L’universalisme républicain constitue une conception du droit, formée à partir de la Révolution française, en vertu de laquelle la Nation transcende les particularismes et est exclusivement composée de citoyens. Suivant sa logique, ces derniers sont ainsi les seuls titulaires des droits et des obligations attachés à l’exercice de la vie de la cité. Cet idéal est devenu lentement et progressivement le soubassement de notre droit public à la faveur de l’adoption de normes concordantes qui le traduisent juridiquement. Jusqu’à aujourd’hui, l’universalisme républicain demeure l’idée générale qui sous-tend notre droit public.Cependant, à notre époque et en sens contraire, ont été développées des mesures et des pratiques fondées sur un postulat favorable à la prise en compte de particularismes variés. L’évolution de la réception de l’idéal à travers les époques amène à s’interroger sur la cohérence philosophique de notre édifice juridique dans son ensemble / The republican universalism is a concept of the law, formed from the French Revolution onwards, for which reason, the Nation transcends specific characteristics and is solely composed of citizens. According to its logic, the latter are thus the only persons entitled to the rights and duties attached to exercising life in the city. This ideal has slowly and gradually become the foundation of our public law with the help of the passing of matching norms that legally reflect it. Until now, the republican universalism remains the general idea which sustains our public law. However, measures and practices set up on a postulate favourable tothe adoption of varied characteristics have developed in an opposite way to our time. The evolution of the reception of the ideal through times leads us to question ourselves on the philosophical coherence of our legal system as a whole

Little research has examined which individual factors may predict mental health court diversion outcome. Using data provided by a non-profit mental health services agency operating in the Durham Region in Ontario, this study examined 419 persons with mental illness participating in a post-charge diversion program. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were employed to investigate the relationship between clientspecific factors and level of program completion. Logistic regression results revealed that unemployment was a significant predictor of program completion. Employment and symptom severity were predictive of partial completion of court diversion. Additionally, participants who did not complete programming were more likely to have a concurrent disorder and were more likely to be residentially unstable than participants who did complete programming. These findings are discussed with respect to their implications for practice and future research. / UOIT

Este trabalho objetiva a apresentação de propostas de melhoria na gestão das informações sobre o Ambiente tendo em vista o processo estratégico e a competitividade das pequenas empresas. A revisão bibliográfica abrangeu os temas gestão das informações e pequenas empresas. Realizou-se um estudo empírico com cinco empresas do setor hoteleiro para a compreensão da prática do gerenciamento das informações e algumas características específicas delas. Foram analisadas quatro empresas de pequeno porte de Brotas-SP e uma de médio porte de Águas de São Pedro-SP. Considerando o problema da pesquisa e o objetivo que ele apresenta, o método escolhido foi o denominado "estudo comparativo de casos". Apesar de as empresas estudadas terem um "sistema de informação" adequado às suas necessidades e possibilidades, é possível aperfeiçoá-lo considerando um grau de formalização "adequado" ao tamanho delas. O conjunto de propostas tem dois objetivos: auxiliar os dirigentes na sistematização das atividades de identificação, coleta, processamento, disseminação e utilização das informações estratégicas (gestão empresarial/ individual) e refletir sobre a possibilidade de articulação dos atores institucionais - como o poder público, as instituições de fomento à pequena empresa e as universidades - a fim de melhorar o acesso dos dirigentes à informação (gestão social/coletiva). As principais recomendações se referem à reflexão e seleção mais precisa sobre os tipos de informações relevantes ao negócio, seleção das fontes a partir dos critérios de credibilidade e variedade, realização de reuniões internas com os dirigentes registrando os resultados das conversas sobre os fatores externos em atas e participação de eventos do setor, como palestras, reuniões e feiras para coletar informações externas / This dissertation presents proposals for the management improvement of information about environment having in view the strategic process and small bussiness competitiveness. An empirical study with five enterprises of the hotel sector was performed to understand the information management and the specific characteristics of small companies. Four small hotel enterprises settled in Brotas-SP and a medium-sized enterprise located in Águas de São Pedro-SP were analysed. Considering the research problem and the objective that it presents, the methodology chosen was named "comparative study of cases". Although the enterprises studied have an information system adequate to their necessities and possibilities, it is possible to improve it considering a "formalization degree adjusted" to their size. The proposals have two objectives: to help administrators to systematize the activities of identifying information necessities, collecting, processing, distributing and using strategic information (social management), and to reflect on a possible institucional actors joints such as public power and promotion institutions of small business and universities - aiming at the improvement of information access. The main recommendations regard a better reflection and election of excellent information types, election of sources considering credibility and variety criteria, meetings registering results of the colloquies about external factors in documents and participation in the sector events, such as lectures, meetings and fairs to collect external information

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Submitted by SERGIO JORGE RAMOS DE OLIVEIRA (sergiojro@gmail.com) on 2017-06-12T14:40:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_MEX2015_Sergio J R Oliveira_VFinal_20170519.pdf: 1025930 bytes, checksum: 79b4461458b955d6179b074a9adef8af (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2017-06-12T14:58:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_MEX2015_Sergio J R Oliveira_VFinal_20170519.pdf: 1025930 bytes, checksum: 79b4461458b955d6179b074a9adef8af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T17:13:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_MEX2015_Sergio J R Oliveira_VFinal_20170519.pdf: 1025930 bytes, checksum: 79b4461458b955d6179b074a9adef8af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-30 / Esta pesquisa trata da gestão de riscos corporativos em organizações públicas e os desafios inerentes à sua implementação. Sabe-se que existem normas, ferramentas e métodos que auxiliam as empresas na implementação e utilização de ferramentas de gestão em geral, e, neste caso em particular, da gestão de riscos. Verifica-se, também, a existência de uma lacuna no que tange a impossibilidade de estabelecimento de um modelo padrão para gerir riscos, pois uma metodologia única não seria capaz de abarcar as especificidades de cada empresa. Sendo assim, cada organização precisa desenvolver sua própria forma de gerir seus riscos, segundo o seu perfil. Neste sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar de que forma as especificidades das organizações públicas influenciam a implementação da gestão de riscos em seu âmbito. Com base na literatura sobre gestão de riscos e administração pública, buscou-se o arcabouço teórico dos aspectos considerados fundamentais para a estruturação de uma área e trabalho de riscos e para entender as diferenças entre a administração pública e a privada que impactam na implementação da gestão de riscos naquelas organizações, identificando as limitações e barreiras para tanto, de forma a subsidiar a elaboração de um roteiro de entrevistas semiestruturado. A partir disso, foi efetuada uma pesquisa de campo constituída por quatorze entrevistas com servidores da SUSEP, com larga experiência na administração pública e em implementação de ferramentas de gestão e com conhecimento sobre gestão de riscos. Como resultado da análise, a falta de engajamento e motivação dos servidores, causada por problemas relacionados com a descontinuidade na gestão, da falta de mecanismos de recompensa e reconhecimento, da sua própria estabilidade, pelas pessoas não perceberem os ganhos que podem obter com a gestão de riscos, tais especificidades da administração pública surgem como potenciais fatores inibidores para a implementação da gestão de riscos nas organizações públicas, ao passo que os principais desafios para o seu uso seriam garantir o engajamento e compromisso dos envolvidos com o processo e ter sensibilidade com a cultura organizacional lidando com fatores políticos e a rotatividade. Portanto, conclui-se que as citadas especificidades podem comprometer a implementação efetiva da Gestão de Riscos nas organizações públicas. / This is a research about enterprise risk management in public organizations and the challenges inherent in its implementation. There are rules, tools and methods that assist companies in implementation and the use of management tools in general, and in this particular case, risk management. It turns out that there is a gap regarding the impossibility of establishing a standard model to manage risk, because a single methodology would not be able to deal with the specificities of each company. Consequently, each organization needs to develop its own way of managing their risks, according to its profile. Accordingly, the main objective of this study was to identify how the specific characteristics of public organizations influences the implementation of risk management in its scope. Based on literature of risk management and public administration was sought the theoretical framework of the key issues considered for structuring a risk area and to understand the diferences between the public and private administrations and the impact of that difference both in implementation of risk management for these organizations, identifying the limitations and barriers in order to support the development of a set of semi-structured interviews. From this point, a field survey was done by interviewing fourteen SUSEP’s employees with highly experienced in public administration and implementation of management tools and knowledge about risk management. As a result of this analysis, lack of server engagement and motivation caused by problems related to the discontinuity in management, lack of recognition and reward mechanisms, of their own stability, the people do not realized the gains that they can get through risk management, such specificities of public administration appear as potential inhibitors for the implementation of risk management in public organizations whereas the main challenges for its use would be to ensure the engagement and commitment from all the people envolved with the process and to have sensibility with the organization culture dealing with political factors and turnovers. Therefore, it was concluded that the specifics mentioned above may jeopardize the effective implementation of risk management in public organizations.

Este trabalho objetiva a apresentação de propostas de melhoria na gestão das informações sobre o Ambiente tendo em vista o processo estratégico e a competitividade das pequenas empresas. A revisão bibliográfica abrangeu os temas gestão das informações e pequenas empresas. Realizou-se um estudo empírico com cinco empresas do setor hoteleiro para a compreensão da prática do gerenciamento das informações e algumas características específicas delas. Foram analisadas quatro empresas de pequeno porte de Brotas-SP e uma de médio porte de Águas de São Pedro-SP. Considerando o problema da pesquisa e o objetivo que ele apresenta, o método escolhido foi o denominado "estudo comparativo de casos". Apesar de as empresas estudadas terem um "sistema de informação" adequado às suas necessidades e possibilidades, é possível aperfeiçoá-lo considerando um grau de formalização "adequado" ao tamanho delas. O conjunto de propostas tem dois objetivos: auxiliar os dirigentes na sistematização das atividades de identificação, coleta, processamento, disseminação e utilização das informações estratégicas (gestão empresarial/ individual) e refletir sobre a possibilidade de articulação dos atores institucionais - como o poder público, as instituições de fomento à pequena empresa e as universidades - a fim de melhorar o acesso dos dirigentes à informação (gestão social/coletiva). As principais recomendações se referem à reflexão e seleção mais precisa sobre os tipos de informações relevantes ao negócio, seleção das fontes a partir dos critérios de credibilidade e variedade, realização de reuniões internas com os dirigentes registrando os resultados das conversas sobre os fatores externos em atas e participação de eventos do setor, como palestras, reuniões e feiras para coletar informações externas / This dissertation presents proposals for the management improvement of information about environment having in view the strategic process and small bussiness competitiveness. An empirical study with five enterprises of the hotel sector was performed to understand the information management and the specific characteristics of small companies. Four small hotel enterprises settled in Brotas-SP and a medium-sized enterprise located in Águas de São Pedro-SP were analysed. Considering the research problem and the objective that it presents, the methodology chosen was named "comparative study of cases". Although the enterprises studied have an information system adequate to their necessities and possibilities, it is possible to improve it considering a "formalization degree adjusted" to their size. The proposals have two objectives: to help administrators to systematize the activities of identifying information necessities, collecting, processing, distributing and using strategic information (social management), and to reflect on a possible institucional actors joints such as public power and promotion institutions of small business and universities - aiming at the improvement of information access. The main recommendations regard a better reflection and election of excellent information types, election of sources considering credibility and variety criteria, meetings registering results of the colloquies about external factors in documents and participation in the sector events, such as lectures, meetings and fairs to collect external information

Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2011-09-28T17:31:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Claudete Terezinha Trapp.pdf: 1331550 bytes, checksum: 7cb68c7f0e6a8a98248b96cee48e3025 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2011-09-28T17:32:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Claudete Terezinha Trapp.pdf: 1331550 bytes, checksum: 7cb68c7f0e6a8a98248b96cee48e3025 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2011-09-28T17:32:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Claudete Terezinha Trapp.pdf: 1331550 bytes, checksum: 7cb68c7f0e6a8a98248b96cee48e3025 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-09-28T17:33:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Claudete Terezinha Trapp.pdf: 1331550 bytes, checksum: 7cb68c7f0e6a8a98248b96cee48e3025 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / This study aimed to identify how the specific characteristics of public organizations influences the implementation of Business Process Management in its scope. This study was conducted under a theoretical analysis in order to delineate especial issues that are relevant to understand the differences between the public and private administrations and the impact of that difference both in the implementation of Business Process Management for those organizations, and to support the development of a set of structured interviews. From this point, a field survey was done by interviewing eight Brazilian experts on Business Process Management who have highlighted academic status on the subject, are a staff member of companies or institutions that work with Business Process Management, who works as a Business Process Management consultant and/or are a Certified Business Process Professional, as well as experience in implementation of Process Management in organizations of Public Federal Direct Administration. The results of those interviews were analyzed, consolidated and examined by the authors considered as theoretical references. In the perception of the interviewed experts, the lower maturity shown by the public organizations, related to the measurement and monitoring of business process performance undermines the results that can be achieved by the adoption of Business Process Management and consequently, people do not realize the gains that they can get through it, hindering the ability to mobilize them and committing them to the implementation of Business Process Management. Moreover, the posture and profile of its own servers, along with other specifics of public organizations - stability of the public employees, lack of recognition and reward mechanisms and performance evaluation criteria, culture of excessive documentation and control and the dysfunctions of bureaucracy and also discontinuity in management - do not contribute to the engagement and motivation to the management of people and may hinder the identification and implementation of continuous improvements in the organizational processes, intrinsic activity of Business Process Management. / Este estudo objetivou identificar de que forma as especificidades das organizações públicas influenciam a implementação da Gestão de Processos em seu âmbito. Para isso foi realizada uma análise de referenciais teóricos com a finalidade de delinear, principalmente, questões relevantes para entender as diferenças entre a administração pública e a privada e que impactam na implementação da Gestão de Processos naquelas organizações, e de subsidiar a elaboração de um roteiro de entrevistas estruturado. A partir dessa etapa, foi efetuada uma pesquisa de campo constituída por oito entrevistas com especialistas brasileiros de destaque no mundo acadêmico nos quadros de empresas ou instituições que atuam com Gestão por Processos, em consultorias nessa área e/ou profissionais com certificação internacional em processos, bem como com experiência na implantação da Gestão de Processos em organizações da Administração Pública Direta Federal. O resultado dessas entrevistas foi analisado, consolidado e examinado à luz da posição dos autores do referencial teórico. Na percepção dos especialistas consultados nesta pesquisa, a menor maturidade apresentada pelas organizações públicas, relacionada à medição de resultados e ao acompanhamento do desempenho, prejudica a tangilibilização dos resultados decorrentes da adoção da Gestão de Processos. Em consequência, as pessoas envolvidas têm dificuldade em perceber os ganhos que podem dela obter, situação que complica sobremaneira a possibilidade de movimentos de mobilização e o próprio comprometimento para a implementação da Gestão de Processos. Além disso, os entrevistados consideram que a postura e o perfil dos servidores públicos, aliados a outras especificidades das organizações públicas - tais como estabilidade na carreira; falta de mecanismos de reconhecimento e recompensa e de avaliação de desempenho criteriosa; cultura de documentação e controle excessivos e as disfunções da burocracia; e a descontinuidade na gestão devido a influências políticas - também podem prejudicar o engajamento, a motivação das pessoas para essa gestão e a identificação e implementação de melhorias contínuas nos processos organizacionais, atividades intrínsecas da Gestão de Processos.

The thesis is aimed to development of communication of students at special primary school. Special primary school is creating unique conditions for education of students with lower intellectual competences. The aim of education is equip students by knowledges and skills for integration into the society. The theoretical part of thesis consists of four chapters. The first of them specifies the term mental disability, classifies type of mental retardation, characterizes specific characteristics of person with mental disability and presents possibilities primary education mental disabilited students. The second and the third chapter compare psycho-motion development and ontogenezis of speech to mental handicapped children with children without disability. The fourth chapter characterizes supporting communication methods used in educational process of students with mental disability. The fifth chapter is applied to study. It characterizes chosen school institution and special pedagogical attitude to students and application augmentative and alternative aids. At the end of chapter are summarized knowledges from the study. The main goal of the study is presentation of methods using for development of communication of mental disabilited students and characterization supporting communication methods which...

Stakeholders' risk assessments are increasingly emphasising the importance of considering the risks and opportunities posed by climate change. Therefore, TCFD has published recommendations to standardise and compare the reporting of climate-related issues. Prior research has demonstrated a low level of TCFD recommendation adherence. As a result, it is questioned what affects the scope of climate reporting according to TCFD and how the scope differs between companies. The study examines adherence to TCFD recommendations among 28 Swedish financial and real estate companies, finding that on average, they comply with most of the recommendations, but there is variability among companies. The study identifies areas where Swedish companies excel and where they need to improve. Larger companies are more likely to follow climate reporting practices, but the legitimacy theory may not apply to the current context. The relationship between debt levels and climate reporting is complex and requires more research. The proposed hypothesis that there is a correlation between adherence rate and financial performance was rejected. The study discusses promoting sustainable business practices and the link between four company specific characteristics and compliance with TCFD recommendations. The study's contributions can inform policy making, investment decisions, and corporate strategy, but the study has limitations. / Intressenternas riskbedömningar understryker alltmer vikten av att ta hänsyn till de risker och möjligheter som klimatförändringarna innebär. Därför har TCFD publicerat rekommendationer för att standardisera och jämföra rapporteringen av klimatrelaterade frågor. Tidigare forskning har visat en låg efterföljandegrad av TCFD:s rekommendationer. Som ett resultat av detta ifrågasätts vad som påverkar omfattningen av klimatrapporteringen enligt TCFD och hur omfattningen skiljer sig mellan bolag. Studien undersöker efterlevnaden av TCFD:s rekommendationer bland 28 svenska finans- och fastighetsbolag, och finner att de i genomsnitt följer de flesta av rekommendationerna, men det finns variationer mellan bolag. Studien identifierar områden där svenska bolag utmärker sig och där de behöver förbättras. Vidare undersöker studien vilka bolagsspecifika egenskaper som kan förklara graden av efterlevnad av rekommendationerna. Det konstaterades att större bolag är mer benägna att följa TCFD:s rekommendationer, jämfört med mindre bolag. Egenskaperna för miljöprestanda, skuldsättning och finansiell prestanda kunde dock inte förklara efterföljandegraden. Studien diskuterar främjande av hållbara affärsmetoder och kopplingen mellan fyra bolagsspecifika egenskaper och efterlevnad av TCFD:s rekommendationer. Studien kan bidra med underlag för policyskapande, investeringsbeslut och framtagandet av företagsstrategier, men studien har begränsningar.

Klimatförändringar, globaliseringen och företagsskandaler har medfört att CSR fått en ökad uppmärksamhet på senare tid, något som ökat kraven på transparens i företagens rapportering. Samtidigt är CSR ett föränderligt koncept som skiljer sig mellan nationer, vilket gett upphov till varierande resultat i studier som undersökt begreppet i relation till informationsdelgivning. Den här studien har därmed undersökt hur CSR-delgivning påverkas av företagsspecifika variabler (ålder, storlek, lönsamhet och kvinnor i styrelsen) hos företag i Sverige. Utöver detta använde studien företagets verksamhetsområde som interaktionsvariabel för att undersöka hur branschens miljökänslighet påverkar företagens sociala och miljömässiga rapportering. Grundat på GRI-ramverk, tillämpades en innehållsanalys för att undersöka årsredovisningar hos 268 företag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen. Genom en multipel regressionsanalys fann studien att företag rapporterade i högre utsträckning om CSR när verksamheten ökade i storlek. Resultaten visade även att organisationerna ökade sin miljörelaterade CSR-delgivning med åldern. Däremot kunde studien inte påvisa ett samband mellan CSR-delgivning och lönsamhet eller andel kvinnor i styrelsen. Studien kunde inte heller påvisa att branschen hade en interaktionseffekt på CSR-rapporteringen i relation till de företagsspecifika variablerna. Slutligen, indikerar resultaten att börsnoterade företag i Sverige rapporterar om CSR-aktiviteter som ett svar på samhällets påtryckningar snarare än ett engagemang som har sin utgångspunkt i företagets kultur och värdegrund. / Climate change, globalization and corporate scandals have led to CSR receiving increased attention in recent times, which has increased the demand for transparency in companies' reporting. CSR is a changing concept that differs between nations. Studies previously examining social and environmental disclosure have therefore shown varying results. Thus, this study has examined how CSR disclosure is affected by firm-specific characteristics (age, size, profitability, and female directors) in Swedish companies. In addition, the study examined how the industry's environmental sensitivity affects companies' social and environmental reporting in relation to the determinants. The study was conducted and written in Swedish. Based on the GRI framework, a content analysis was applied to examine the annual reports of 268 companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. Through a regression analysis, this study found that the companies reported to a greater extent on CSR when the business increased in size. The results also showed that organizations increased their environmental CSR disclosure with age. On the other hand, the study could not show a relationship between CSR disclosure and profitability or female directors. Nor could the study show that the industry had an interaction effect on CSR reporting in relation to the firm-specific characteristics. Finally, the results indicate that listed companies in Sweden disclose information related to CSR activities as a response to society's pressures rather than a commitment that is based on the company's culture and values.