Orientador: Doris Catharine Cornelie Knatz Kowaltowski / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T17:32:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bernardi_Nubia_D.pdf: 33548194 bytes, checksum: b3689fff59a0684a358df4efb23d48c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa aborda a aplicação do conceito do Desenho Universal no ensino do projeto de arquitetura. O objetivo geral do trabalho é aplicar uma metodologia de ensino de projeto arquitetônico que remeta a projetos qualitativos na questão da inclusão espacial. A revisão da literatura concentra-se em métodos de projeto, experiências de ensino em arquitetura e meios de comunicação apropriados para um processo de projeto participativo. Esta pesquisa adota como metodologia os preceitos da simulação/modelagem combinada com um estudo de caso. A modelagem foi feita em mapas táteis, construídos em escala e passíveis de manipulação, tendo sido investigados como instrumentos de leitura de projeto e apresentados de maneira inovadora no processo de ensino. É dada ênfase à interação entre alunos e voluntários com baixa visão através das possibilidades, potencialidades e dificuldades de participação durante o processo. Os voluntários foram divididos em grupos com diferentes afinidades visuais e fizeram análises de projetos arquitetônicos através da manipulação destes mapas (desenvolvidos por alunos de arquitetura e engenharia civil). Questionam-se também as formas tradicionais de comunicação (desenhos, maquetes, desenhos elaborados no computador) que são utilizadas no ensino do projeto arquitetônico, inserindo como novo elemento a participação de indivíduos com diferentes habilidades visuais. Concluiu-se que a metodologia aplicada obteve resultados positivos e que a inserção dos conceitos de acessibilidade no ensino de projeto arquitetônico deve adotar um conjunto de parâmetros. A pesquisa mostrou-se didaticamente eficiente ao incorporar a participação do usuário durante processo de ensino de projeto e permitiu reflexões sobre o significado do espaço arquitetônico e sua utilização a partir de outros referenciais perceptivos. Os resultados demonstram que o processo de projeto deve ocorrer de forma participativa e que novas formas de comunicação são necessárias. As investigações realizadas contribuem para a melhoria do ensino de projeto arquitetônico e vislumbram a formação de novos profissionais com atitudes sensíveis às diversidades dos usuários e fundamentadas no conceito do Desenho Universal para estimular projetos com qualidade arquitetônica reconhecida / Abstract: The application of Universal Design (UD) principles to the built environment has had an important impact on users, ensuring their quality of life. Most countries, including Brazil, laws and regulations exist to improve accessibility of users with various disabilities and turn environments more inclusive. However, creating a 100% accessible environment is still a challenge. The profession needs to adopt new attitudes, based on the UD principles. The design process must change as well, to communicate design intentions to potential users with disabilities. This thesis presents a study of a design teaching method, which includes UD principles and reflects on users with visual impairment as subjects of investigation. A literature review concentrates on design methods, architectural teaching experiences and means of communication, appropriate for a participatory design process. Tactile maps were investigated as an innovative tool in such a process. The goal of this study was to develop new communication instruments to include the visually impaired into the design process and improve the quality of designs as a whole. The investigation started from the premise that spatial orientation is of extreme importance even for the blind and needs to be addressed in new and innovative ways in architectural design education. Role playing as a means of bringing students closer to the issues of users with disabilities was shown to be insufficient and a collaborative design process increased student¿s sensibility. The research was based on a design class which included a group of participants with low vision. Designs were evaluated, focusing on spatial perception and orientation of such users through tactile maps. Braille and large-scale fonts were used for text communication with the group of the visually impaired. The spatial perception which the different means of communication and the actual space can transmit, were measured through a questionnaire and all designs were evaluated by the participants. Design students of two courses, Architecture and Civil Engineering, learned new and innovative ways of designing, improved their perception of user needs and were challenged to create design communication media, as well as learned to design in a participative process. The results of this study showed that the design process, when users with various deficiencies are involved, must change. New ways of communicating design solutions are_necessaries and design education must include the UD concepts to ensure that future professionals have new and deeper attitudes towards users and are able to create high quality environment / Doutorado / Arquitetura e Construção / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

As pessoas com deficiência compreendem uma parcela da população as quais as formas de planejamento dos espaços urbanos causam impacto direto em sua qualidade de vida, sendo a incapacidade visual a mais abrangente entre as deficiências, acometendo mais de 35 milhões de pessoas no Brasil. Nas últimas décadas, as normas e leis brasileiras de promoção da acessibilidade buscam criar condições para que as pessoas com deficiências possam ter uma vida social e econômica mais ativa, por meio do uso dos preceitos do design universal nos projetos de acessibilidade para espaços públicos e meios de transporte. No entanto, definir regulamentos e normas tem se mostrado insuficiente, pois a simples padronização de recursos físicos, como pisos táteis, não garantem a autonomia para o deslocamento das pessoas com deficiência visual. Paralelo às adequações dos espaços públicos para a acessibilidade, algumas tecnologias eletrônicas têm sido desenvolvidas de forma efetiva para o design universal, dentre elas as atuais formas de audiodescrição de programas de TV, cinemas e teatros, assim como o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de voz sintetizada para quepessoas com deficiência visual possam fazer uso dos portáteis smartphones. Neste estudo, foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográficas e experimentos em ambientes controlados e ambientes públicos, utilizando-se de técnicas de pesquisa qualitativa para o levantamento, registro e análise de informações, por meio da observação de voluntários com deficiência visual, enquanto utilizavam um modelo primordial de equipamento com voz digital para orientá-los em três ambientes públicos na cidade de São Paulo, compreendendo uma movimentada estação de metrô, uma calçada a céu aberto e uma instituição pública de cultura. Os experimentos demonstraram que os voluntários com deficiência visual podem utilizar um formato adequado de audiodescrição para a orientação e mobilidade, contanto que sejam consideradas peculiaridades que relacionem a velocidade de marcha de pessoas com deficiência visual com os processos cognitivos pertinentes à audição e à percepção ambiental. Por consequência, esta pesquisa oferece princípios para o design de audionavegação, por meio de readequações na audiodescrição para abranger os conceitos de orientação e mobilidade, de modo a possibilitar sua aplicação em projetos de interfaces eletrônicas portáteis com voz sintetizada para orientar pessoas com deficiência visual, buscando assim um incrementando na autonomia dessas pessoas para seu wayfinding em ambientes públicos e transportes de massa. / The people with disabilities comprise a portion of the population whose forms of planning in urban spaces have a direct impact on their quality of life, with visual impairment being the most comprehensive among disabilities, affecting more than35 million individuals in Brazil. In the last decades, the Brazilian norms and laws to promote accessibility seek to create conditions for people with disabilities to have a more active social and economic life, through the use of universal design precepts in the projects of accessibility for public spaces and mass transports. However, setting regulations and norms has proved insufficient, since the simple standardization of physical resources, such as tactile floors, do not guarantee autonomy for the displacement of visually impaired people. Parallel to the adaptations of public spaces for accessibility, some electronic technologies have been effectively developed for the universal design, amongst them the present forms of audiodescription of TV programs, cinemas and theaters, as well as the development of synthesized voice technologies so that people with visual disabilities can make use of portable smartphones. In this study, in addition to relevant bibliographical research, practical experiments were carried out in controlled and public environments, applying qualitative research techniques for the collection, recording and analysis of information through the observation of volunteers with visual impairment, using a primordial model of equipment with digital voice technology to guide them in three public spaces in the city of São Paulo, comprising a busy subway station, a sidewalk and a public cultural institution. The experiments have shown that visually impaired volunteers can use an appropriate format of audiodescription for orientation and mobility, as long as they are considered peculiarities that relate the visually impaired people walking speed to cognitive processes relevant to hearing and for environmental perception. As a result, this research offers principles for the audionavigation design, through adjustments in audiodescription to include the orientation and mobility concepts, enabling its application in projects of portable electronic interfaces with synthesized voice to guide visually impaired people, seeking an increase in wayfinding autonomy for these people when in public environments and mass transports.

Os macacos-prego são primatas bastante flexíveis quanto à sua alimentação, ocupando ambientes com características diversas e, por isso, possuindo a mais ampla distribuição geográfica entre os primatas do Novo Mundo. Possuem habilidades como o uso de ferramentas e reconhecimento espacial de sua área de uso na busca por alimentos, utilizando sistemas de orientação egocêntrico e alocêntrico. No entanto, estudos sobre o sistema de orientação desses animais em vida livre, com observação naturalística, são raros. Pelas similaridades filogenéticas e convergências adaptativas com humanos, principalmente no que se refere à variabilidade comportamental associada à diversidade dos ambientes ocupados, pesquisas sobre cognição espacial de Cebus nigritus são necessárias e importantes para investigar se a flexibilidade comportamental desse primata observa-se também quanto às capacidades de orientação espacial. O objetivo desse estudo foi contribuir para o entendimento dos sistemas de orientação que podem estar envolvidos quando os macacos-pregos constroem suas rotas. Os sujeitos desse estudo são macacos-pregos (Cebus nigritus) selvagens, vivendo na Mata Atlântica, no Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), porção sul do Estado de São Paulo. Os macacosprego foram seguidos durante dias consecutivos em um total de 100 dias (2006, 2007 e 2008) e seus movimentos foram registrados como pontos de coordenadas geográficas com o uso de GPS. As rotas foram então mapeadas e analisadas com o apoio de tecnologia de sistemas de informação geográfica (ArcView 9.2 e 9.3). As rotas foram analisadas em mapas topográficos e modelos em terceira dimensão. Com o uso de sistemas de informação geográfica foram realizadas análises para verificar se os animais deslocam-se por um sistema de mapa de redes preferenciais; se aumentam a velocidade de deslocamento quando se aproximam de uma fonte de alimento ou sítio de dormida, o que seria evidência de memória espacial; se fazem uma trajetória mais linear, quando se aproximam de uma fonte de alimento ou sítio de dormida, o que seria evidência de orientação alocêntrica. Os resultados indicaram que os macacos-prego vivendo no PECB não se deslocam por um sistema de mapa de redes preferenciais e se deslocam em maior velocidade e linearidade para fontes de alimento conhecidas, sugerindo que possuem memória da localização destas fontes. Em metade da amostra, os animais atingem as fontes de alimento por meio de atalhos, sugerindo o uso de um mecanismo de orientação alocêntrico. / Capuchin monkeys are remarkable for their flexible foraging behavior, occupying environments with diverse characteristics, and, because of these elements they have the largest geographic distribution among the New World primates. They have skills such as tool use and spatial recognition of their home range when searching for food, relying on both egocentric and allocentric orientation systems. However, studies about the orientation systems of these animals in the wild, with naturalistic observation, are rare. Because of the adaptive convergence and phylogenetic similarities to humans, mainly with regards to behavioral variability linked to the diversity of occupied environments, research on Cebus nigritus spatial cognition are required and important to investigate whether the behavioral flexibility of these primates is also observed in terms of their spatial orientation skills. The goal of this study was to contribute to the comprehension of the orientation systems that may be involved when the capuchin monkeys build their routes. The subjects of this study are wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus nigritus), living as a group, in the Atlantic Forest, in the Carlos Botelho State Park (PECB), southern portion of the State of Sao Paulo (Brazil). The capuchin monkeys were followed during consecutive days totaling 100 days (2006, 2007, and 2008) and their movements were registered as points of geographic coordinates with the use of GPS. The routes were then mapped and analyzed with the support of geographic information systems (ArcView 9.2 and 9.3). The routes were analyzed in topographic maps and three-dimensional models. Multiple analyses, supported by geographic information systems, were developed to verify if the animals move according to a system of network routes; if they increase their moving speed when closer to a source of food or sleeping site (evidence of spatial memory); if they use a more linear path, when closer to a source of food or sleeping site (evidence of allocentric orientation). Findings suggest that capuchin monkeys living in PECB do not move based on a system of network routes and do move faster and more linearly to know sources of food, suggesting that they have memory of the location of such sources. In half of the cases, the animals reach the sources of food using shortcuts, suggesting the use of an allocentric orientation mechanism.

The topic of this thesis is spatial orientation and navigation in children with combined visual impairment. This study introduces different theoretical stages and compares different attitudes of families, teachers and counselors. Furthermore this study is to identify various levels of parents' awareness of this problem. Qualitative research based on interviews has been used for this observation. The objective of this thesis is to create an information brochure which should then serve as an aid and support for parents with visually impaired children. Such brochure should include basic information about spatial orientation and navigation, as well as it should share personal experience and relevant advice useful in daily life. Recent research suggests that parents of visually impaired children learn about these issues mainly from special education centers or Early Care. Materials obtained at said institutions were, according to research, insufficient. However the availability of these materials was satisfactory. Children with impairment need specific and individual approach and teachers, parents and counselors, when working with children with visual impairment, seem to often focus on different subjects.

Actualmente, Lima es una de las ciudades con mayor índice de crecimiento poblacional en Latinoamérica. Sin embargo, su infraestructura vial no está diseñada para satisfacer las necesidades de todos los ciudadanos, ya que principalmente existen barreras arquitectónicas en los espacios públicos que dificultan la movilidad de las personas en situación de discapacidad. En este sentido, la presente tesis propone un diseño que no busca eliminar barreras, sino construir sin ellas; difundiendo el concepto de un entorno para todos los usuarios en ámbitos de transporte y urbanismo. Es por este motivo que el principal objetivo de la presente tesis se enfoca en proponer un diseño accesible en la intersección ubicada entre la Av. Gral. Salaverry y la Av. Eduardo Rebagliati en el distrito de Jesús María que mejore la movilidad de personas con discapacidad. Para ello, se recopiló información acerca de las principales características de la intersección mencionada haciendo uso de planos catastrales de la zona de estudio y revisión de la literatura. Asimismo, se propuso alternativas de solución basadas únicamente en normas internacionales de accesibilidad y el recurso Wayfinding para cuantificar la eliminación de barreras haciendo uso de la matriz de barreras Pugh. Finalmente, se obtuvo una retroalimentación a través de juicios expertos de especialistas y usuarios para ajustar el modelo según las necesidades, recomendaciones y críticas. Así como el replanteo final del diseño accesible en base a la verificación técnica, la realización de la matriz de Pugh de barreras y encuestas a los usuarios con discapacidad. / Currently, Lima is one of the cities with the highest population growth rate in Latin America. However, its road infrastructure is not designed to meet the needs of all citizens, as there are mainly architectural barriers in public spaces that hinder the mobility of persons with disabilities. In this sense, the present thesis proposes a design that does not seek to remove barriers, but to build without them; spreading the concept of an environment for all users in areas of transport and urbanism. For this reason, the main objective of this thesis is to propose an accessible design at the intersection located between Av. Gral. Salaverry and Av. Eduardo Rebagliati in the district of Jesús María to improve the mobility of people with disabilities. To this end, information about the main characteristics of the aforementioned intersection was collected using cadastral plans of the study area and literature review. Alternative solutions based solely on international accessibility standards and the Wayfinding resource were also proposed to quantify the removal of barriers using the Pugh barrier matrix. Finally, a feedback was obtained through expert judgments of specialists and users to adjust the model according to needs, recommendations and critiques. As well as the final rethinking of the accessible design based on technical verification, the realization of the Pugh matrix of barriers and surveys of users with disabilities. / Tesis

5 Abstract Cognitive flexibility is an ability to adapt a behavior according to a dynamic changes in an environment. It belongs to executive functions, along with the processes of working memory, attention, motivation and others. Flexibility is important in the process of changing "stimulus-response" contingency at the time when the initial stimulus no longer leads to reward. According to the nature of the changes we can distinguish three types of cognitive flexibility: reversal learning, intradimensional set shifting and extradimensional set shifting. The processes of cognitive flexibility take place in fronto-striato-thalamic circuit with numerous connections to other brain regions, especially the limbic system. Deficit in cognitive flexibility belongs among cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, a psychiatric illness we studied in the experimental part of this work using its analogue in rat. The aim of the experimental work was to test cognitive flexibility deficit in the rat model of schizophrenia-like behavior in the Carousel maze in four versions of task with different cognitive load. Animal model of schizophrenia was induced by acute administration of non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 at doses of 0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg i.p. Reversal learning was not damaged in this type of task following the...

The aim of the thesis is to provide a qualitative analysis of the RightHear navigation system in the building of the Faculty of Education, Charles University (Magdalény Rettigové 4, Prague) as a means of providing assistance with spatial navigation and independent mobility to visually impaired people. In the introduction, the thesis provides an overview of various aids and systems supporting independent mobility of the visually impaired. It also discusses the RightHear navigation system. The research part of the thesis analyses the current configuration of the RightHear system and proposes ways to improve it in the Faculty of Education building. The research utilised the methods of participatory observation and an unstructured in-depth interview with two consultants. The output of the thesis is a proposal for a new configuration of the RightHear navigation system in the building and suggestions for general rules for creating descriptions used for indoor navigation with RightHear. This output is based on knowledge of spatial orientation, independent mobility of visually impaired people and indoor navigation systems as well as the consultants' comments. The thesis includes specific conclusions and recommendations for practice and future research.

Based on a targeted literature review, this vision paper emphasizes the importance of dementia-sensitive built space. The article specifically focuses on supporting spatial orientation and wayfinding for people living with dementia. First, we discuss types of wayfinding challenges, underlying processes, and consequences of spatial disorientation in the context of dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Second, we focus on current efforts aimed at planning and evaluating dementia-sensitive built space, i.e., environmental design principles, interventions, evaluation tools, strategies, and planning processes. Third, we use our findings as a starting point for developing an interdisciplinary research vision aimed at encouraging further debates and research about: (1) the perspective of a person with dementia, specifically in the context of wayfinding and spatial orientation, and (2) how this perspective supplements planning and design processes of dementia-sensitive built space. We conclude that more closely considering the perspective of people with dementia supports the development of demographically sustainable future cities and care institutions.

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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Once the military helicopter pilot deploys aboard a naval vessel he leaves behind all training platforms, short of the actual aircraft, that present enough fidelity for him to maintain the highest levels of readiness. To that end, this thesis takes a preliminary step in creating a trainer that places the pilot in an immersive and familiar environment to exercise myriad piloting tasks as faithfully and as rigorously as in actual flight. The focus of this thesis it to assess the viability of an chromakeyed augmented virtual environment (ChrAVE) trainer embedded into a helicopter for use in maintaining certain perishable skills. Specifically this thesis will address the task of helicopter low-level land navigation. The ChrAVE was developed to substantiate the viability of having embedded trainers in helicopters. The ChrAVE is comprised of commercial off the shelf (COTS) equipment on a transportable cart. In determining whether a system such as the ChrAVE is viable as a laboratory for continued training in virtual environment, the opinion of actual pilots that were tasked with realistic workloads was used. Additionally, empirical data was collected and evaluated according to the subject pool's thresholds for acceptable low-level navigation performance. / Captain, United States Marine Corps