A forma como as formigas se dispersam pelo espaço está relacionada tanto à processos coletivos de formação de trilhas preferenciais de forrageamento por meio de marcação feromonal quanto à fatores individuais como orientação por ângulos, distância e direção da colônia, o comportamento em bifurcações e memória individual. Entretanto a compreensão de como esses mecanismos se articulam na produção de uma resposta da colônia frente à uma tarefa espacial poucas vezes foi focado. Além disso, assim como no forrageamento, a forma como se dá a dispersão pelo espaço na exploração também é crítica. Sendo assim, a dispersão das formigas pelo espaço representa um ponto de balanço entre a exploração e o forrageamento, em que os fatores individuais e coletivos compõem conjuntamente uma resposta ao desafio espacial. No entanto, na medida em que o uso do espaço é frequentemente observado pelo ponto de vista da otimização do forrageamento, esse balanço é pouco explorado. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar como a dispersão espaço-temporal das formigas de uma colônia, produzida por mecanismos coletivos e individuais, reflete tanto o esforço exploratório quanto o de forrageamento. Para isso, foi criado um labirinto hexagonal duplo concêntrico e foram comparadas as dispersões das formigas em duas condições: com alimento numa posição específica, e em uma condição controle, em que o alimento era oferecido junto à colônia de forma que a dispersão fosse uma exploração desvinculada do forrageamento. Para a observação das formigas no labirinto, foram dispostas câmeras de vídeo sobre os corredores e foi desenvolvido um software de análise de vídeo para a contagem de formigas. Embora a dispersão decorrente do forrageamento e da exploração sejam indissociáveis, através da simulação computacional com modelos de referência em que predominam um dos casos foi possível avaliar o grau de contraste com dispersões observadas experimentalmente. Observamos que, de fato, os controles são mais próximos do modelo nulo de exploração e os experimentos com folhas do modelo de forrageamento. Embora o caminho preferencial observado tenha divergido do modelo, são mais próximos do modelo de forrageamento, mostrando a relação entre a forma da dispersão e os comportamentos subjacentes. Além disso, houve uma baixa convergência nos controles, ao passo que nos experimentos com folhas a formação de trilhas preferenciais apresentou graus variados de convergência. Na condição experimental a formação de trilhas preferenciais decorrente da marcação feromonal coletiva, em conjunto com o comportamento individual nas bifurcações assimétricas e o próprio desenho do labirinto favoreceram a separação entre as trilhas de ida e volta do alimento. Enquanto o caminho de ida permaneceu o mais provável dado o labirinto, o caminho de retorno foi otimizado, estabelencendo um caminho mínimo contralateral ao caminho de ida. Assim, a relação entre os mecanismos coletivos e individuais fornece um cenário apropriado para a análise do balanço entre o forrageamento e a exploração / The means by which ants disperse is given by collective processes of preferential foraging trail formation by means of pheromone marking as well as by individual factors such as orientation by features\' angles, colony distance and direction, choices at bifurcations and individual memory. However, how these mechanisms interact in producing a colony response given a spatial task has rarely been the focus of studies. In addition, as in the case of foraging, the spatial dispersal pattern for exploration is also critical. So, the ants dispersal in space represents a balance point between exploration and foraging, in which the individual and collective factors together compose a response to the spatial challenges. However, as the space occupation is frequently studied regarding foraging optimization, this balance is disregarded. The objective of this study is to understand how the spatio-temporal dispersal of ants in a maze, as produced by such collective and individual mechanisms, reflects both the exploratory and foraging efforts. With that aim, I created a double concentric hexagonal maze and compared the ants dispersal in two conditions: in the offering of food in a specific place, and in a control condition, food was given in the same place as the colony such that its dispersal is unrelated to foraging. In order to observe the ants behaviour, video cameras were set on top of each maze connection and a software was developed to count the passage of the ants. Although the dispersal due to foraging and from exploration are inseparable, using computer simulations of reference theoretical models of each case it was possible to contrast and measure the differences to the experimentally observed dispersals. We observed that indeed, the experimental group was closer to the foraging model while the control was closer to the null model of exploration. Although the observed preferential path was different from that of the foraging model, it was still closer, showing the relationship between the observed dispersal and the underlying behaviours. Moreover, there was a low convergence in the control group, while various degrees of convergence were observed in the experimental group. In the experimental group, the formation of preferential paths by means of collective pheremonal markings, together with individual preferences at asymmetric bifurcations and the design of the maze, favoured the separation between outbound and inbound paths. Whilst the outbound path remained the most probable given the geometry of the maze, the inbound path was optimised, establishing a minimal path on the opposite side of the outbound path. Thus, the relationship between the collective and individual mechanisms provide a more than appropriate scenario for the analysis of the balance between foraging and exploration

Die Technologie der Computer Erweiterten Realität (engl.: Computer Augmented Reality, CAR) ermöglicht die Anreicherung der Sinneswahrnehmung des Menschen mit computergenerierten Informationen. Diese situationsangepassten Informationen unterstützen den Benutzer bei der Ausführung seiner Handlungen in der Realität. Durch den Einsatz dieser Technologie im industriellen Bereich wird eine Steigerung der Qualität und Effizienz von Industrieprozessen erwartet. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den CAR-Einsatz zur Unterstützung von Tätigkeiten im Bereich technischer Instandhaltung. Am Institut für Prozess- und Produktionsleittechnik der Technischen Universität Clausthal wurde der Prototyp eines CAR-basierten Informations- und Dokumentationssystems für die Instandhaltung entwickelt. Er stellt eine alternative, praxistaugliche und kostengünstige Systemlösung dar, verglichen mit traditionellen CAR-Systemen, deren industrieller Einsatz durch technische, ergonomische und kostenbedingte Probleme nach wie vor erschwert wird. In einer Reihe von Benutzertests wurde die Gebrauchstauglichkeit dieses Prototyps zur Unterstützung von Instandhaltungstätigkeiten durch die Bereitstellung CAR-basierter Bedienungsanleitungen evaluiert. Des Weiteren wurde der Einfluss der speziellen interaktiven Eigenschaften des virtuell erweiterten Umgebungsbildes dieses Prototyps auf die räumliche Orientierung des Benutzers in einer größeren, unbekannten Umgebung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse sprechen deutlich für eine Eignung des Systems. Neben zeitlichen Einsparungen sind insbesondere reduzierte Fehlerzahlen und eine erleichterte räumliche Orientierung in größeren, komplex aufgebauten sowie in nicht oder wenig bekannten Umgebungen zu nennen. Durch die Möglichkeit, Objekte einer Anlage eindeutig zu identifizieren, wird letztlich die Arbeitssicherheit erhöht. / The technology of Computer Augmented Reality (CAR) enriches the perception of a person with computer-generated information. This virtual information supports the user when acting in the real environment. Increased quality and efficiency of industrial processes are expected by applying this technology. This thesis examines the potentials of CAR for supporting activities in industrial maintenance. At Clausthal University of Technology the prototype of a system for information and documentation in maintenance was developed. Compared to traditional CAR-systems with their technical, ergonomic and financial problems it is an alternative solution that can easily be used in industrial environments. In various tests the usability of this prototype for giving operating instructions was evaluated. Also, the influence of this prototype’s interactive augmented live-video on the spatial orientation was examined. The results clearly speak for the suitability of this system. It reduces execution time and error rates. Allowing exact identification of objects in complex or unknown environments it increases the operational safety.

Maps are essential tools for providing tourism information. Hence, it is imperative for tourism marketers to understand how tourists perceive spatial information and sense physical places virtually presented in digital maps. Based on sense of place, spatial cognition, and virtual reality literature, this study constructed a conceptual framework to measure how different interactivity levels of a digital map interface affect potential tourists' experience when exploring maps. In addition, the study explored how individual characteristics such as place attachment and spatial ability affect virtual-spatial experiences. An experiment was conducted to test the developed Virtual Spatial Experience model. Google Earth maps were manipulated using two experimental conditions: low level (satellite view map only) vs. high level (three dimensional (3D) dynamic objects). The questionnaire included self-report items regarding perceived map interactivity, spatial ability, affective place attachment, spatial orientation, spatial imagery, and spatial presence. Responses from 211 students were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The study results showed that map interfaces influence human perceptions of map interactivity. Perceived map interactivity positively affected virtual spatial experiences: spatial orientation, spatial imagery and spatial presence. Spatial ability positively influenced spatial orientation which in turn led to greater spatial imagery and ultimately greater spatial presence. The results further demonstrated that affective place attachment positively influenced spatial presence. The findings provided evidence that sense of place in the real world, such as affective place attachment to the experimental setting (Walt Disney World, Florida), influences spatial experiences of an environment virtually presented in the map. Therefore, by applying place attachment to virtual environment studies, this study expanded the scope of theories used in exploring human spatial experience. Moreover, evaluating the influence of map interactivity, this study provided practical implications for designing destination maps. By applying 3D dynamic objects as a design feature in an interactive map, tourism marketers can produce enhanced virtual spatial experiences. As this study used Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom Park presented on Google Earth as the experimental setting, the collected data also informs the understanding of virtual experiences and perceptions of the park.

The purposes of the study were to investigate the effects of visual treatment on students&rsquo / opinion in terms of thinking process and students&rsquo / opinion in terms of feelings in the spatial ability activities / to investigate the effects of visual treatment on student&rsquo / s spatial ability, spatial visualization and spatial orientation The study was conducted in Ankara with 21 sixth-grade elementary school students. One group pretest-posttest design was used. Two measuring instruments were utilized: Spatial Ability Test and Spatial Problem Attitude Scale. Spatial Ability Test, which was developed by Ekstrom, consists of paper folding and surface development tests measuring the spatial visualization ability and card rotation together with cube comparison tests measuring the spatial orientation ability. The tests were translated into Turkish by Delialioglu, (1996). Spatial Problem Attitude Scale was developed by researcher. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative research using a mixed method design. The researcher conducted 9 interviews with nine 6th grade students from the same class. The students were asked their opinion about the visual treatment in terms of thinking process and feelings in the spatial ability activities. Additionally, the class was observed during their activity time that continued 10 weeks and five hours per week.In order to analyze the obtained data, Friedman and Wilcoxon tests as well as one-way repeated measures Analysis of Variance were used. To analyze data obtained from interviews, the phenomenographic method was used. The results of the study indicated that there was a statistically significant change in students&rsquo / spatial ability, spatial orientation and spatial visualization scores across three time periods (pre treatment, post treatment and retention). All three scores were significantly different from each other. Test scores were significantly higher immediately after the visual treatment than those before the treatment. The test scores one month later were significantly lower than those immediately after the treatment, but significantly higher than the scores before the treatment. The findings suggest that visual treatment has positive effects on students&rsquo / spatial cognitive process and their attitudes toward spatial ability problems. Selection of the appropriate visual treatment should be based on students&rsquo / needs and their cognitive development level for providing better learning environment

The main purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of origami-based instruction on fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students&rsquo / spatial ability in mathematics. More specifically, how origami-based instruction affected students&rsquo / spatial visualization and spatial orientation ability was examined. In addition, elementary students&rsquo / self-reported perceptions related to origami-based instruction was investigated. In other words, students&rsquo / attitude towards origami-based instruction, their views about the benefits of origami-based instruction and its connection to mathematics, and the difficulties that students encountered while making origami as well as by whom they overcame these difficulties were investigated. The data was collected from 38 fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students in a private school in Eryaman neighborhood in Ankara. The participants were given a Spatial Ability Test (SAT) as pretest and posttest in order to assess the effect of origami-based instruction on their spatial ability in terms of spatial visualization and spatial orientation. In addition, the participants were asked to write reflection papers related to origami-based instruction in order to examine their perceptions. The results indicated that there was a significant positive effect of origami-based instruction on elementary students&rsquo / both spatial visualization and spatial orientation ability. Moreover, the findings showed that students had positive attitude toward origami-based instruction where they wanted to continue origami-based instruction. Students also thought that origami-based instruction was beneficial for them especially in geometry topics in mathematics, and they have common views that origami-based instruction was directly related with mathematics. Furthermore, results revealed that students were generally encountered with folding and assembling difficulties, and they overcame these difficulties by themselves, by the help of the teacher, and by the help of their friends.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the contributions of spatial visualization and spatial orientation tasks regarding 2D representations of 3D objects and isometric drawing to the development of sixth grade students&rsquo / spatial reasoning. The study also aimed to investigate students&rsquo / performances on spatial tasks during the classes and to explore their views and feelings about the spatial tasks. Data were collected from 24 6th grade students in a private school located in Ankara. The design of the research was first person inquiry where the researcher was also the teacher at the same time. During five class hour the topic was covered with spatial tasks developed by the researcher.Spatial Orientation Test (SOT) and Achievement Test on 2D Representations of 3D Objects and Isometric Drawing (AT) were administered to the students before and after the taskto evaluate the effect of instruction. Wilcoxon signed rank test was run to test data. Statistical analyses revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in students&rsquo / spatial reasoning development between pre-test and post-test. Another finding of the study was related to the progress of students&rsquo / performances in the visual reasoning tasks. As the time passed, students got more successful in completing even the more advanced tasks.The findings of the study indicated that in order to develop students&rsquo / visual reasoning abilities teachers need to provide them opportunities to practice with the visual tasks supported with the effective use of manipulative. In addition to this, teachers should create activities and design their lessons in a way that where the students are the actors and actively participated in the class.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-07-18T14:15:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6688646 bytes, checksum: f2105faea3968cf74831e16630106689 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T14:15:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6688646 bytes, checksum: f2105faea3968cf74831e16630106689 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-27 / In the cities predominate information and visual references. People with visual impairment have a different environmental perception of the sighted ones, because of their visual impairment, forcing them to use other senses. These people have their impaired autonomy in certain areas where is no implementation of accessibility requirements to facilitate their orientation and spatial perception. This thesis discusses to which extent the common meeting places of citizens, especially restaurants, considering the specific needs of people with visual impairment. Thus, the general goal of this research is to identify and understand how is the perception and physical-spatial orientation of visually impaired people in the built environment, considering different physical-spatial contexts, taking as object of study restaurants located in the city João Pessoa, Paraíba. The methodological course is characterized by multimethod approach and is divided into two stages: literature and field research, which involves the application of methods, like Walkthrough, Accompanied Walk and Wish Poem, in order to collect data, trying to understand the dynamics of the restaurants, the physical and spatial orientation of blind and low vision people and how they idealize these restaurants. At the time this research began, it was conducted at the Institute of the Blind, a 20-day immersion in rehabilitation programs: Daily Life Activities and Orientation and Mobility to know the techniques that the visually impaired learn on their day by day basis. The results of Accompanied Walks indicated that all participants with visual impairment had difficulties related to spatial orientation of the four spatial accessibility components. It was concluded then that analyzed restaurants showed inefficient space readability and scarce means which would contribute to the perception and spatial orientation of blind and low vision. In poems produced by these participants, it was observed that they idealize a space that provides accessible resources to enable them to carry out activities in restaurants areas with autonomy and safety. By reflecting upon the issue, we expect to make not only the designers sensible, but also the commercial sector, particularly the food industry, that they can take measures to promote the spatial accessibility for people with visual disabilities. / Nas cidades, predominam as informações e referências visuais. As pessoas com deficiência visual possuem uma percepção ambiental diferente das normovisuais em virtude de sua limitação visual, obrigando-as a recorrer a outros sentidos. Essas pessoas têm sua autonomia prejudicada em certos espaços nos quais inexiste a implantação de critérios de acessibilidade que facilitem a sua orientação e percepção espacial. Esta dissertação discute até que ponto os locais de convívio comum dos cidadãos, sobretudo os restaurantes, contemplam as necessidades específicas de pessoas com deficiência visual. Assim, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa é identificar e compreender como se dá a percepção e orientação físico-espacial de pessoas com deficiência visual no ambiente construído, considerando-se diferentes contextos físicoespaciais, tomando-se como objeto de estudo restaurantes localizados na cidade de João Pessoa, Paraíba. O percurso metodológico caracteriza-se pela abordagem multimétodos e se divide em duas grandes etapas: pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e pesquisa de campo, que consiste na aplicação dos métodos de Visitas Exploratórias, Passeio Acompanhado e Poema dos Desejos, no intuito de coletar dados buscando entender a dinâmica dos restaurantes, a orientação físicoespacial de pessoas cegas e com baixa visão, e como elas idealizam os restaurantes. Também foi realizada uma imersão de 20 dias no Instituto dos Cegos Adalgisa Cunha (ICPAC), acompanhando os programas de reabilitação: Atividades de Vida Diária e Orientação e Mobilidade, para conhecer as técnicas que os reabilitandos com deficiência visual aprendem para o seu dia a dia. Os resultados dos Passeios Acompanhados indicaram que todos os participantes com deficiência visual tiveram dificuldades relacionadas à orientação espacial dentre os quatro componentes de acessibilidade espacial. Concluiu-se, então, que os restaurantes analisados apresentam legibilidade espacial ineficiente e escassos meios que possam contribuir para a percepção e orientação espacial de pessoas cegas e com baixa visão. Em poemas elaborados por estes participantes, observou-se que eles idealizam espaços de restaurantes que proporcionem recursos acessíveis que lhes permitam realizar atividades com autonomia e segurança. Ao refletir sobre a problemática, espera-se sensibilizar não apenas os projetistas, como também o setor comercial, particularmente de alimentação, para que possam tomar medidas que promovam a acessibilidade espacial para pessoas com deficiência visual.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / De acordo com documentos oficiais brasileiros, a Ãrea da MatemÃtica escolar à dividida em quatro blocos ou eixos: NÃmeros e OperaÃÃes, EspaÃo e Forma (Geometria), Grandezas e Medidas, e Tratamento da InformaÃÃo (EstatÃstica). O ensino da MatemÃtica, entretanto, ainda à muito focado no primeiro, em detrimento dos outros blocos. Hà duas dÃcadas, vÃrios pesquisadores (PAVANELLO, 1993; ARAÃJO, 1994; LORENZATO, 1995; FAINGUELERNT, 1995) denunciaram o abandono da Geometria, a qual contempla conteÃdos referentes a forma e espaÃo, na EducaÃÃo BÃsica e defenderam a sua valorizaÃÃo. Na dÃcada passada, dispositivos legais determinaram a inclusÃo da PrÃ-Escola na EducaÃÃo BÃsica obrigatÃria. No que se refere ao trabalho pedagÃgico com a Geometria nesta fase da EducaÃÃo Infantil, muitas vezes o educador aborda apenas o (re)conhecimento de figuras geomÃtricas planas â cÃrculo, triÃngulo, retÃngulo, quadrado â em atividades de pintura e nomeaÃÃo. O ensino e a aprendizagem de Geometria, no entanto, precisa oportunizar, tal como propÃem vÃrios pesquisadores â (GRANDE, 1994), (CERQUETTI-ABERKNE; BERDONNEAU, 1997), (DUHALDE; CUBERES, 1998), (SMOLE; DINIZ; CÃNDIDO, 2003), (LORENZATO, 2006) â o desenvolvimento de conceitos referentes a espaÃo e forma, oferecendo Ãs crianÃas oportunidades de perceberem e conhecerem os espaÃos em que vivem, se locomovem, nos quais elas aprendem a explorar, conquistar, ordenar e representar. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar os saberes docentes de pedagogos que lecionam na PrÃ-Escola sobre orientaÃÃo espacial. A pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso, foi realizada numa instituiÃÃo de EducaÃÃo Infantil e Ensino Fundamental do sistema municipal de Fortaleza. Participaram do estudo duas professoras, sendo uma do Infantil IV e uma do Infantil V, e uma formadora da EducaÃÃo Infantil. Ao longo de nove encontros, foram realizadas visitas periÃdicas para a realizaÃÃo das observaÃÃes em campo das aulas ministradas pelas professoras participantes da pesquisa e entrevistas (iniciais e reflexivas), que foram gravadas, e, posteriormente, transcritas, gerando textos e reflexÃes. A partir dos resultados, constatou-se que, apesar de possuÃrem algum conhecimento de Geometria, os saberes docentes das professoras e formadora referentes à orientaÃÃo espacial, um conteÃdo importante no desenvolvimento e na aprendizagem das crianÃas da PrÃ-Escola, sÃo fragmentados, sendo necessÃrio proporcionar, com urgÃncia, oportunidades de formaÃÃo que ampliem e articulem tais saberes. / According to Brazilian official documents, the area of school mathematics is divided into four blocks or axes: Numbers and Operations, Space and Shape (Geometry), Quantities and Measurements, and Treatment Information (Statistics). The teaching of mathematics, however, is still very focused on the first, at the expense of other blocks. Two decades ago, several researchers (PAVANELLO, 1993; ARAÃJO, 1994; LORENZATO, 1995; FAINGUELERNT, 1995) denounced the abandonment of geometry, which includes content related to form and space, in Basic Education and defended their appreciation. In the past decade, legal provisions determined the inclusion of Pre-School in compulsory basic education. With regard to the pedagogical work with the geometry at this stage of early childhood education, often the educator addresses only the (re) knowledge of plane geometric figures - circle, triangle, rectangle, square - in painting and appointment activities. Teaching and Geometry learning, however, need to create opportunities, as proposed by several researchers - (GRANDE, 1994) (CERQUETTI-ABERKNE; BERDONNEAU, 1997) (DUHALDE; Cuberes, 1998) (Smole; DINIZ; CANDID , 2003), (Lorenzato, 2006) - the development of concepts for space and form, giving children opportunities to realize and know the areas in which they live, they move, where they learn to explore, conquer, order and represent. This study aimed to identify the teachersÂs knowledge of teachers who teach the spatial orientation on Pre-School. The qualitative research, case study type, was carried out in an institution of Early Childhood Education and Elementary Education municipal fortress system. Study participants were two teachers, one of child IV and of child V, and a trainer of early childhood education. Over nine meetings were held periodic visits to the realization of field observations of classes taught by teachers participating research and interviews (initial and reflective), which were recorded and later transcribed, generating texts and reflections. From the results, it was found that, despite having some geometry knowledge, the teacherÂs knowledge of teachers and trainer regarding the spatial orientation, an important content in the development and learning of children from pre-school, are fragmented, requiring provide urgently training opportunities that enhance and articulate such knowledge.

This thesis analyses the gender differences in spatial orientation and mental imagery when navigating a virtual environment with only auditory cues. A prototype was developed for an iPod Touch device to evaluate possible gender difference in performance of orientation. A sketch map task was conducted to externalize the participants’ mental representation they achieved from the environment. Questionnaires were used to collect data on previous video game experience, spatial orientation self-assessment and spatial anxiety. A post-interview was conducted to gather qualitative information from the participants on how they experienced the experiment and to collect some background about them. In total, 30 participants (15 females, 15 males) with tertiary education participated in the experiment. The result indicates that there are gender differences in time to complete the tasks in the virtual environment. In the sketch map task, there were no gender differences in how well they sketch and externalize their mental representation of the environment. The post-interview showed tendencies that there are possible gender differences in vividness of mental imagery.

Spatial ability has been studied in relation to education and gender previously, concluding that men outperform women in any field of study in spatial tasks and test batteries. For that reason, the present study aims to confirm such differences through a spatial orientation task and the Santa Barbara Sense of Direction Scale (SBSOD). The study was conducted online with 106 participants of which 58 were men and 44 women, distributed in two groups (STEM and No-STEM). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test concluded that overall men outperform women in both the task and the test, however, there is no difference between field of study. Further research should focus on the limitations of the present study, regarding the sample size and task design. / Spatial förmåga har tidigare studerats med avseende på både studieinriktning och kön, där slutsatsen har varit att män presterar bättre än kvinnor oavsett studieinriktning vid test av spatial förmåga. Av den anledningen riktar den här studien in sig på att styrka det sambandet med hjälp av en spatial orienteringsuppgift och Santa Barbara Sense of Direction Scale (SBSOD). Studien genomfördes online med 106 deltagare där 58 var män och 44 kvinnor, fördelade i två grupper baserat på studieinriktning (Naturvetenskaplig och icke- naturvetenskaplig). En variansanalys (ANOVA) och ett t-test gav resultatet att män generellt presterar bättre än kvinnor i både uppgiften och testet, men det finns däremot ingen skillnad mellan studieinriktningar. Ytterligare forskning bör fokusera på begränsningarna i denna studie, avseende antal deltagare och utformning av uppgiften.