A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. February 2016 / South Africa is regarded as one of the most violent countries in the world. Colonialism and apartheid laid the foundations for a divided and segregated society where violence was accepted as a legitimate means of conflict resolution in order to ensure the domination of one racial group over all other groups. As social and economic inequalities have become more entrenched in South African society, criminal violence has escalated. However, the nature of violence in the country has changed from political violence to criminal violence. Against this backdrop of violence and associated trauma, the South African Police have the insurmountable task of trying to maintain law and order. The science of traumatology is a burgeoning field; traditionally empirical research has focused on the responses of primary trauma victims. However, in recent decades the secondary effects of traumatisation on those who counsel the victims of primary trauma, has received significant attention. Located within the South African Police Service, is an often forgotten secondary group of professionals who assist the police officials through assuming the roles of occupational and forensic social work. The profession of social work is inherently stressful and demanding, especially in a country like South Africa, where social problems are ubiquitous and pervade every facet of South African society. Furthermore, a particular occupational stressor significantly impacting on these social workers as they investigate child abuse or provide counselling for a police officer, is secondary traumatisation. The questions arise: firstly, how these social workers are affected by the amount of traumatic material to which they are exposed by the very nature of their work, and secondly, what coping strategies they employ. It was therefore deemed imperative to explore the effects of secondary traumatisation experienced by these social workers in the South African Police Service in order to understand and ameliorate the negative effects of secondary traumatic stress. Furthermore, social work supervisors can enhance the quality of care their social workers provide to clients if they are adequately supported. It was therefore also considered necessary to explore the stressors these social workers experience and to identify the necessary support mechanisms appropriate to such therapeutic endeavors. The primary aim of this study was therefore to explore the nature and extent of secondary traumatic stress experienced by social workers employed by the South African Police Service. The research design adopted for this study was exploratory, descriptive and correlational, while the research methodology employed was a hybrid of both quantitative and qualitative paradigms. As this study involved an in-depth analysis of a bounded system comprising social workers employed at SAPS, the research was considered a case study. The study comprised two phases: In the first phase questionnaire booklets containing seven standardised research tools and open-ended questions, were administered in group settings. In addition, questionnaires were posted to social workers who were not able to attend the group meetings along with a self-addressed envelope. The research tools measured the nature of secondary trauma exposure, levels of secondary traumatic stress, vicarious trauma, compassion satisfaction, burnout, coping resources and dimensions of the work environment. Two hundred questionnaire booklets were distributed and 128 usable questionnaires were returned. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the quantitative data, through the use of statistical programmes, SAS and SPSS. In the second stage of the study, 30 participants who participated in the first part of the study and who indicated that they were willing to be interviewed, were purposively selected. A structured research tool was used to guide the interview in order to explore the participants’ perceptions and experiences of secondary trauma while working for SAPS. The interviews were conducted either face-to face, telephonically or through Skype. The qualitative data that emerged from the interviews were analysed through the use of Atlasti, a qualitative computer programme, which assisted the researcher in the thematic analysis. Through the process of incorporating qualitative techniques, the researcher also made use of reflexivity when analysing the qualitative data. In total 128 social workers participated in the study, of whom 102 were occupational social workers while 26 were forensic social workers, all located within South Africa. The extent of exposure to secondary trauma varied substantially between both occupational and forensic social work when considered as separate divisions, as well as within each discipline. This variation manifested in frequencies and duration of cases. In the interviews forensic social workers identified particularly traumatic cases as those where the sexual abuse was severe or the child had died as a result of extreme abuse. In comparison, occupational social workers identified some of the worst cases they had dealt with as cases where the police officers became disabled; and where they were required to deal with police suicides and police family murders or femicide-suicides. Most participants presented with high or average levels of secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma as well as with moderate and low levels of burnout. Furthermore, there was a strong positive correlation between levels of secondary traumatic stress and burnout. The majority of participants experienced average levels of compassion satisfaction from their work. Participants identified various coping strategies and resources incorporating different individual dimensions, namely, physical, emotional, cognitive, social and spiritual. Participants showed high levels of resilience and findings indicated that resilience was negatively correlated with vicarious trauma. There were numerous significant differences between the different ranks of the participants. Participants of higher rank reported greater trauma exposure and had significantly higher secondary traumatic scores. Coloured participants experienced significantly lower levels of vicarious traumatisation than Black participants. Furthermore, there were numerous statistically significant differences apparent between the forensic and occupational social workers. Forensic social workers manifested significantly higher levels of vicarious trauma than occupational social workers, and forensic social workers had greater distortions regarding self-intimacy than occupational social workers. In addition, forensic social workers presented with lower coping resources and lower levels of resilience than occupational social workers. Participants also experienced below average levels of satisfaction within the work environment at SAPS. The results from the work environment scale showed that in particular the relationship aspects in the work environment were problematic and that colleague support levels were below average. There were also significant differences in work satisfaction levels between Black and White participants. These findings enhance understanding of trauma in racially polarised societies. Multivariate analysis revealed the complex relationships existing between the numerous variables in the study, further contributing to the theory of trauma in divided societies. Two structural equation models were developed to show the relationships of the variables measured in the study which were identical apart from the vicarious trauma variable which was separated to incorporate beliefs about self and beliefs about others. The models revealed that coping mechanisms moderated the relationship between traumatic stress exposure and vicarious trauma (self) and that such mechanisms moderated the resilience and burnout relationship. These findings of the study highlight the need to involve social workers at SAPS in the drafting and implementation of a self-care policy which would help to promote empowerment and responsibility of social workers for their own mental health. Recommendations for social work policy, education, practice, supervision and support as well as future research are also provided. / MT2017

Submitted by Cátia Araújo (catia.araujo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-09-29T12:32:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Augusto Cezar Dotta Filho - 2017.pdf: 2224139 bytes, checksum: 163d447d5817cd0b75af08b225f112da (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marlucy Farias Medeiros (marlucy.farias@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-09-29T16:24:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Augusto Cezar Dotta Filho - 2017.pdf: 2224139 bytes, checksum: 163d447d5817cd0b75af08b225f112da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T16:24:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Augusto Cezar Dotta Filho - 2017.pdf: 2224139 bytes, checksum: 163d447d5817cd0b75af08b225f112da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-17 / No presente trabalho foi empregado o capim-annoni (CA) in natura como biossorvente para remoção do corante Violeta de Metila 10B (VM 10B) de solução aquosa. O capim-annoni foi preparado e caracterizado utilizando as seguintes técnicas analíticas: Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia na Região do Infravermelho (ATR-FTIR), Método B.E.T (Brunauer, Emmet e Teller) e B.J.H (Barret, Joyner e Halenda), Extração Soxhlet e Método de Boehm. A influência dos parâmetros concentração mássica de biossorvente, pH da solução, tempo de contato e concentração inicial do corante, velocidade de agitação do sistema e temperatura foram usados para investigar as condições experimentais ideiais para adsorção entre corante/biossorvente. Os resultados mostram que com 150,0 mg de CA, pH da solução em 8,0, tempo de contato de 180 min. e velocidade de agitação de 100 rpm obteve-se condições mais favoráveis de adsorção. A cinética de adsorção do VM 10B no CA foi investigada utilizando os modelos cinéticos clássicos de Pseudoprimeira Ordem e Pseudossegunda Ordem. O Modelo de Pseudossegunda Ordem foi o que forneceu melhor ajuste aos dados experimentais. O Modelo de Isoterma de Sips foi o mais adequado para descrever o mecanismo de adsorção apresentando os menores valores para o parâmetro estatístico Função erro (Ferror) e os valores mais próximos da unidade para o coeficiente de determinação (R2). A capacidade máxima de adsorção obtido através do modelo de Sips foi de 76, 20 mg g-1 em temperatura de 60 ºC. Os Estudos de Dessorção do VM 10B no CA mostram que é possível regenerar o biossorvente de forma satisfatória empregando ácido acético 1,0 mol L-1 como eluente. Estudos termodinâmicos mostram que a adsorção do VM 10B no CA é um processo endotérmico, espontâneo e regido por um mecanismo de Fisissorção. A aplicação do CA na remoção do VM 10B de efluentes têxteis simulados foi satisfatória mostrando que o mesmo pode ser utilizado no tratamento de águas industriais coloridas. / In the present work South African Lovegrass (CA) was used in natura as biosorbent in order to remove the dye Methyl Violet 10B (VM 10B) of the aqueous solution. The following analytical techniques were used to prepare and characterized the CA in question: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR), B.E.T Method (Brunauer, Emmet and Teller) and B.J.H (Barret, Joyner and Halenda), Soxhlet Extraction and Boehm Method. To investigate the ideal experimental conditions for adsorption between dye and biosorbent, the influence of the biosorbent mass concentration, pH solution, contact time and initial dye concentration, stirring speed and temperature were used. Results show that with 150.0 mg CA, pH solution 8.0, contact time of 180 min. and stirring speed at100 rpm presented adsorption conditions that were more favorable. The adsorption kinetic of VM 10B in CA was investigated using the classical kinetic models of pseudo-first and pseudo-second-orders. The pseudo-second-order was found to provide the best adjustment to the experimental data. Sips Isothermal Model has proven to be the most adequate to describe the adsorption mechanism presenting the smallest values for the statistical parameter Error Function (erf) and the closest values of the unit for the coefficient of determination (R2). The maximum adsorption capacity obtained through the Sips model was 76.20 mg g -1 at 60 °C. Desorption Studies of VM 10B in CA show that it is possible to regenerate the biosorbent satisfactorily using 1.0 mol L-1 acetic acid as an eluent. Thermodynamic studies show that adsorption of VM 10B in CA is an endothermic process, spontaneous and commanded by a physical adsorption mechanism. The application of CA in the removal of the VM 10B from simulated textile effluents was satisfactory showing that it can be used to treat colored industrial waters.

As the quotation in the title of this thesis indicates, Douglas Livingstone states that unless humankind can learn to live in mutuality with the rest of the natural world, the human race faces extinction. Using the relatively new critical approach of ecological literary criticism (ecocriticism) this thesis explores Livingstone's preoccupation with "symbiosis or death" and shows that the predominant theme in his ecologically-orientated poetry is one of ecological despair. Countering this is a tentative thread of hope. Possible resolution lies in the human capacity to attain compassion and wisdom through the judicious use of science, creativity, the power of art and the power of love. Livingstone's ecological preoccupation is thus informed by the universal themes which have pervaded literature since its recorded beginnings. The first chapter examines the concepts of ecology and literary ecocriticism, followed by a chapter on the life and work of Douglas Livingstone, and a review of the critical response to the five collections of poetry which predate A Littoral Zone, his final work. The remaining four chapters offer an analysis of his ecologically-orientated poetry, with the majority of the space given to an examination of A Littoral Zone. The following ecological themes are used in the analysis of the poems: evolutionary theory, humankind's relationship to nature, ecological equilibrium, and ecological destruction. The latter two themes are shown to represent Livingstone's view of the ideal and the real, or the opposites of hope and despair. The analysis interweaves an argument with the existing critical response to this collection. This thesis demonstrates that Livingstone's crucial message – the need for humankind to attain ecological sensibility or “the knowledge of right living” (Ellen Swallow) and so obviate its certain extinction – has largely been ignored in previous critical works.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / In a country like South Africa, with a history of racial discrimination and man-made social inequalities, many NGOs and FBOs play a crucial and important role in socio-economic development and in narrowing the gap between the haves and the have-nots. As one of the nongovernmental organisations, The South African National Zakah Fund (SANZAF) development projects/programmes have played an important role in the areas of poverty alleviation, skills development, education and disaster relief. In line with the participatory/people-centred theory of community development and conceptual arguments, this study was used to examine the nature of participatory community development at the South African National Zakah Fund (SANZAF) in Cape Town, South Africa. Qualitative research methodology was applied and measurement of the level of community participation was done using a variety of instruments. This study is focused on the SANZAF's community development project in the Manenberg area in the Cape Flats. The analysis involved examining the nature and level of community participation in the project needs, planning, implementation and decision-making phases. Thereafter, the results of the research prompted general observation and provided some recommendations to SANZAF and other FBOs involved. The research findings show that the SANZAF's development projects/programmes have played an important role in terms of community development. They have been developed in response to the needs of local communities and are implemented to mobilise local resources to support the poor and needy. The study also indicated that SANZAF enjoys a strong linkage with local mosques and other development actors at the community level. However, the results of the study also indicated that the level of community participation in planning, decision making and implementation is low in the case study area. Meanwhile, the beneficiaries did not show a clear understanding of aspects such as participation, empowerment and ownership. Finally, a recommendation is made for genuine community participation at the grassroots level as this will contribute to beneficiary's empowerment, capacity building and the core ingredients for selfreliance and project sustainability in community development activities.

The Public Internet Terminal (PIT) is the Department of Communication initiative that aims to bring electronic communication to all South African citizens. It was launched in 1998 as a joint venture between the Department of Communications (DoC) and the South African Post Office (SAPO).This study postulates that the massive roll out of the Public Internet terminals (PIT‘s) has enhanced the lives of the poor by providing easy access to government services. It further assumes that the PITs are able to facilitate access of eService‘s to all the citizens in particular where electronic services are not freely available such as in the rural and remote under serviced areas of South Africa. In addition, it explores the envisaged value added initiatives stipulated in the memorandum of understanding entered in between the Department of Communication (DOC) and the South African Post Office (SAPO).

Magister Educationis - MEd / The Constitution provides that the primary object of the SANDF is to defend and protect the Republic, its territorial integrity and its people, in accordance with the Constitution and the principles of international law regulating the use of force. In this thesis I argue that an action research theory that finds its home in educational institutions like the schools of the industrialised countries of the North, cannot simplistically be applied to the set-up of the educational institutions of the developing countries of the Southern hemisphere, more so in a military context like that of the SANDF which is different from schools. Secondly, an action research theory that developed in the German-speaking countries and in some post-World War American institutions, cannot simply be applied to post-apartheid South African institutions like the SANDF, without first evaluating the nature of the transformation process of South African institutions from the yoke of an apartheid ethos and orientation into the institutions that are suited for meeting the needs of all South Africans. Thirdly, I argue for a need to share knowledge, skills, experience and expertise on the basis of equality between the institutions in the North and the South. On the one hand, this includes military and non-military institutions, and between and within the different sectors of the rapidly changing public service in South Africa, on the other. The main question at stake is: How to help soldiers in the new dispensation in South Africa develop a critical awareness of why they do certain things and why they view themselves and the world around them the way they do? In other words, When will the ways of thinking and acting in the SANDF contribute not only to the improvement of soldiers' interaction with each other, but also to the betterment of a quality of service that the Defence Force is responsible for delivering to the rest of the Country's citizens and to South Africa's neighbouring countries?

Ao longo destes quase vinte anos após o fim do apartheid, é perceptível que a África do Sul se tornou cada vez mais presente no continente africano. Seja na esfera econômica e/ou na política, tanto no âmbito regional quanto continental, é fato que o interesse em atuar na África passou a ser preponderante para a política externa sul-africana. Em contrapartida a tal envolvimento, as respostas por parte de alguns países africanos nem sempre foram às esperadas por Pretoria, uma vez que a inserção sul-africana esteve acompanhada por desconfianças e questionamentos acerca do papel, das oportunidades e dos interesses sul- africanos no continente. Nesse sentido, é baseado nesta complexa interação que o trabalho em referência tem como objetivo central analisar a política externa da África do Sul para o continente africano. Através de revisão bibliográfica de caráter variado, como relatórios, discursos presidenciais, documentos oficiais advindos de Organizações Internacionais e do governo sul-africano, livros e artigos encontrados em Centros de Estudos Africanos e em Revistas acadêmicas especializadas na área, pretende-se defender a hipótese de que a África do Sul pós-apartheid abriu mão de uma possível tendência hegemônica e voltou-se a pacificação e ao desenvolvimento do continente. / During almost the past 20 years after the end of apartheid, South Africa has affirmed its presence more and more in African continent. In the economic and political sphere, either in regional scope or continental one, we can notice that the interest in acting in Africa has become predominant in South African foreign affairs. On the other hand, the relationships with some African countries and their reactions were not always the expected ones, considering that the South African insertion was attended by distrust and questioning about the South African role, opportunities and interests in the continent. In this sense, it is based on this complex dynamic that the following work presents the main objective of analyzing the foreign policy of South Africa into the post-apartheid and defend that the country gave up on a possible hegemonic approach to focus on the pacification and development of the continent. The methodology was worked through a revision of a variety of bibliography, such as reports, official documents from South African government and related International Organizations, books and articles from Center of Africa Studies and specialized publishers in this mentioned topic.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / The Beginning of the paradigm shift in policing in the South African Police was first seen in 1993 when the concept of Community Policing was first introduced. The South African Police Service that was formed through the Police Act 68 of 1995 subsequently adopted Community Policing as a Corporate Strategy of the organisation. There is a question as to whether some of the efforts reflect the necessary elements of community policing or are merely reactions to a contemporary political thrust for police reform. This study seeks to critically analyse the challenges and contradictions in Community Policing in terms of strategy and organisation. Nyanga SAPS will be use as the case study. Nyanga is one of the Police Stations in the so-called Black Township that has been engulfed by Community-Police conflicts since the democratic dispensation came into existence in South Africa. The highest point of this animosity saw certain people within the community between 1998 and 1999 reporting criminal activities to Taxi Operators rather than to the police. This study will be approached through gap analysis. The author will first describe the desired state of affairs in terms where the SAPS should be, in relation to reform policies put in place by the government. This will be followed by the analysis of the present situation in Nyanga, which will highlight the shortcomings. Then the study will put forward recommendations which should address the identified shortcomings. Based on that, the strategy that should inform policing in the new millennium will be developed. The author will recommend an African approach to policing as it has become apparent that the policing approaches are different for different countries and different communities. The author will propose full participation of the public in policing, in terms of determining policing priorities in their areas.

abstract: This dissertation examines cultural understandings and lived realities of entrepreneurship across South Africa’s economic landscape, comparing the experiences of Cape Town’s Black entrepreneurs in under-resourced townships to those of White entrepreneurs in the wealthy, high finance business district. Based on 13 months of participant observation and interviews with 60 entrepreneurs, I find major differences between these groups of entrepreneurs, which I explain in three independent analyses that together form this dissertation. The first analysis examines the entrepreneurial motivations of Black entrepreneurs in Khayelitsha, Cape Town’s largest township. This analysis gives insight into expressed cultural values of entrepreneurship beyond a priori neoliberal analytical frameworks. The second analysis compares the material resources that Black entrepreneurs in Khayelitsha and White entrepreneurs in downtown Cape Town require for their businesses, and the mechanisms through which they secure these resources. This analysis demonstrates how historical structures of economic inequality affect entrepreneurial strategies. The third analysis assesses the non-material obstacles and challenges that both Black entrepreneurs in Khayelitsha and White entrepreneurs in wealthy areas of downtown Cape Town face in initiating their business ventures. This analysis highlights the importance of cultural capital to entrepreneurship and explains how non-material obstacles differ for entrepreneurs in different positions of societal power. Taken together, my findings contribute to two long-established lines of anthropological scholarship on entrepreneurship: (1) the moral values and understandings of entrepreneurship, and (2) the strategies and practices of entrepreneurship. I demonstrate the need to expand anthropological understandings of entrepreneurship to better theorize diverse economies, localized understandings and values of entrepreneurship, and the relationship of entrepreneurship to notions of economic justice. Yet, through comparative analysis I also demonstrate that diverse and localized values of entrepreneurship must be considered within the context of societal power structures; such context allows scholars to assess if and how diverse entrepreneurial values have the potential to make broad-scale social and/or cultural change. As such, I argue for the importance of putting these two streams of anthropological research into conversation with one another in order to gain a more holistic understanding of the relationship between the cultural meanings and the practices of entrepreneurship. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2018

Student Number : 9609557F - Master of Journalism and Media Studies research report - Faculty of Humanities / This research report forms part of current debates in media studies around the rapidly increasing commercialization and privatization of public broadcasters around the world. It investigates the impact of this commercialization and privatization on the role of these broadcasters. It looks at some impacts that the dependence of public broadcasters on advertising has on their roles public service roles. South Africa is not immune from these global trends that are mentioned above. As suggested by the ICASA, the government reduced its funding of the public broadcaster (SABC). This forced the SABC to rely more and more on income from advertising and various forms of sponsorship in order to sustain and fulfill its goals. This research provides an investigation and findings of the nature and extent of the impact of advertising influence on both the SABC and to some extent E-TV programming and programmes. This study is important because it covers an important area since it looks at the rapid changes taking place in the funding and the content of local television (South African Television). It will make both a theoretical and empirical contribution to the understanding of trends and developments that are taking place in South African Television. It is comprised of three chapters with each treating its own theme ranging from policy and literature analysis, news and drama programme analysis and finally a case study, which provides an analysis of first hand information from the SABC officials from both the programming and the advertising department.