This thesis presents the development and validation of a novel interface modelling methodology integrated with a system architectural analysis framework that emphasises the need to manage the integrity of deriving and allocating requirements across multiple levels of abstraction in a structured manner. The state of the art review in this research shows that there is no shared or complete interface definition model that could integrate diverse interaction viewpoints for defining system requirements with complete information. Furthermore, while existing system modelling approaches define system architecture with functions and their allocation to subsystems to meet system requirements, they do not robustly address the importance of considering well-defined interfaces in an integrated manner at each level of systems hierarchy. This results in decomposition and integration issues across the multiple levels of systems hierarchy. Therefore, this thesis develops and validates following: -Interface Analysis Template as a systematic tool that integrates diverse interaction viewpoints for modelling system interfaces with intensive information for deriving requirements. -Coupling Matrix as an architecture analysis framework that not only allocates functions to subsystems to meet requirements but also promotes consistent consideration of well-defined interfaces at each level of design hierarchy. Insights from the validation of developed approach with engineering case studies within an automotive OEM are discussed, reflecting on the effectiveness, efficiency and usability of the methods.

Under flertalet år har såväl alarmeringscentralen som ambulanssjukvården observerat en ökning av inkommande anrop från hjälpsökande till alarmeringscentralerna som genererar ambulansuppdrag. Det medför en trend med höga antal prioritet 1-uppdrag som kan leda till brist på ambulansresurser. Efter ambulanssjuksköterskans bedömning inger flera ambulansuppdrag inget behov av ambulanssjukvård. Därtill ökar riskerna för allvarlig vårdskada för livshotande sjuka och skadade patienter. Sedan början av 2000-talet har allt fler regioner, som sluter avtal med SOS Alarm för att bedöma och prioritera vårdärenden, börjat ställa krav om tillgång till legitimerad sjuksköterskekompetens för att öka kvaliteten på larmbehandlingen. Huruvida legitimerad sjuksköterskekompetens innebär gynnsam effekt för larmkedjan och patientsäkerheten är dock omdebatterad med begränsad forskning som inte är enig om slutsatserna. Syftet är att identifiera skillnader i hänvisningsgrad och prioriteringar mellan internutbildade respektive sjuksköterskeutbildade larmoperatörer vid alarmeringscentraler. Data från regionerna Sörmland och Halland analyserades i en deskriptiv retrospektiv kvantitativ studie där 2393 respektive 1542 ambulansärenden erhölls från regionerna. I Hallands län, som ingår avtal med SOS Alarm, där majoriteten av larmoperatörerna ej innehar sjuksköterskelegitimation, bedömdes 59,4 % av vårdärendena som prioritet 1-uppdrag i kontrast mot Sörmlands län där larmoperatörer, på Sjukvårdens alarmeringscentral innehar sjuksköterskelegitimation, bedömde 35,6 % som prioritet 1- uppdrag. Den högre andelen prioritet 1-uppdrag speglades inte i att ambulansen bedömde fler patienter som kritiskt sjuka. Ingen snedfördelning mellan de båda regionerna gällande ambulanssjuksköterskans bedömning av patienter observerades, vilket varken kan påvisa överprioritering i den icke sjuksköterskeutbildades bedömning eller gynnsamheten av legitimerad sjuksköterskekompetens som larmoperatör. Således är vidare forskning som beaktar hela ärendeprocessen väsentlig.

This dissertation examines multi-agency policy environments as a policy system of systems (SoS). The research conducted for this dissertation establishes the need to develop a method of analysis suitable for the analysis of a policy SoS that allows for the examination of individual policy relationships while maintaining a holistic perspective of the entire SoS. The Three-Dimensional Policy Design Structure (3DPDS) is proposed as a method of analysis suitable for examination of a policy SoS. This dissertation focuses on application of the 3DPDS to three specific areas of space launch policy that impact space launch capacity: (1) policies related to space launch vehicles, (2) policies related to space launch facilities, and (3) the potential impacts of the cancellation of the Ares 1 launch vehicle. The first two applications of the 3DPDS provide a retrospective analysis of the policy relationships within the space launch policy SoS. The final application uses the results of the examination of policies related to space launch vehicles to systematically examine a current issue. The results of the first two applications, when compared against data gathered from subject matter experts during the interview process, provided a much more complete and holistic perspective of the policy relationships within the SoS, including identification of policy outliers. The third application enabled a systematic review of a current policy issue that incorporated information from formal policy documents with information provided by subject matter experts during the interview process. / Ph. D.

This diploma thesis attempts to improve the language-support for coping with the problem of negative emergence in dynamic Systems-of-Systems (SoS). Negative emergence is understood to be the emergence of unintended behaviour among constituent systems of a SoS in response to certain changes to the composition of constituent systems in the SoS. The architecture description language (ADL) "EventArch 2.0" approaches this problem by allowing the SoS-manager to define certain rules to manipulate the original behaviour of certain constituent systems at certain critical points of execution of the SoS to prevent unintended behaviour ("coordination rules"). This thesis approaches a solution to the following problem: to prevent the introduction of unintended behaviour through overly- or underly-restrictive coordination rules, more- or less-restrictive variants of a coordination rule would have to be applied to the SoS depending on the current composition of constituent systems in the SoS. This thesis has the goal to approach this problem by devising a mechanism to dynamically exchange a coordination rule depending on the current composition of constituent systems in the SoS. To achieve that goal, the ADL "EventArch 2.0" is extended to support the dynamic application of a coordination rule to a System-of-Systems. The dynamic application is achieved by connecting coordinators and constituent systems at runtime. As a special characteristic, each coordinator is dedicated to a specific constituent system and is responsible for achieving compliance of that system with respect to a specific coordination rule. It is shown that this architectural setup can be nicely modeled using concepts from the field of "role-based modeling". The solution does therefore employ concepts that are central to the "role-based modeling"-approach: "Role", "Base", and "Compartment". The applicability of the extended language to practical coordination-problems is shown by applying it to a constructed use case in the field of energy-efficient computing. / Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit ist mit der Verbesserung der Sprachunterstützung zur Vermeidung negativer Emergenz in dynamischen Systems-of-Systems (SoS) befasst. Negative Emergenz wird dabei als unerwünschtes Verhalten von an einem SoS beteiligten Systemen verstanden, welches auf Grund von Änderungen in der Zusammensetzung des SoS (d.h. auf Grund des Eintritts oder Austritts von konstituierenden Systemen) aufgetreten ist. Die Architekturbeschreibungssprache "EventArch 2.0" unterstützt den SoS-manager bei der Lösung dieses Problems durch die Möglichkeit das Verhalten der beteiligten Systeme in bestimmten Ausführungsmomenten durch die Definition von Koordinationsregeln zu manipulieren und auf diesem Wege das Auftreten negativer Emergenz zu vermeiden. Die Diplomarbeit ist ein Beitrag zur Lösung des folgenden Problems: Um die Einführung von unerwünschtem Verhalten durch übermäßig- oder unzureichend restriktive Koordinationsregeln zu verhindern, müssten unterschiedliche Varianten einer Koordinationsregel, die sich im Grade ihrer Restriktivität unterscheiden, auf das SoS angewendet werden. Diese Anwendung müßte in Abhängigkeit der aktuellen Zusammensetzung des SoS aus konstituierenden Systemen erfolgen. In der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit wird eine Möglichkeit entwickelt um eine Koordinationsregel zur Laufzeit in Abhängigkeit der aktuellen Zusammensetzung des SoS aus konstituierenden Systemen auszutauschen. Sie leistet damit einen Beitrag zur Lösung des vorgenannten Problems. In der Arbeit wird die Architekturbeschreibungssprache "EventArch 2.0" um die Möglichkeit des dynamischen Austausches von Koordinationsregeln erweitert. Dabei werden Koordinationsregeln angewendet durch die gezielte Verbindung von Koordinatoren und konstituierenden Systemen. Die Besonderheit des Ansatzes besteht darin, dass jedem konstituierenden System ein persönlicher Koordinator zugeordnet wird, d.h. ein Koordinator der ausschließlich für die Anpassung des Verhaltens des jeweiligen Systems an eine bestimmte Koordinationsregel verantwortlich ist. In der Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass dieser architektonische Ansatz durch zentrale Konzepte des Modellierungsansatzes "rollenbasierte Modellierung" modelliert werden kann. In der entwickelten Spracherweiterung werden daher die Konzepte "Rolle", "Basis" und "Compartment" verwendet. Die Anwendbarkeit der erweiterten Sprache, wird durch deren Anwendung auf einen konstruierten Anwendungsfall aus dem Bereich der Energie-effizienten Berechnung gezeigt.

The purpose of this study was to examine how SOS Children's Villages as an organization in Swaziland is affected by, and takes into account, the cultural, organizational and societal context in which it acts. Material was gathered through a field study during one month in one of the three SOS Children's Villages in Swaziland. The study has a qualitative approach and is based on the result from 12 semi-structured interviews with village mothers and other representatives from the organization. The other representatives were: social worker, program director, child and youth development coordinator, board member and educational manager. Since this study is both characterized by a specific historical, cultural and organizational context, we decided to connect the postcolonial perspective with an organization theory with focus on the concepts of culture, power and a children’s right perspective. The result from the study showed that SOS Children's village is affected by and takes into account the cultural and societal context in Swaziland in several ways. They do so, mainly by inlvolving the children in cultural values and activites. The result also showed that the village is influenced by the organizational field, because the SOS-Children´s village is in need of creating legitimacy. However, it becomes thus a dilemma how much the social work should be built upon, adapted, or should take into account the cultural, organizational and societal contexts to not maintain colonial worldviews.

The thesis deals with issues of SOS villages with a special focus on psychological problems. Its goal is to point out the psychological problems related to mental deprivation. The work is divided into the theoretical and the practical part. In the theoretical part, the activities of SOS villages are presented. Further explained is the notion of mental deprivation, its origin, historical development and examples, and it familiarizes with different kind of substitute family care. The practical part introduces a research by the method of questionnaire examination, which was conducted among foster mothers from the SOS village and retired foster mothers.

L'engorgement des services des urgences est une question d'actualité. L'augmentation de la fréquentation de ces services par des cas non urgents surcharge ces centres de soins. Par conséquence, la qualité du service délivré aux patients se dégrade et les coûts des soins augmentent. Afin de résoudre ce problème, cette étude porte un intérêt particulier au réseau amont de prise en charge des urgences (pompiers, ambulances privées,médecin libéral, SAMU…). Il s'agit de savoir comment le dispositif actuel doit s'adapter afin de mieux répondre aux besoins des patients. Pour ce faire, le champ de l'étude s'est réparti en deux parties.Une première analyse s'est focalisée notamment sur la régulation médicale au SAMU/Centre15, pivot du réseau amont de prise en charge des urgences et ciment des relations entres les différents acteurs des urgences hospitalières.Une deuxième partie, à vision se situant à un niveau plus global cette fois, prend en compte la phase amont de la prise en charge des urgences dans sa totalité. Elle analyse la complexité du réseau et se centre sur deux éléments d'amélioration possibles, celui de l'introduction des Maisons Médicales de Garde et celui du renforcement de SOS Médecins. / Emergency Department (ED) overcrowding is a topical issue. The increasing attendance at such service by patients with non urgent problems resulted in surcharging the ED. Consequently, the quality of the delivered service is degraded and the care costs are on the increase. In order to solve this problem, a particular interest is taken in the pre-hospital emergency care network (firemen, private ambulances, General Practitioner, SAMU…). Our main purpose is to determine how the current system must adapt to better respond to patients health care needs. This study is divided into two parts: A first analysis focuses on the processing of emergency calls into the SAMU/Centre 15 as itplays an important role in the management of patients flew through this network and guarantees better relations between different actors of this system.A second one deals with the entire pre-hospital emergency care network. The complexity ofthis net is analysed and some alternatives are studied in order to improve the management ofEmergency Department's patients: the establishment of « Maisons Médicales de Garde » and the strengthening of existing medical centres such as « SOS Médecins ».

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A célula epitelial é o primeiro contato entre os micro-organismos e o hospedeiro. Essa interação pode levar a produção de diversas citocinas, quimiocinas, moléculas inflamatórias e também estimular a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO). Neste trabalho avaliamos se a interação com as células HEp-2 poderia ser genotóxica para os mutantes derivados de Escherichia coli K-12 deficientes em algumas enzimas que fazem parte do sistema de reparo por excisão de base (BER). Além disto, avaliamos a expressão do sistema SOS, que é induzido pela presença de danos no genoma bacteriano. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a presença de filamentos, na interação com células HEp-2, principalmente, no mutante xthA (BW9091) e no triplo mutante xthA nfo nth (BW535). Quando a interação foi quantificada na ausência da D-manose, observamos um aumento das bactérias aderidas. Além disto, a quantidade e o tamanho dos filamentos também aumentaram, mostrando que as adesinas manose-sensíveis estavam envolvidas na filamentação bacteriana. Para comprovar se o aumento da filamentação observada neste ensaio foram uma consequência da indução do sistema SOS, desencadeada pela interação com as células HEp-2, quantificamos a expressão do SOS, na presença e na ausência da D-manose. De fato, observamos que a indução do SOS na ausência da D-manose foi maior, quando comparada, com o ensaio realizado na presença de D-manose. Além disto, observamos que a ausência de xthA foi importante para o aumento da filamentação observada na ausência de D-manose. Diante destes resultados, verificamos se a resposta de filamentação ocorreria quando as bactérias interagiam com uma superfície abiótica como o vidro. Observamos também inúmeros filamentos nos mutantes BER, BW9091 e BW535, quando comparados a cepa selvagem AB1157. Essa filamentação foi associada à indução do SOS, em resposta a interação das bactérias com o vidro. Em parte a filamentação e a indução do SOS observadas na interação ao vidro, foram associadas à produção de ERO. Quantificamos também o número de bactérias aderidas e observamos que as nossas cepas formavam biofilmes moderados. Contudo, a formação de biofilme dependia da capacidade da bactéria induzir o sistema SOS, tanto em aerobiose como em anaerobiose. A tensão do oxigênio foi importante para interação dos mutantes BER, uma vez que os mutantes BW9091 e BW535 apresentaram uma quantidade de bactérias aderidas menor em anaerobiose. Contudo, a diminuição observada não estava vinculada a morte dos mutantes BER. Também realizamos microscopia de varredura na cepa selvagem e nos mutantes, BW9091 e BW535 e confirmamos que as três cepas formavam biofilmes tanto em aerobiose como em anaerobiose. Observamos uma estrutura sugestiva de matriz extracelular envolvendo os biofilmes da cepa selvagem AB1157 e do mutante BW9091. No entanto, a formação desta estrutura por ambas as cepas dependia da tensão de oxigênio, pois nos biofilmes formados em anaerobiose essa estrutura estava ausente. Em conclusão, mostramos que na interação das bactérias com a superfície biótica e abiótica, ocorreu lesão no genoma, com indução do SOS e a resposta de filamentação associada. / The epithelial cell is the first contact between microorganisms and host. This interaction results in production of several cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory molecules by epithelial cells and also stimulate the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, we have evaluated whether the interaction to HEp-2 cells causes genotoxicity to mutants derived from Escherichia coli K-12 deficient in some enzymes that are part of the system of base excision repair (BER). Moreover, we measured the expression of SOS system, which is induced by the presence of damage to the bacterial genome. Our results showed mainly presence of filamentous bacterial growth in xthA mutant (BW9091) and triple xthA nfo nth mutant (BW535) when submitted to HEp-2 cells interaction assays. When experiments were performed in the absence of mannose, data showed enhanced interaction of viable bacteria to HEp-2 cells for all strains tested. Furthermore, the removal of D-mannose resulted in an increase in both number and size of bacterial filamentous forms, indicating the involvement of mannose-sensitive adhesins in the filamentation of these strains. In order to verify whether the increased filamentation growth in this assay was a consequence of SOS induction, triggered by interaction to HEp-2 cells, we measured expression of SOS in the presence and absence of D-mannose. Indeed, we observed higher expression of SOS response in the absence of mannose than in experiments performed in the presence of D-mannose. Moreover, we observed that the absence of xthA was important to filamentation increasing in absence of D-mannose. Based on these results, we verified if interaction to abiotic surfaces, like glass, could lead to filamentation of these strains. We also observed numerous filaments in BER mutants, BW9091 and BW535, when compared to wild-type strain AB1157. The filamentation observed was a consequence of SOS induction, triggered by attachment to the glass surface. In part, the filamentation and SOS induction observed in these experiments were related to ROS production. We also quantified interacted bacterial cells and it was observed moderated biofilm formation in all strains tested. However, biofilm formation depended on the ability of the bacteria to induce the SOS response, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The oxygen tension was important factor for interaction of the BER mutants, since these mutants exhibited decreased quantitative adherence under anaerobic conditions. However, this decrease was not related to BER mutants death. Scanning electron microscopy was also performed in the wild-type strain and BER mutants (BW9091 e BW535) and biofilm formation was confirmed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. We observed a structure similar to a extracellular matrix which involved biofilms of wild type strain (AB1157) and xthA mutant (BW9091). However, the formation of this structure by both strains depended on the oxygen tension, since biofilm formation, under anaerobiosis condition, did not presented this structure. In conclusion, was provided that bacterial interaction to biotic and abiotic surfaces can lead to damage of bacterial genome, resulting in SOS induction and associated filamentation.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A célula epitelial é o primeiro contato entre os micro-organismos e o hospedeiro. Essa interação pode levar a produção de diversas citocinas, quimiocinas, moléculas inflamatórias e também estimular a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO). Neste trabalho avaliamos se a interação com as células HEp-2 poderia ser genotóxica para os mutantes derivados de Escherichia coli K-12 deficientes em algumas enzimas que fazem parte do sistema de reparo por excisão de base (BER). Além disto, avaliamos a expressão do sistema SOS, que é induzido pela presença de danos no genoma bacteriano. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a presença de filamentos, na interação com células HEp-2, principalmente, no mutante xthA (BW9091) e no triplo mutante xthA nfo nth (BW535). Quando a interação foi quantificada na ausência da D-manose, observamos um aumento das bactérias aderidas. Além disto, a quantidade e o tamanho dos filamentos também aumentaram, mostrando que as adesinas manose-sensíveis estavam envolvidas na filamentação bacteriana. Para comprovar se o aumento da filamentação observada neste ensaio foram uma consequência da indução do sistema SOS, desencadeada pela interação com as células HEp-2, quantificamos a expressão do SOS, na presença e na ausência da D-manose. De fato, observamos que a indução do SOS na ausência da D-manose foi maior, quando comparada, com o ensaio realizado na presença de D-manose. Além disto, observamos que a ausência de xthA foi importante para o aumento da filamentação observada na ausência de D-manose. Diante destes resultados, verificamos se a resposta de filamentação ocorreria quando as bactérias interagiam com uma superfície abiótica como o vidro. Observamos também inúmeros filamentos nos mutantes BER, BW9091 e BW535, quando comparados a cepa selvagem AB1157. Essa filamentação foi associada à indução do SOS, em resposta a interação das bactérias com o vidro. Em parte a filamentação e a indução do SOS observadas na interação ao vidro, foram associadas à produção de ERO. Quantificamos também o número de bactérias aderidas e observamos que as nossas cepas formavam biofilmes moderados. Contudo, a formação de biofilme dependia da capacidade da bactéria induzir o sistema SOS, tanto em aerobiose como em anaerobiose. A tensão do oxigênio foi importante para interação dos mutantes BER, uma vez que os mutantes BW9091 e BW535 apresentaram uma quantidade de bactérias aderidas menor em anaerobiose. Contudo, a diminuição observada não estava vinculada a morte dos mutantes BER. Também realizamos microscopia de varredura na cepa selvagem e nos mutantes, BW9091 e BW535 e confirmamos que as três cepas formavam biofilmes tanto em aerobiose como em anaerobiose. Observamos uma estrutura sugestiva de matriz extracelular envolvendo os biofilmes da cepa selvagem AB1157 e do mutante BW9091. No entanto, a formação desta estrutura por ambas as cepas dependia da tensão de oxigênio, pois nos biofilmes formados em anaerobiose essa estrutura estava ausente. Em conclusão, mostramos que na interação das bactérias com a superfície biótica e abiótica, ocorreu lesão no genoma, com indução do SOS e a resposta de filamentação associada. / The epithelial cell is the first contact between microorganisms and host. This interaction results in production of several cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory molecules by epithelial cells and also stimulate the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, we have evaluated whether the interaction to HEp-2 cells causes genotoxicity to mutants derived from Escherichia coli K-12 deficient in some enzymes that are part of the system of base excision repair (BER). Moreover, we measured the expression of SOS system, which is induced by the presence of damage to the bacterial genome. Our results showed mainly presence of filamentous bacterial growth in xthA mutant (BW9091) and triple xthA nfo nth mutant (BW535) when submitted to HEp-2 cells interaction assays. When experiments were performed in the absence of mannose, data showed enhanced interaction of viable bacteria to HEp-2 cells for all strains tested. Furthermore, the removal of D-mannose resulted in an increase in both number and size of bacterial filamentous forms, indicating the involvement of mannose-sensitive adhesins in the filamentation of these strains. In order to verify whether the increased filamentation growth in this assay was a consequence of SOS induction, triggered by interaction to HEp-2 cells, we measured expression of SOS in the presence and absence of D-mannose. Indeed, we observed higher expression of SOS response in the absence of mannose than in experiments performed in the presence of D-mannose. Moreover, we observed that the absence of xthA was important to filamentation increasing in absence of D-mannose. Based on these results, we verified if interaction to abiotic surfaces, like glass, could lead to filamentation of these strains. We also observed numerous filaments in BER mutants, BW9091 and BW535, when compared to wild-type strain AB1157. The filamentation observed was a consequence of SOS induction, triggered by attachment to the glass surface. In part, the filamentation and SOS induction observed in these experiments were related to ROS production. We also quantified interacted bacterial cells and it was observed moderated biofilm formation in all strains tested. However, biofilm formation depended on the ability of the bacteria to induce the SOS response, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The oxygen tension was important factor for interaction of the BER mutants, since these mutants exhibited decreased quantitative adherence under anaerobic conditions. However, this decrease was not related to BER mutants death. Scanning electron microscopy was also performed in the wild-type strain and BER mutants (BW9091 e BW535) and biofilm formation was confirmed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. We observed a structure similar to a extracellular matrix which involved biofilms of wild type strain (AB1157) and xthA mutant (BW9091). However, the formation of this structure by both strains depended on the oxygen tension, since biofilm formation, under anaerobiosis condition, did not presented this structure. In conclusion, was provided that bacterial interaction to biotic and abiotic surfaces can lead to damage of bacterial genome, resulting in SOS induction and associated filamentation.

This diploma thesis attempts to improve the language-support for coping with the problem of negative emergence in dynamic Systems-of-Systems (SoS). Negative emergence is understood to be the emergence of unintended behaviour among constituent systems of a SoS in response to certain changes to the composition of constituent systems in the SoS. The architecture description language (ADL) "EventArch 2.0" approaches this problem by allowing the SoS-manager to define certain rules to manipulate the original behaviour of certain constituent systems at certain critical points of execution of the SoS to prevent unintended behaviour ("coordination rules"). This thesis approaches a solution to the following problem: to prevent the introduction of unintended behaviour through overly- or underly-restrictive coordination rules, more- or less-restrictive variants of a coordination rule would have to be applied to the SoS depending on the current composition of constituent systems in the SoS. This thesis has the goal to approach this problem by devising a mechanism to dynamically exchange a coordination rule depending on the current composition of constituent systems in the SoS. To achieve that goal, the ADL "EventArch 2.0" is extended to support the dynamic application of a coordination rule to a System-of-Systems. The dynamic application is achieved by connecting coordinators and constituent systems at runtime. As a special characteristic, each coordinator is dedicated to a specific constituent system and is responsible for achieving compliance of that system with respect to a specific coordination rule. It is shown that this architectural setup can be nicely modeled using concepts from the field of "role-based modeling". The solution does therefore employ concepts that are central to the "role-based modeling"-approach: "Role", "Base", and "Compartment". The applicability of the extended language to practical coordination-problems is shown by applying it to a constructed use case in the field of energy-efficient computing.:1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation and Problem Statement 1 1.2 Overview 2 2 Background 4 2.1 System of Systems 4 2.2 EventArch 2.0 8 2.2.1 Concepts 8 2.2.2 Implementation 10 2.2.3 Diagrams 15 2.3 Role-based Modeling 19 2.4 Coupling Strategies 22 3 Related Work 25 3.1 Requirements 25 3.2 Features 28 3.3 OT/J 29 3.4 Other Role-based Languages 31 3.5 Areas of Improvement 35 3.5.1 OT/J 35 3.5.2 Other Role-based Languages 40 4 Concepts of EventArch 3.0 45 4.1 Base, Role, and Compartment 45 4.2 Dynamic Composite AEM and Role-Binder 46 4.3 Inner Roles and Atomic Block 48 4.4 Diagrams 49 5 Internal Design of EventArch 3.0 55 5.1 Implementation of the Concepts 55 5.1.1 Base, Role, and Compartment 56 5.1.2 Dynamic Composite AEM and Role-Binder 58 5.1.3 Inner Roles and Atomic Block 60 5.1.4 Other Concepts 62 5.2 Further Discussion and Design Alternatives 63 6 Evaluation of EventArch 3.0 66 6.1 Advantages 66 6.2 Disadvantages 74 6.3 Reflections on the Fulfillment of the Requirements 77 6.4 Use case 81 6.5 Application to the Example Use case 83 6.5.1 Presentation of the implementation 83 6.5.2 Advantages shown by the implementation 90 7 Conclusion 93 7.1 Future Work 95 8 Appendix 99 8.1 Additional Source-Code 99 8.1.1 OT/J source-code 99 8.1.2 “State”-coordination rule 105 8.2 Internal Design of EventArch 2.0 109 8.2.1 Abstract 109 8.2.2 Detailed 116 8.3 Grammar of EventArch 3.0 . 123 8.4 EventArch 3.0 Diagrams 126 Bibliography 134 / Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit ist mit der Verbesserung der Sprachunterstützung zur Vermeidung negativer Emergenz in dynamischen Systems-of-Systems (SoS) befasst. Negative Emergenz wird dabei als unerwünschtes Verhalten von an einem SoS beteiligten Systemen verstanden, welches auf Grund von Änderungen in der Zusammensetzung des SoS (d.h. auf Grund des Eintritts oder Austritts von konstituierenden Systemen) aufgetreten ist. Die Architekturbeschreibungssprache "EventArch 2.0" unterstützt den SoS-manager bei der Lösung dieses Problems durch die Möglichkeit das Verhalten der beteiligten Systeme in bestimmten Ausführungsmomenten durch die Definition von Koordinationsregeln zu manipulieren und auf diesem Wege das Auftreten negativer Emergenz zu vermeiden. Die Diplomarbeit ist ein Beitrag zur Lösung des folgenden Problems: Um die Einführung von unerwünschtem Verhalten durch übermäßig- oder unzureichend restriktive Koordinationsregeln zu verhindern, müssten unterschiedliche Varianten einer Koordinationsregel, die sich im Grade ihrer Restriktivität unterscheiden, auf das SoS angewendet werden. Diese Anwendung müßte in Abhängigkeit der aktuellen Zusammensetzung des SoS aus konstituierenden Systemen erfolgen. In der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit wird eine Möglichkeit entwickelt um eine Koordinationsregel zur Laufzeit in Abhängigkeit der aktuellen Zusammensetzung des SoS aus konstituierenden Systemen auszutauschen. Sie leistet damit einen Beitrag zur Lösung des vorgenannten Problems. In der Arbeit wird die Architekturbeschreibungssprache "EventArch 2.0" um die Möglichkeit des dynamischen Austausches von Koordinationsregeln erweitert. Dabei werden Koordinationsregeln angewendet durch die gezielte Verbindung von Koordinatoren und konstituierenden Systemen. Die Besonderheit des Ansatzes besteht darin, dass jedem konstituierenden System ein persönlicher Koordinator zugeordnet wird, d.h. ein Koordinator der ausschließlich für die Anpassung des Verhaltens des jeweiligen Systems an eine bestimmte Koordinationsregel verantwortlich ist. In der Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass dieser architektonische Ansatz durch zentrale Konzepte des Modellierungsansatzes "rollenbasierte Modellierung" modelliert werden kann. In der entwickelten Spracherweiterung werden daher die Konzepte "Rolle", "Basis" und "Compartment" verwendet. Die Anwendbarkeit der erweiterten Sprache, wird durch deren Anwendung auf einen konstruierten Anwendungsfall aus dem Bereich der Energie-effizienten Berechnung gezeigt.:1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation and Problem Statement 1 1.2 Overview 2 2 Background 4 2.1 System of Systems 4 2.2 EventArch 2.0 8 2.2.1 Concepts 8 2.2.2 Implementation 10 2.2.3 Diagrams 15 2.3 Role-based Modeling 19 2.4 Coupling Strategies 22 3 Related Work 25 3.1 Requirements 25 3.2 Features 28 3.3 OT/J 29 3.4 Other Role-based Languages 31 3.5 Areas of Improvement 35 3.5.1 OT/J 35 3.5.2 Other Role-based Languages 40 4 Concepts of EventArch 3.0 45 4.1 Base, Role, and Compartment 45 4.2 Dynamic Composite AEM and Role-Binder 46 4.3 Inner Roles and Atomic Block 48 4.4 Diagrams 49 5 Internal Design of EventArch 3.0 55 5.1 Implementation of the Concepts 55 5.1.1 Base, Role, and Compartment 56 5.1.2 Dynamic Composite AEM and Role-Binder 58 5.1.3 Inner Roles and Atomic Block 60 5.1.4 Other Concepts 62 5.2 Further Discussion and Design Alternatives 63 6 Evaluation of EventArch 3.0 66 6.1 Advantages 66 6.2 Disadvantages 74 6.3 Reflections on the Fulfillment of the Requirements 77 6.4 Use case 81 6.5 Application to the Example Use case 83 6.5.1 Presentation of the implementation 83 6.5.2 Advantages shown by the implementation 90 7 Conclusion 93 7.1 Future Work 95 8 Appendix 99 8.1 Additional Source-Code 99 8.1.1 OT/J source-code 99 8.1.2 “State”-coordination rule 105 8.2 Internal Design of EventArch 2.0 109 8.2.1 Abstract 109 8.2.2 Detailed 116 8.3 Grammar of EventArch 3.0 . 123 8.4 EventArch 3.0 Diagrams 126 Bibliography 134