to show the viewer the situation of a refugee. We have studied the material through a qualitative semiotic method, also using colonialism, stereotypes and representation as theoretical frame- work in order to examine whether or not certain notions and simplifications are reproduced in the commercials from this organization. Our study has shown that there were a lot of colonial ideals and stereotypes to be found in SOS Barnbyars commercials, thus fueling the polarization of us and them and the Other.

”Matkul” är en svensk anpassning av The Sequential-Oral-Sensory (SOS) Approach to Feeding, utvecklad av Ph.D Kay A Toomey, Colorado, USA. På ett lekfullt sätt hjälper man barnet att tolerera fler ätbara produkter samtidigt som barnen får möjlighet att utveckla de förmågor som behövs för att äta. Syftet med studien var att öka kunskapen om denna interventionsmetod för barn med stora ätsvårigheter med avseende på dess effekter och barnens och föräldrarnas upplevelser och åsikter om metoden. Vad händer och görs i ”Matkul” som leder till att barnen våga närma sig ätbara produkter? Fyra barn i åldrarna 3 år och 5 månader till 5 år och 2 månader deltog i en intensivträningsperiod med ”Matkul” under hösten 2013. Gruppen träffades 2 dagar i rad vid 3 tillfällen, utspridda under 6 veckor. För att undersöka vad som händer i ”Matkul” filmades gruppen vid alla tillfällen de träffades. Filmerna användes som observationsunderlag. Studiens resultat visade att barnen vågade närma sig ätbara produkter i ”Matkul” för att det fanns underlättande strategier, de hade roligt och upplevde inte något tvång. De fick muntlig positiv förstärkning och de kunde välja att inte härma de moment som de tyckte verkade för svåra. Det fanns alternativa sätt att delta på som de då kunde välja. Med hjälp av bilder fick barnen uttrycka sin åsikt om ”Matkul”. Alla barn uttryckte att de gillade ”Matkul”, vilket är ett starkt bidrag till studiens resultat. Det är barnens eget perspektiv. I intervjuer med barnens föräldrar, ca en månad efter ”Matkul”, sa de sig ha fått ett ”nytt verktyg” att introducera nya smaker och konsistenser. De berättade också om positiva förändringar efter ”Matkul”: barnen verkade mer intresserade av mat, de vågade närma sig mat på ett annat sätt än tidigare och de experimenterade mer med maten. Ett barn förbättrade sin oralmotorik och ett annat barn sin sensorik. Det saknas kunskap inom området och det finns behov av både kunskapsutveckling och forskning. I forskning om barn är det viktigt att lyssna på barnets åsikt – barnets eget perspektiv.

DNA is subject to attack by DNA damaging agents from both environmental and endogenous sources. In response to DNA damage, living organisms enhance expression of many related genes to facilitate DNA repair and survival. The SOS response is a well-understood prokaryotic regulatory cascade that controls the expression of more than 30 genes in response to DNA damage. However, in eukaryotic organisms from simple budding yeast to human, such a regulatory network has not been reported.<p>Previous research in our laboratory found that among DNA repair mutants of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, only rad6 and rad18 defective in the post-replication repair pathway significantly affected DNA damage induction of several genes examined. Rad6 and Rad18 form a ubiquitin conjugation-ligase complex and are required for the cellular tolerance to damaged DNA. Since the Rad6-Rad18 complex binds to single-stranded DNA, it may act as a DNA damage sensor required for the activation of DNA damage-induced transcription. We performed microarray analysis and found that the induction of up to 379 genes, including those involved in DNA repair, control of replication and transcription, regulation of the cell cycle and cell metabolism, are compromised in the rad6 and rad18 mutants. Although Rad6/Rad18 monoubiquitinates proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) following DNA damage to initiate a damage tolerance response, PCNA ubiquitination is not required for DNA damage induction. In budding yeast, cell-cycle checkpoints are involved in the control of DNA damage induction of gene expression through phosphorylation of a protein kinase Rad53 by two pathways represented by Rad24 and Sgs1. The Rad6-Rad18 complex appears to function in the Rad24 pathway and parallel to Sgs1. We further demonstrated that the Rad17 subunit of the 9-1-1 complex is subject to Rad6/Rad18- and DNA damage-dependent mono-ubiquitination and that the Rad17-Lys197 residue with flanking sequences homologous to Lys164 of PCNA is absolutely required for the DNA damage induction by Rad6-Rad18. Hence, by ubiquitinating two DNA clamps, PCNA and 9-1-1, the Rad6-Rad18 complex plays a central role in the cellular response to DNA damage by coordinating translesion synthesis, error-free bypass, homologous recombination, as well as transcriptional regulation, reminiscent of roles of RecA in <i>E. coli</i> cells.<p>Several individual genes have also been examined in this study to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms acting on specific DNA damage-inducible genes. In the microarray analysis, DDI2 and DDI3, two identical genes located in duplicated chromosomal regions, were identified due to the highest induction ratio (122-fold) after MMS treatment. Interestingly, DDI2/DDI3 can only be highly induced by SN2-type alkylating agents. Promoter deletion analysis mapped the putative upstream acting sequence (UASDDI2) responsible for 40% of basal expression and 90% of induced expression by MMS.<p>The CRT10 gene was identified through screening of the yeast deletion library for hydroxyurea (HU) resistance. CRT10 encodes a putative 957 amino acid, 110 kDa protein with a leucine repeat and a WD40 repeat near the N-terminus. Deletion of CRT10 resulted in an enhanced resistance to HU reminiscent of the inactivation of two other ribonucleotide reductase (Rnr) suppressors, CRT1 and SML1, which regulate Rnr activity at transcriptional and translational levels, respectively. Epistasis analysis indicates that CRT10 belongs to the CRT1 pathway but not the SML1 pathway. Indeed, deletion of CRT10 enhanced the survival of the mec1 null mutant and increased basal level and DNA damage-induced expression of RNR2 and RNR3, suggesting that Crt10 regulates RNR genes at the transcriptional level. Furthermore, the dun1 mutation is epistatic to crt10 with respect to both HU sensitivity and RNR gene expression. Interestingly, the expression of CRT10 itself is induced by DNA damaging agents and this induction requires DUN1, suggesting that CRT10 plays a role in cellular response to DNA damage and replication blocks. The CRT10 function appears to be achieved by positive regulation of the CRT1 transcript level, indicating that CRT10 is a component of the regulatory circuit.

DNA is subject to attack by DNA damaging agents from both environmental and endogenous sources. In response to DNA damage, living organisms enhance expression of many related genes to facilitate DNA repair and survival. The SOS response is a well-understood prokaryotic regulatory cascade that controls the expression of more than 30 genes in response to DNA damage. However, in eukaryotic organisms from simple budding yeast to human, such a regulatory network has not been reported.<p>Previous research in our laboratory found that among DNA repair mutants of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, only rad6 and rad18 defective in the post-replication repair pathway significantly affected DNA damage induction of several genes examined. Rad6 and Rad18 form a ubiquitin conjugation-ligase complex and are required for the cellular tolerance to damaged DNA. Since the Rad6-Rad18 complex binds to single-stranded DNA, it may act as a DNA damage sensor required for the activation of DNA damage-induced transcription. We performed microarray analysis and found that the induction of up to 379 genes, including those involved in DNA repair, control of replication and transcription, regulation of the cell cycle and cell metabolism, are compromised in the rad6 and rad18 mutants. Although Rad6/Rad18 monoubiquitinates proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) following DNA damage to initiate a damage tolerance response, PCNA ubiquitination is not required for DNA damage induction. In budding yeast, cell-cycle checkpoints are involved in the control of DNA damage induction of gene expression through phosphorylation of a protein kinase Rad53 by two pathways represented by Rad24 and Sgs1. The Rad6-Rad18 complex appears to function in the Rad24 pathway and parallel to Sgs1. We further demonstrated that the Rad17 subunit of the 9-1-1 complex is subject to Rad6/Rad18- and DNA damage-dependent mono-ubiquitination and that the Rad17-Lys197 residue with flanking sequences homologous to Lys164 of PCNA is absolutely required for the DNA damage induction by Rad6-Rad18. Hence, by ubiquitinating two DNA clamps, PCNA and 9-1-1, the Rad6-Rad18 complex plays a central role in the cellular response to DNA damage by coordinating translesion synthesis, error-free bypass, homologous recombination, as well as transcriptional regulation, reminiscent of roles of RecA in <i>E. coli</i> cells.<p>Several individual genes have also been examined in this study to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms acting on specific DNA damage-inducible genes. In the microarray analysis, DDI2 and DDI3, two identical genes located in duplicated chromosomal regions, were identified due to the highest induction ratio (122-fold) after MMS treatment. Interestingly, DDI2/DDI3 can only be highly induced by SN2-type alkylating agents. Promoter deletion analysis mapped the putative upstream acting sequence (UASDDI2) responsible for 40% of basal expression and 90% of induced expression by MMS.<p>The CRT10 gene was identified through screening of the yeast deletion library for hydroxyurea (HU) resistance. CRT10 encodes a putative 957 amino acid, 110 kDa protein with a leucine repeat and a WD40 repeat near the N-terminus. Deletion of CRT10 resulted in an enhanced resistance to HU reminiscent of the inactivation of two other ribonucleotide reductase (Rnr) suppressors, CRT1 and SML1, which regulate Rnr activity at transcriptional and translational levels, respectively. Epistasis analysis indicates that CRT10 belongs to the CRT1 pathway but not the SML1 pathway. Indeed, deletion of CRT10 enhanced the survival of the mec1 null mutant and increased basal level and DNA damage-induced expression of RNR2 and RNR3, suggesting that Crt10 regulates RNR genes at the transcriptional level. Furthermore, the dun1 mutation is epistatic to crt10 with respect to both HU sensitivity and RNR gene expression. Interestingly, the expression of CRT10 itself is induced by DNA damaging agents and this induction requires DUN1, suggesting that CRT10 plays a role in cellular response to DNA damage and replication blocks. The CRT10 function appears to be achieved by positive regulation of the CRT1 transcript level, indicating that CRT10 is a component of the regulatory circuit.

This thesis was concerned with the evaluation of products for online surveys and their utilization by the Consumers Defence Association. Afterwards the methodics for creating an online questionnaire was suggested and subsequently verified. The online survey was focused on members of the Consumers Defence Association. Within the verification of the methodics for creating an online questionnaire were realized mentioned pilot studies. By realizing this survey experience for giving advice was obtained.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-08-15T12:18:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 805804 bytes, checksum: ddf7cd8df673145c6dc0b430f2f70e9d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T12:18:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 805804 bytes, checksum: ddf7cd8df673145c6dc0b430f2f70e9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-28 / Nesta pesquisa, investigaram-se quais são a vivência e expectativa dos adolescentes em medida de proteção institucional na Aldeia Infantil SOS na perspectiva do direito à convivência familiar e comunitária. Especificamente, os objetivos foram: identificar as representações que os adolescentes têm sobre o cuidador/educador de referência (Mãe Social) e as relações entre os acolhidos e esse profissional; identificar as representações dos adolescentes em relação à convivência familiar e comunitária durante o período de institucionalização; delinear a trajetória dos adolescentes acolhidos na Aldeia Infantil SOS; e relacionar aos significados atribuídos ao acolhimento institucional. O campo empírico foi na Aldeia Infantil SOS, que atua na modalidade Casa Lar, devendo estar submetido a todas as determinações do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA) e às Orientações Técnicas de Serviço de Acolhimento para Crianças e Adolescente, atendendo a crianças e adolescentes na faixa etária de 0 a 18 anos. O profissional, denominado cuidador/residente (Mãe Social), é o responsável pelos cuidados e proteção de todos os acolhidos. A amostra foi constituída por 11 adolescentes entre 13 e 15 anos de idade. A metodologia utilizada foi o suporte teórico método clínico piagetiano proposto por Deval, que tem como proposta investigar as tendências do pensamento dos adolescentes, isto é, como pensam, sentem, agem e percebem o entorno à sua volta.Os resultados apontaram para o fato de que a vivência e expectativa dos sujeitos pesquisados mostraram que, mesmo tendo o cuidador/residente como referência de alguém que provê os cuidados, é para o seio familiar que desejam retornar, seja na família de origem, seja na família substituta. Assim, o ECA destaca que, quando esgotadas todas as possibilidades de inserir esse público na família de origem, todos os esforços devem ser mantidos para que o interesse das crianças e adolescentes tenha prevalência. Contudo, conclui-se: para que a convivência familiar e comunitária seja de fato garantida, os adolescentes pesquisados dependerão de vários fatores, entre eles um acompanhamento sistemático às famílias que têm seus filhos em serviço de acolhimento, uma vez que, para cuidar, precisam ser cuidadas, tendo acesso às políticas públicas e direito a voz, para que a história dosadolescentes não seja construída pelos valores, experiências e aprendizagem dos adultos nos processos de decisões dos procedimentos familiares e institucionais. Além disso, a convivência familiar é necessária, colocando-a como prioridade na luta contra o abandono, a negligência, buscando entender como as famílias desses adolescentes produzem os sentimentos de incompetências por não terem “condições” de cuidar dos seus filhos, vítimas da falta de acesso à moradia, saúde, emprego, entre outros. Por isso, torna-se necessário aprofundar os diferentes contextos da história dessas famílias, buscando entender como reproduzem a denominação de famílias “desestruturadas” e “incapazes” de prover os cuidados e proteção a seus filhos. / In this research, it was investigated what is the adolescents’ living and expectation in the institutional protection measure in the SOS Aldeia Infantil familiar perspective of right to familiar and community living together. Specifically, the aims were: identify the adolescents’ representations regarding the caregiver/educator of reference (Social Mother) and the relationship between the welcomed and this professional; identify the adolescents’ representations regarding the familiar and community living together during the institutionalization period; outline the welcomed adolescents’ trajectory in the SOS Aldeia Infantil and relate the attributed meanings to the institutional reception. The empiric field was in the SOS Aldeia Infantil that acts in the House Home modality, subjected to all determinations of Child and Adolescent Statue (CAS) and the Technical Orientations of Child and Adolescent Reception Service, attending children and teenagers from 0 to 18 years. The professional, called Caregiver/Resident (Social Mother) is the responsible for care and protection of all the welcomed. The sample was composed by 11 adolescents from 13 to 15 years. The methodology used was theoretical support Piaget clinic method proposed by Deval, that has as propose to investigate the trends of teenagers’ thoughts, that is, how they think, feel, act and see around them. The results obtained pointed that the living and expectation of the subjects researched showed that even though they have a caregiver/resident as reference of someone who provide care, they wish to return to their family, be their family of origin or substitute. Therefore, The CAS highlights that when all the possibilities of insert this public to origin family are dried up, all the efforts must be maintained for children and adolescents’ interests have prevalence. However, it was concluded that for a guaranteed familiar and community living, the adolescents researched will depend on many factors, among them, a systematic follow-up of the families that children in reception service, once they have to be cared to care, by having access to public policies and right to voice, for the adolescents history is not built by adults’ values, experiences and learning in the decision process of familiar and institutional procedures. Besides this, the familiar living together is necessary, being priority in the fight against abandonment, negligence, trying to understand how the families of these teenagers produce the feeling of incompetence for not have “conditions” to take care of their children, victims of lack of access to housing, health, unemployment. Wherefore, it is necessary to deepen the different contexts of these families’ histories, searching to understand how they reproduce the denomination of “unstructured” family and “unable” to provide care and protection to their children.

Le travail de recherche propose et développe un cadre de système des systèmes (SdS) pour l’analyse de risques des installations industrielles et des infrastructures critiques. Les méthodes pour la représentation, la modélisation et la simulation d’un système sont développées pour identifier les particularités du SdS quant à leur vulnérabilité et leur résilience physique à des défaillances aléatoires et risques naturels. Plusieurs techniques de représentation, telles que l’arbre de défaillances, le Muir Web, la modélisation hiérarchique, le Goal Tree Success Tree – Dynamic Master Logic Diagram, sont étudiées et approfondies depuis l’origine pour s’adapter aux objectifs de l’analyse de SdS. Une méthode de représentation est développée ex novo, à savoir, le graphe hiérarchique. Dans ces cadres de représentation, des états binaires et multiples sont utilisés pour modéliser les performances des SdS à analyser. La simulation Monte Carlo et l’analyse d’intervalle sont combinées pour évaluer quantitativement des modèles de SdS en présence d’incertitude (due à la variabilité naturelle d’un phénomène ou au manque d’information). La mise en oeuvre de ces approches est illustrée dans deux domaines d’application : l’évaluation du risque d’événements externes et la vulnérabilité d’infrastructures critiques. / This thesis propounds and develops a system-of-systems (SoS) framework for the risk analysis of industrial installations and critical infrastructures. System representation, modeling and simulation methods are developed to capture the peculiar features of SoS, with respect to their vulnerability and physical resilience to random failures and natural hazards. Several representation techniques of literature, i.e., Fault Tree, Muir Web, Hierarchical Modeling, Goal Tree Success Tree – Dynamic Master Logic Diagram, are explored and originally extended/tailored to fit the purpose of SoS analysis. One representation method is developed ex-novo, namely the Hierarchical Graph. Within these representation frameworks, binary and multiple states are used to model the performances of the SoS under analysis. Monte Carlo simulation and interval analysis are combined for the quantitative evaluation of the SoS models in presence of uncertainty (due to both randomness and lack of knowledge). Examples of analyses are carried out within two application areas: external event risk assessment and vulnerability of critical infrastructures.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Abiotic stress, mainly in the form of extreme temperatures, drought and salinity has caused major crop losses worldwide, putting a severe strain on agriculture. Salinity severely limits plant growth and productivity and affects all aspects of the plant’s development including the most crucial stage; germination. This study investigated the effect of salt (NaCl) stress on Sorghum bicolor seedlings and the role of exogenously applied calcium (Ca2+) to ameliorate the effects of salt stress during germination. Sorghum seeds were germinated in the presence and absence of various NaCl (100, 200 and 300 mM) and Ca2+ (5, 15 and 35 mM) concentrations. Several assays including physiological (germination and growth assays), biochemical (osmolytes and oxidative stress markers), anatomical (epidermal and xylem layers) and expression profiles of key genes [antioxidant (SbSOD, SbAPX2 and SbCAT3), Salt Overly Sensitive (SbSOS1, 2 and 3) pathway enzymes and the vacuolar Na+/H+ exchanger antiporter2 (SbNHX2)] were investigated. Salt stress delayed germination and negatively affected growth as observed by the reduced root and shoot length and decreased fresh and dry weight. There was an increase in proline content and oxidative stress markers (H2O2 and MDA) under salt stress. Oxidative stress resulted in damage to the epidermal and xylem layers as observed on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that salt stress induced the expression of SbAPX2, SbCAT3 and SbSOS1 genes, whereas SbSOD4A, SbSOS2, SbSOS3 and SbNHX2 genes were not affected by salt. Exogenous application of Ca2+ counteracted the harmful effects of salt stress by improving germination efficiency, promoting seedling growth, reducing oxidative damage and the Na+/K+ ratio, indicating the protective effect. Ca2+ also effectively protected the epidermis and xylem layers from the severe damage caused by salt stress. In the presence of Ca2+ the expression of SbAPX2 and SbCAT3 was reduced except for the SbNHX2 gene, which increased by 65-fold compared to the control. The results obtained suggests that sorghum is able to respond to salt stress by inducing osmolytes, the antioxidant defence system as well as the SOS pathway. Furthermore, 5 mM Ca2+ was determined as the optimum Ca2+ concentration required to enhance sorghum’s tolerance to salt stress.

The current technological environment is evolving increasingly fast, and the development of new devices, technologies, and architectures has opened an emergent era where the digital and physical world work together. The implementation and use of systems based on a service-oriented architecture (SOA) in conjunction with the Internet of Things (IoT) and cyberphysical systems (CPS) have been extended during the last decades in numerous scenarios in industry and other domains. However, some of the major barriers to this approach are the lack of interoperability and the amount of engineering effort required for their integration.   The research presented in this thesis targets issues related to digitalization and automation. It is framed by the Industry 4.0 paradigm, which promotes the rise of efficiency and sustainability on industrial production. The interoperability between heterogeneous systems and different domains is one of the main challenges of Industry 4.0. The quest for solutions that help to increase interoperability is an important part of this research.   This thesis proposes a set of architectural design principles and tools in order to reduce engineering effort by means of finding solutions that enable autonomous integration and increase interoperability without human intervention. The research is focused on the IoT field, taking into account resource-constrained devices, system of systems integration, and data models.   A detailed investigation of various interoperability mismatch problems is presented in this thesis. The proposed solution is an adapter system that can aid in the generation of new service consumer interfaces at both compile-time and run-time. The proposed approach requires a new point of view in the service description field that can provide a holistic description of the information required for the generation of consumer interfaces. In addition, aspects related to interoperability, such as the multiple IoT frameworks in the current market, naming conventions, syntactic modeling and translation, and security, are also partially analyzed.   On a separate track, service composition in resource-constrained devices  is analyzed in terms of latency, using the orchestration provided by the Arrowhead Framework.

Un Système de Systèmes (SdS ou System of Systems - SoS) est un système complexe résultant de l'assemblage de composants existant ou à créer, de nature hétérogène (e.g. des systèmes techniques ou socio techniques appelés sous-systèmes, dispositifs techniques, acteurs ou organisations, ou encore des infrastructures plus ou moins complexes pouvant être perçues comme des SdS). Cet assemblage est nécessaire à ces composants pour agir et interagir avec d'autres composants afin de réaliser une mission commune, éventuellement limitée dans le temps et qu'aucun de ces composants ne pourrait réaliser seul. De fait, un SdS possède des caractéristiques particulières comme l'hétérogénéité, la possible émergence de propriétés et de comportements durant les interactions entre les composants et à leurs interfaces, la préservation de l'autonomie managériale et opérationnelle de ces composants, la répartition géographique de ces composants, un cycle de vie particulier, etc. L'Ingénierie Système (IS ou Systems Engineering - SE) propose et promeut un ensemble de concepts, de processus maintenant standardisés, l'usage incontournable de modèles (on parle alors de Model Based Systems Engineering – MBSE) et de bonnes pratiques pour concevoir et réaliser des systèmes complexes. Du fait de ses caractéristiques particulières, la conception et le développement d'un SdS (SoS Engineering - SoSE) est elle-même particulière même si elle emprunte à l'IS nombre de traits communs. En effet, le choix et l'assemblage des composants, leurs besoins en termes d'interfaces pour faciliter leurs interactions entre eux et avec l'environnement du SdS, les propriétés et comportements émergents entres autres caractéristiques, impliquent des efforts de la part des personnes en charge d'un SdS. Il faut alors, pour les aider dans leurs tâches, conceptualiser et développer des langages, méthodes et outils supports. Le SoSE a en effet des besoins particuliers de modélisation, de vérification, de validation de modèles. Il nécessite également de disposer de moyens de simulation et d'évaluation du comportement global du SdS et de ses propriétés, par exemple, lorsqu'il doit faire face à des événements redoutés (e.g. ajout, modification ou retrait d'un composants, évolution de la mission, etc.). Le but est que ces personnes puissent progresser en confiance et leur donner les moyens de fournir des modèles de SdS avec lesquels l'analyse des propriétés du SdS devient possible, avant même d'alimenter les activités de décision et d'optimisation en cours de conception du SdS. Ce travail s'intéresse à une propriété importante pour les SdS et leurs composants : l'interopérabilité. Elle est vue ici comme une exigence sommative des capacités et des capabilités des composants à être et rester compatibles, à inter opérer efficacement, à rester autonome pendant l'interaction et à la réversibilité de la relation d'interaction lorsque celle-ci s'achève. L'interopérabilité garantit donc ou, à défaut, maximise la capacité d'un composant à travailler sans perte et harmonieusement avec un autre composant, dans différentes situations et avec un niveau de performance attendu, tout en respectant un ensemble d'autres exigences venant des parties prenantes impliquées ou concernées par le SdS visé.Cette thèse consiste à formaliser et à développer une méthode pour accompagner la modélisation, la vérification de modèles et l'analyse de l'interopérabilité dans un SdS. En conséquence elle repose sur 1) un ensemble de concepts et de relations entre ces concepts pour décrire un SdS et la propriété d'interopérabilité, 2) des langages spécifiques de modélisation (DSML) pour manipuler ces concepts et relations et donc créer des « modèles » de SdS, 3) d'un processus opératoire et 4) d'outils de modélisation, de vérification des modèles, de simulation du comportement et d'évaluation de l'interopérabilité et de son influence sur la performance, la stabilité et l'intégrité du SdS en cours de fonctionnement. / A System of Systems (SdS) is a complex system which is seen as a group of, in most cases, existing and heterogeneous entities (e.g. technical systems or socio-technical called subsystems, actors or organizations or even complex infrastructures that can be considered as SoS) assembled together in order to interact, during a timeframe to produce some kind of capabilities, products or services and to achieve a global mission that a system alone cannot fulfill. Moreover, the SoS has some particular characteristics such as: Operational Independence and Managerial Independence (autonomy), Evolutionary Development, Emergent Behavior, Geographic distribution, Connectivity and Diversity etc. The systems engineering (SE) provides and promotes a set of concepts, principles, processes, standards, an essential use of models (Model Based Systems Engineering - MBSE)and a good practice to design and conduct complex systems. However, even if the System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) shares some common features with the SE, SoS characteristics, assembling, interfacing and interactions between its entities, induce an additional effort, required from the persons responsible of the SoS, over the SE. Therefore, and in order to help these persons in their tasks, it is necessary to conceptualize and develop languages, methods and tolls supports. The SoSE has special needs in terms of modeling and models' verification and validation. Moreover, it requires to have means to simulate and evaluate the global behavior of the SoS and its properties, for example, when it has to face dangerous events (e.g. adding, removing or modifying a component, mission's evolution etc.). The aim is to help designers and engineers to progress in confidence by giving them the means to have SoS models with which the analysis of the SoS properties becomes possible. In this work, a particular attention is given to an important property of the SoS and its components: the interoperability. It is seen here as a summative requirement of components capacities and capabilities to remain compatible, to interoperate and to remain autonomous during the interactions and reversible after it. The interoperability guarantees or, by default, maximizes the capacity of a component to work, harmoniously and without any loss, with another component, in various situations and with an expected level of performance while respecting a set of requirements (stakeholders involved or concerned by the SoS).This thesis consists in formalizing and developing a method to support modeling, model's verification and the analysis of the interoperability in a SoS. Therefore, it is based on 1) a set of concepts and relationships between these concepts to describe a SoS as well as the interoperability property, 2) Domain Specific Modeling Languages (DSMLs) to manipulate these concepts and relationships and thus creating a SoS' model, 3) an operating process and 4) a modeling and verification tools, simulating behavior and evaluation of the interoperability and its impact on the SoS performance, stability and integrity while it is operating.