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Advanced integrability techniques and analysis for quantum spin chains / Analyse et techniques avancées d'intégrabilité pour l'étude de chaînes quantiques de spinsGranet, Etienne 03 September 2019 (has links)
Dans cette thèse sont principalement étudiés des systèmes quantiques intégrables critiques avec l’ansatz de Bethe qui ont la propriété particulière d’être non-unitaires ou non-compacts. Ceci concerne des modèles de physique statistique non-locaux tels que la percolation, mais aussi par exemple les systèmes désordonnés. Ce manuscrit présente à la fois des études détaillées de la limite continue de modèles intégrables sur réseau, et développe de nouvelles techniques pour étudier cette correspondance. Dans une première partie nous étudions en détail la limite continue de chaînes de superspins non-unitaires (et parfois non-compactes) qui ont une symétrie orthosymplectique. Nous montrons qu’il s’agit de modèles sigma sur supersphère en calculant leur spectre avec la théorie des champs, avec l’ansatz de Bethe, et numériquement. Leur non-unitarité autorise une brisure spontanée de symétrie habituellement interdite par le théorème de Mermin-Wagner. Leur caractère de perturbation marginale d’une théorie conforme des champs logarithmique est particulièrement étudié. Nous établissons également une correspondance précise entre le spectre et des configurations de boucles avec intersections, et obtenons de nouveaux exposants critiques pour les chemins non-recouvrants compacts ainsi que leurs corrections logarithmiques multiplicatives. Cette étude fut par ailleurs l’occasion de développer une nouvelle méthode pour calculer le spectre d’excitation d’une chaîne de spin quantique critique à partir de l’ansatz de Bethe, incluant les corrections logarithmiques, également en présence de racines de Bethe dites ’en chaînes’, et qui évite les méthodes de Wiener-Hopf et les équations intégrales non-linéaires. Dans une deuxième partie nous abordons l’influence d’un champ magnétique sur une chaîne de spin quantique et montrons que des séries convergentes peuvent être obtenues pour plusieurs quantités physiques telles que l’aimantation acquise ou les exposants critiques, dont les coefficients peuvent être calculés efficacement par récurrence. La structure de ces relations de récurrence permet d’étudier génériquement le spectre d’excitation, et elles sont applicables y compris dans certains cas où les racines de Bethe sont sur une courbe dans le plan complexe. Nous espérons que l’étude de la continuation analytique de ces séries puisse être utile pour les chaînes non-compactes. Par ailleurs, nous montrons que les fluctuations à l’intérieur de la courbe arctique du modèle à six vertex avec conditions aux bords de type mur sont décrites par un champ Gaussien libre avec une constante de couplage dépendant de la position, qui peut être calculée à partir de l’énergie libre de la chaîne XXZ avec une torsion imaginaire dans un champ magnétique. / This thesis mainly deals with integrable quantum critical systems that exhibit peculiar features such as non-unitarity or non-compactness, through the technology of Bethe ansatz. These features arise in non-local statistical physics models such as percolation, but also in disordered systems for example. The manuscript both presents detailed studies of the continuum limit of finite-size lattice integrable models, and develops new techniques to study this correspondence. In a first part we study in great detail the continuum limit of non-unitary (and sometimes non-compact) super spin chains with orthosymplectic symmetry which is shown to be supersphere sigma models, by computing their spectrum from field theory, from the Bethe ansatz, and numerically. The non-unitarity allows for a spontaneous symmetry breaking usually forbidden by the Mermin-Wagner theorem. The fact that they are marginal perturbations of a Logarithmic Conformal Field Theory is particularly investigated. We also establish a precise correspondence between the spectrum and intersecting loops configurations, and derive new critical exponents for fully-packed trails, as well as their multiplicative logarithmic corrections. During this study we developed a new method to compute the excitation spectrum of a critical quantum spin chain from the Bethe ansatz, together with their logarithmic corrections, that is also applicable in presence of so-called ’strings’, and that avoids Wiener-Hopf and Non-Linear Integral Equations. In a second part we address the problem of the behavior of a spin chain in a magnetic field, and show that one can derive convergent series for several physical quantities such as the acquired magnetization or the critical exponents, whose coefficients can be efficiently and explicitely computed recursively using only algebraic manipulations. The structure of the recurrence relations permits to study generically the excitation spectrum content – moreover they are applicable even to some cases where the Bethe roots lie on a curve in the complex plane. It is our hope that the analytic continuation of such series might be helpful the study non-compact spin chains, for which we give some flavour. Besides, we show that the fluctuations within the arctic curve of the six-vertex model with domain-wall boundary conditions are captured by a Gaussian free field with space-dependent coupling constant that can be computed from the free energy of the periodic XXZ spin chain with an imaginary twist and in a magnetic field.
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Étude des ondes de spin dans des puits quantiques CdMnTeBen Cheikh, Zouhour 28 October 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des ondes de spin dans des puits quantiques CdMnTe dopés n, par rotation Kerr résolue en temps (TRKR) et par mélange à quatre ondes (FWM). Nous avons étudié trois échantillons de haute mobilité et de caractéristiques différentes.La technique TRKR donne accès uniquement aux excitations de vecteur d'onde nul, dans notre cas l'onde spin-flip en q=0. Nous avons étudié l'anticroisement qui apparait entre l'onde spin-flip et l'excitation spin-flip des ions manganèse. Nous avons étudié la variation du gap, et donc de l'énergie de couplage, entre ces modes en fonction de la puissance d'excitation et du champ magnétique. En particulier nous avons étendu les mesures des modes mixtes à plus basse concentration en Mn (jusqu'à 0.07%) et contrairement à ce qui était attendu, nous avons trouvé que le régime de couplage fort persiste à cette concentration.Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à la détermination de la polarisation en spin ζ du gaz d'électrons bidimensionnel, qui peut être déduite de l'énergie de couplage entre les modes mixtes. Nous avons trouvé que la polarisation mesurée par cette méthode excède la polarisation théorique calculée en prenant en compte le renforcement de la susceptibilité par les effets à N corps. Nous avons également mesuré les temps de relaxation des électrons confinés dans le puits quantique, et nous avons montré l'influence de l'échauffement de l'échantillon par le laser sur le temps de relaxation de spin des électrons.Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous avons étudié par FWM l'amortissement et la dispersion des ondes de spin de vecteur d'onde non nul pour l'un de nos échantillons. Nous avons démontré qu'on peut effectivement générer les ondes de spin en excitation femtoseconde, et les détecter en FWM. Nous avons trouvé que leur dispersion est plus faible que celle observée dans les expériences de Raman. Cette faible dispersion pourrait être imputable à la forte densité d'excitation utilisée dans les expériences de FWM (typiquement trois à quatre ordres de grandeur supérieurs à celle du Raman), et/ou au fait que deux ondes de vecteur d'ondes q et -q, ayant des dispersions différentes, sont sondées simultanément en FWM.
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Jonctions tunnel magnétiques à anisotropie perpendiculaire et écriture assistée thermiquementBandiera, Sebastien 21 October 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Dans le cadre de l'augmentation de la densité de stockage des mémoires magnétorésistives à accès direct (MRAM), les matériaux à anisotropie magnétique perpendiculaire sont particulièrement intéressants car ils possèdent une très forte anisotropie. Cependant, cette augmentation d'anisotropie induit également un accroissement de la consommation d'écriture. Un nouveau concept d'écriture assistée thermiquement a été proposé par le laboratoire SPINTEC. Le principe est de concevoir une structure très stable à température ambiante, mais qui perd son anisotropie lorsqu'elle est chauffée, facilitant ainsi l'écriture. Le but de cette thèse est de valider expérimentalement ce concept. Les premiers chapitres sont consacrés à l'optimisation des matériaux à anisotropie perpendiculaire que sont les multicouches (Co/Pt), (Co/Pd) et (Co/Tb). Leur intégration dans une jonction tunnel magnétique est ensuite présentée. L'évolution de l'anisotropie en température, paramètre crucial au bon fonctionnement de l'assistance thermique, a également été étudiée. Enfin, il est démontré que l'écriture thermiquement assistée est particulièrement efficace : les structures développées présentent une consommation d'écriture réduite par rapport aux structures classiques et une forte stabilité à température ambiante.
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IRM quantitative de la perfusion myocardique par marquage de spins artériels = Quantitative myocardial perfusion MRI using arterial spin labeling / Quantitative myocardial perfusion MRI using arterial spin labelingTroalen, Thomas 17 April 2014 (has links)
La perfusion est un facteur important dans la viabilité et la fonction du myocarde. Des atteintes microvasculaires diffuses, précédant l'infarctus ou l'insuffisance cardiaque sont impliqués dans bon nombre de pathologies cardiaques. Ce travail vise à améliorer les techniques existantes de mesure quantitatives et non-invasive de la perfusion myocardique par marquage de spins artériels (ASL). La première partie de mon travail de thèse a consisté en la mise place chez la souris d'une technique alternative pour mesurer la perfusion myocardique. Celle-ci est basée sur un marquage pulsé et régulièrement répété afin de construire un état d'équilibre de l'aimantation sous l'influence de la perfusion (approche steady-pulsed ASL). Le modèle théorique associé à cette technique spASL a été développé en parallèle afin de quantifier le flux sanguin tissulaire. Il a été montré que spASL permettait d'obtenir un résultat similaire aux techniques existantes avec en plus, les avantages d'améliorer la sensibilité au signal de perfusion ainsi que de réduire le temps d'acquisition. Dans un second temps, un transfert vers l'imagerie clinique pour une application chez l'homme a été entrepris. Le marquage de type spASL a été conservé et le module de lecture a été adapté aux spécificités de l'imagerie cardiaque chez l'homme pour une acquisition en respiration libre. Un post-traitement dédié qui comprend une correction de mouvement rétrospective a ensuite vu le jour afin d'améliorer la robustesse de nos mesures. Parallèlement aux développements conduits chez l'homme, nous avons exploité l'approche spASL chez l'animal en proposant diverses améliorations en fonction des études menées. / Myocardial blood flow is an important factor of tissue viability and function. Diffuse changes in microcirculation preceding heart failure are involved in various cardiac pathologies. This work aim at improving existing techniques allowing quantitative and non-invasive myocardial perfusion assessment using arterial spin labeling. The first step of my work was to design an alternative approach to quantify myocardial blood flow in mice. The so called steady-pulsed ASL (spASL) is based on a regularly repeated pulsed labeling in order to build up a stationary regime of the magnetization under the influence of perfusion. The associated theoretical model has been developed in parallel to quantify tissue blood flow. We have shown that spASL allows to obtain similar results than the previously employed techniques, with the additional advantages of an increased sensitivity to the perfusion signal and a reduced acquisition time. A transfer towards clinical imaging for human applications was then undertaken. The spASL labeling scheme has been preserved while adapting the readout module to the specificities of cardiac MRI when applied to free-breathing human acquisitions. A dedicated post-processing, which includes a retrospective motion correction, has emerged subsequently to improve the robustness of our measurements. In parallel to the developments made for human studies, some optimization of the spASL technique when applied to rodent have been carried out depending on the conducted studies.
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Divergence des mousses de spins : Comptage de puissances et resommation dans le modèle platSmerlak, Matteo 07 December 2011 (has links)
L’objet de cette thèse est l’étude du modèle plat, l’ingrédient principal du programme de quantification de la gravité par les mousses de spins, avec un accent particulier sur ses divergences. Outre une introduction personnelle au problème de la gravité quantique, le manuscrit se compose de deux parties. Dans la première, nous obtenons une formule exacte pour le comptage de puissances des divergences de bulles dans le modèle plat, notamment grâce à des outils de théorie de jauge discrète et de cohomologie tordue. Dans la seconde partie, nous considérons le problème de la limite continue des mousses de spins, tant du point de vue des théories de jauge sur réseau que du point de vue de la group field theory. Nous avançons en particulier une nouvelle preuve de la sommabilité de Borel du modèle de Boulatov-Freidel-Louapre, permettant un contrôle accru du comportement d’échelle dans la limite de grands spins. Nous concluons par une discussion prospective du programme de renormalisation pour les mousses de spins. / In this thesis we study the flat model, the main buidling block for the spinfoam ap- proach to quantum gravity, with an emphasis on its divergences. Besides a personal introduction to the problem of quantum gravity, the manuscript consists in two part. In the first one, we establish an exact powercounting formula for the bubble divergences of the flat model, using tools from discrete gauge theory and twisted cohomology. In the second one, we address the issue of spinfoam continuum limit, both from the lattice field theory and the group field theory perspectives. In particular, we put forward a new proof of the Borel summability of the Boulatov-Freidel-Louapre model, with an improved control over the large-spin scaling behaviour. We conclude with an outlook of the renormalization program in spinfoam quantum gravity.
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Avaliação perfusional e de conectividade funcional cerebrais em esquizofrenia por imagens por ressonância magnética / Assessment of cerebral perfusion and functional connectivity in schizophrenia using magnetic resonance imaging.Oliveira, Ícaro Agenor Ferreira de 02 August 2017 (has links)
A esquizofrenia é um transtorno psiquiátrico incapacitante que afeta estimadamente 1% da população mundial. Delírios, alucinações, desorganização de pensamento e prejuízo cognitivo são as principais marcas da Esquizofrenia. Fisiologicamente, além de anormalidades funcionais e estruturais, alterações na atividade neuronal são reportadas. Como a atividade neuronal possui uma relação direta com o fluxo sanguíneo cerebral (CBF, Cerebral Blood Flow), a técnica de Imagens por Ressonância Magnética, denominada Marcação dos Spins Arteriais (ASL, Arterial Spin Labeling), que permite a obtenção de mapa quantitativo de CBF, é uma ferramenta útil na avaliação funcional cerebral. Além disso, a ASL pode ser usada na avaliação da conectividade funcional, que é eficiente na investigação de rupturas funcionais entre as regiões do cérebro. Comparando com um grupo de sujeitos saudáveis, os pacientes com esquizofrenia, recrutados no Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP), apresentaram redução de CBF em regiões bilaterais do polo frontal e giro frontal superior, giro frontal medial direito, partes triangular e opercular do giro frontal inferior direito, divisão posterior do giro supramarginal esquerdo, divisão superior e inferior do córtex occipital lateral esquerdo e polo occipital. A conectividade funcional, avaliada por três diferentes métodos (baseado em semente, análise de componentes independentes e teoria dos grafos), se apresentou prejudicada em regiões envolvendo funções motoras, sensoriais e cognitivas dos pacientes. Portanto, utilizando uma técnica de imagem completamente não invasiva, foi possível observar déficits de CBF e alterações na organização funcional do cérebro de pacientes com esquizofrenia, relacionados com os sintomas e características da psicopatologia. / Schizophrenia is a disabling psychiatric disorder that affects around 1% of the population worldwide. Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, and cognitive deficits are the main features of schizophrenia. Physiologically, in addition to functional and structural abnormalities, changes in neuronal activity are reported. Since the Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) is directly related with neuronal activity, the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique called Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL), which allows the quantification of CBF, is a useful tool in brain functional evaluation. In addition, ASL can be used to assess functional connectivity, which is efficient in investigating functional impairment between regions of the brain. Patients with Schizophrenia, recruited at the Clinical Hospital (HCFMRP), presented a reduction of CBF in bilateral regions of the frontal pole and superior frontal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus, triangular and opercular parts of the right inferior frontal gyrus, posterior division of left supramarginal gyrus, superior and inferior division of left lateral occipital cortex and occipital pole. Functional connectivity, assessed by three different methods (seed-based, independent component analysis and graph theory), was impaired in regions involving patients\' motor, sensory and cognitive functions. Therefore, using a noninvasive imaging technique, it was possible to observe CBF deficits and alterations in the functional organization of the brain of schizophrenia patients, related to the symptoms and characteristics of the psychopathology.
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Avaliação dos efeitos do envelhecimento na hemodinâmica cerebral por imagens de ressonância magnética / Evaluation of aging effects on cerebral hemodynamics by magnetic resonance imagingSilva, João Paulo Santos 13 April 2018 (has links)
O processo de envelhecimento é acompanhado por um declínio nas funções cognitivas, principalmente, de funções fluidas ou de processamento. Essas diminuições são pelo menos, em parte, devido a alterações estruturais e funcionais do sistema nervoso central. Uma abordagem para estudar as mudanças funcionais é a medição da utilização metabólica regional da glicose, ou, alternativamente, um parâmetro físico correlacionado ao metabolismo cerebral e à atividade funcional local, como o fluxo sanguíneo cerebral (CBF). Neste contexto, em Imagens por Ressonância Magnética (IRM), a técnica de Marcação dos Spins Arteriais (ASL) surge como uma importante ferramenta não invasiva para análises perfusionais. Seu uso não só permite avaliar a perfusão sanguínea cerebral, gerando mapas quantitativos de CBF, mas também fornecer uma alternativa para estudar a conectividade funcional (FC), um parâmetro importante para descrição da topologia e funcionalidade cerebral. Sessenta e três indivíduos saudáveis, na faixa etária entre dezoito à setenta e dois anos, foram recrutados para participar deste estudo. Análises estatísticas mostram uma diminuição de CBF em várias regiões cerebrais, especialmente nos lobos frontal e temporal, que acompanham o processo de envelhecimento. As medidas de FC foram obtidas em análises por regiões de interesse e teoria de grafos; estas também demostraram uma diminuição, com o avanço da idade, em regiões presentes nos lobos frontal e temporal, mas também relataram um maior número de regiões prejudicadas no lobo parietal. Portanto, usando uma técnica de imagem não invasiva, foi possível observar déficits de CBF além de alterações de aspectos da organização funcional, oferecendo valores quantitativos que podem ajudar na melhor descrição dos efeitos do envelhecimento na hemodinâmica cerebral. / Aging process is accompanied by a decline in cognitive functions foremost comprise fluid or processing-based functions. These decreases are at least partly due to structural and functional deteriorating changes of the central nervous system. One approach to study these functional changes is the measurement of the regional metabolic utilization of glucose, or, alternatively, a physical quantity correlated to cerebral metabolism and local functional activity, such as the cerebral blood flow (CBF). In this context, Arterial spin labeling (ASL) emerges as a noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) perfusion technique. Its use not only allows assessing cerebral perfusion, by generating CBF values, but also can provide an alternative to study functional connectivity (FC), which is an important parameter that describes the brain topology and functionality. Sixty-three healthy subjects, from age eighteen to seventy-two years, were recruited to participate in this study. ASL-CBF maps showed a decrease in several brain regions, especially in frontal and temporal lobes that follows aging process. FC measures were assessed with regions of interest (ROI-to-ROI) and graph theory analysis, also showing a decrease in regions present in frontal and temporal lobes, and also more impaired regions in the parietal lobe. Therefore, using a noninvasive imaging technique it was possible to observe CBF deficits besides alteration in aspects on functional organization, offering quantitative values that can help to describe better the aging effects on cerebral hemodynamics.
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Transport quantique dans les verres de spins / Quantum transport in spin glassesForestier, Guillaume 30 March 2015 (has links)
Les travaux expérimentaux présentés dans cette thèse associent deux pans de la physique de la matière condensée, avec d'un côté la physique des verres de spins et de l'autre la physique mésoscopique. Le verre de spins est un exemple emblématique de système désordonné et frustré, il se caractérise à basse température par un ordre magnétique non conventionnel, où le désordre magnétique apparaît gelé. De plus, celui-ci est considéré comme un système modèle pour étudier les verres en général et de ce fait, il a fait l'objet de nombreuses études expérimentales et théoriques. Après d'importants efforts de recherche, la description de l'état fondamental de ce système a abouti à deux approches très différentes. La première, donnée par la résolution non triviale du problème en champ moyen, met en avant un état fondamental composé d'une multitude d'états organisés et hiérarchisés. La deuxième approche, dite des "gouttelettes", se base quant à elle sur la dynamique hors équilibre d'un unique état. Cependant, en dépit de ces contributions, la compréhension de cette phase est loin d'être complète et la nature de l'état fondamental reste encore un débat ouvert. Dans un conducteur mésoscopique, le transport se fait de manière cohérente : les électrons gardent la mémoire de leur phase, ce qui permet d'observer des effets d'interférences électroniques. La motivation à la base de ce travail est d'utiliser ces effets d'interférences comme outil pour étudier le verre de spins. En effet, étant donné que les interférences électroniques dépendent intiment de la disposition du désordre statique du conducteur, le transport cohérent peut se révéler être une sonde microscopique très efficace pour étudier la configuration du désordre dans un conducteur. Bien que quelques expériences pionnières de transport cohérent existent dans des verres de spins, ce domaine de recherche n'a que très peu été exploré. Néanmoins, il a connu un récent renouveau grâce à des travaux théoriques qui montrent de quelle manière cette sonde est sensible au désordre magnétique gelé et comment elle peut fournir des informations sur la nature de l'état fondamental du verre de spins. Ainsi, ce travail de thèse expérimental présente l'implémentation de mesure de transport dans des verres de spins mésoscopiques. La première partie de l'étude est consacrée aux caractéristiques générales de transport classique et quantique de ces systèmes. Nous avons examiné les propriétés de la résistivité en fonction de la température et du champ magnétique et nous montrons que ces systèmes mésoscopiques possèdent bien des comportements attendus pour des verres de spins. Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous sommes intéressés au comportement de la magnétorésistance à bas. Nous avons mis en avant que celle-ci présente une forte hystérésis dont l'amplitude dépend fortement, de la température dans la phase vitreuse et de la vitesse de balayage du champ magnétique. Nous avons argumenté que ce comportement particulier traduit la mise hors équilibre du système et montrons comment la température et la vitesse de balayage du champ magnétique pilotent l'écart à l'équilibre. Dans cette partie, nous avons aussi examiné par des mesures de transport la relaxation du système vers l'équilibre, après l'avoir excité. Nous présentons également les propriétés de transport étonnantes que nous avons observées à bas champ, résultant de protocoles en températures et en champs magnétiques plus complexes. / The experiments presented in this thesis associate two fields of condensed matter physic, on the one hand with the spin glass physic and the other hand with the mesoscopic physic. The spin glass state is one of the most emblematic of disordered and frustred system and at low temperature, it is caracterized by an unconventionel order where the magnetic disorder is quenched. Moroever, it is considered as a model system for glasses in general and thereby it has been extensively studied, both experimentally and theoreticlly. After extensive research efforts, the description of fundamental state of the system has lead towards two well different approaches. The first, given by the mean field solution, highlights a fundamental composed of mulitple states organised and hierarchical. The second, called droplet model is based on the off--equilibrium dynamic of a unique ground state. However, despite these contributions, the understanding ot this phase is far from being complete and the nature of the ground state still remains an open question. In a mesoscopic conductor, the transport of electron is coherent: electrons keep the memory of their phase, so that one can observe interference effects. The main motivation of this work is to use these interference effects in order to to probe the spin glass state. Indeed, as electronic interference depends of the position of the static disorder, coherent transport can be a useful tool to study the configuration of the microscopic disorder. Althought few coherent transport experiments exist to probe the spin glass, this field of research has very little explored. Nevertheless, this area has been a revival thanks to theoritical work, showing how coherent transport is sensitived to the quenched disorder and how it may provide informations of the nature of fundamental state of spin glass. So, this experimental work deals with the implementation of transport measurements in mesoscopic spin glasses. The first part of the study is focused on the general charateristics of classical and quatum transport of these system. We have examined the resistivity as a function of the temperature and magnetic field and we show that these mesoscopic systems have a spin glass-like behaviour. In a second part, we have focused on the low field magnetoresistivity. We show that it presents a strong hysteresis, whose the amplitude is strongly depends, both of the temperature in the glassy phase and sweeping rate of the magnetic field. We argue that this particular behaviour is related to the out off-equilibrium of the system and we show how the temperature and the sweeping rate control the deviation to the equilibrium. In this part, we also examine by transport measurements how the system relaxes towards the equilibrium just after its excitation. In addition, we present surprinsing transport propreties that we observed, resulting of experimental protocols more sophisticated in temperatures and magnetic fields.
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Exploração de técnicas de RMN dipolar e aproximações analíticas no estudo de reorientações de segmentos moleculares / Exploration of dipolar NMR methods and analytical approximations to study reorientations of molecular segmentsCobo, Márcio Fernando 02 December 2013 (has links)
Neste trabalho exploramos o uso de sequências de pulsos de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Estado Sólido (RMN-ES) que utilizam o acoplamento dipolar magnético heteronuclear para o estudo de reorientações de segmentos moleculares no regime intermediário, testando-as em amostras modelo a fim de verificar suas eficiências. Paralelamente, simulações numéricas foram realizadas juntamente com cálculos analíticos para a melhor compreensão dos efeitos experimentais observados nessas sequências de pulsos. A primeira proposição, baseia-se no uso de Perfis de Hartmann-Hahn obtidos utilizando a Transferência de Polarização Cruzada (CPMAS) sob desacoplamento dipolar homonuclear Lee-Goldburg (LG), usando a interação dipolar heteronuclear como sonda do movimento molecular. A segunda proposição consiste em uma variação das técnicas DIPSHIFT e Time Constant recDIPSHIFT , o T2-recDIPSHIFT, segundo a qual, em condições favoráveis, é possível quantificar parâmetros dinâmicos relacionados aos movimentos moleculares no regime intermediário de sistemas fracamente acoplados pela interação dipolar magnética heteronuclear ou com geometrias de movimento de baixa amplitude. Por fim, propomos um novo método analítico para quantificação de parâmetros dinâmicos em experimentos de Separação de campo locais (SLF), baseado no método de Anderson-Weiss. Demonstramos a precisão do método analítico comparando curvas de Time Constant recDIPSHIFT para diversas taxas e geometrias de movimento obtidas pela aproximação analítica e pelo cálculo exato, além de efetuar um teste experimental em uma amostra modelo. / In the present work we explore the use of Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) pulse sequences which use the heteronuclear dipolar magnetic coupling to study local rotations of molecular groups in the intermediate-regime of motion, testing them in standard samples in order to verify their efficiency. Simultaneously, numerical simulations and analytical calculations were performed to understand the experimental artifacts observed in these new pulse sequences. The first proposal, based on using Hartmann-Hahn matching profiles obtained by using the Cross Polarization transfer (CPMAS) under Lee-Goldburg homonuclear decoupling (LG), utilizing the heteronuclear dipolar interaction as probe of the molecular motion. The second proposal consists in a variation of DIPSHIFT and Time Constant recDIPSHIFT pulse sequences, dubbed T2 - recDIPSHIFT, whereby, in favorable conditions, it is possible to quantify molecular dynamic parameters of systems weakly coupled by heteronuclear dipolar interaction or to probe small-amplitude molecular motions. Finally, we proposed a new analytical method to describe Separated Local Field experiments (SLF), based upon the Anderson-Weiss approximation. We demonstrate the accuracy of the method comparing the Time Constant recDIPSHIFT curves for several rates and geometries of motion obtained by the analytical approximation and exact calculation, besides an experimental test has been performed in a model sample.
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Conectividade funcional cerebral no estado de repouso através de técnicas complementares de imagens por ressonância magnética / Functional brain connectivity at resting state through complementary magnetic resonance imaging techniquesMônaco, Luciana da Mata 05 April 2017 (has links)
A presença de redes cerebrais funcionais ativadas durante o repouso é bem conhecida e verificada por diferentes técnicas de imagens, como as Imagens por Ressonância Magnética funcionais (IRMf) baseadas no contraste dependente do nível de oxigenação do sangue (BOLD, Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent). Entretanto, apesar de ser atualmente o método não invasivo convencional para tais estudos, o contraste BOLD é sensível a diferentes parâmetros hemodinâmicos (fluxo sanguíneo cerebral, CBF; volume sanguíneo cerebral e extração de oxigênio), cuja relação não é completamente conhecida em diversas patologias. Por outro lado, o método de Marcação dos Spins Arteriais (ASL) é uma técnica de IRM não invasiva que fornece mapas quantitativos de CBF e pode ser usada para avaliar as redes de repouso. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a viabilidade de usar sequências de ASL (pulsada e pseudocontínua), disponíveis para o uso na rotina clínica, para o estudo da conectividade funcional do cérebro em estado de repouso. Imagens de ASL e BOLD, de 23 indivíduos jovens e saudáveis, foram adquiridas em um equipamento de 3T. Após o pré-processamento usual das imagens e cálculos dos mapas de perfusão, CBF e pseudo-BOLD (pBOLD), a partir das imagens de ASL, as redes cerebrais de repouso foram obtidas pela Análise de Componentes Independentes (ICA) e pelo método baseado em semente. Utilizando ICA, a análise em grupo conjunta de pBOLD e BOLD identificou cinco redes: rede de modo padrão (DMN), visual, auditiva, saliência e motora. Quando analisados separadamente, os dados de pBOLD mostraram apenas as redes DMN e visual, enquanto os dados de BOLD mostraram também as redes auditiva, saliência, motora, atentiva e frontoparietais direita e esquerda. Para ambas as análises, comparações entre as redes de pBOLD e BOLD apresentaram similaridades de moderadas a altas. Entretanto, nenhuma rede foi observada utilizando os dados de perfusão e CBF. Já as análises baseadas em sementes mostraram correlações significativas, para as séries temporais de pBOLD e CBF, entre regiões que constituem algumas redes de repouso conhecidas (DMN, visual, sensorial-motora, atentiva e frontoparietal). Os valores obtidos para a força das conectividades nas redes de pBOLD e CBF se correlacionaram com aqueles obtidos nas redes de BOLD. As diferenças no desempenho de ASL e BOLD devem-se a uma combinação de fatores, como relação sinal ruído e resolução temporal. Além disso, a natureza dos sinais não é a mesma. O sinal BOLD é influenciado por diferentes parâmetros fisiológicos e é proveniente principalmente de grandes veias; enquanto o sinal de ASL é proveniente da rede de capilares, fornecendo especificidade espacial mais alta para a atividade neuronal, além de permitir a quantificação do CBF, que está relacionado mais diretamente ao metabolismo cerebral. Portanto, o presente estudo mostrou ser possível investigar a conectividade funcional do cérebro no estado de repouso com uma sequência comercial, apesar das limitações técnicas da ASL. Além disso, as séries temporais de CBF e BOLD refletem diferentes aspectos do cérebro em repouso, fornecendo informações complementares dos seus processos fisiológicos / The presence of functional brain networks activated during resting state is well known and has been verified by different imaging techniques, such as the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) based on the Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent (BOLD) contrast. Although BOLD-fMRI is currently the conventional non invasive method for such studies, BOLD contrast is sensitive to different hemodynamic parameters (Cerebral Blood Flow, CBF; cerebral blood volume and oxygen extraction fraction), whose relationship is not fully understood in several pathologies. In contrast, the Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) MRI technique is a non invasive tool for CBF quantification and can be used to investigate resting-state networks. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of using ASL sequences (pulsed and pseudocontinuous), available for clinical routine use, for the study of functional connectivity of the brain at rest. ASL and BOLD images of 23 healthy young subjects were acquired in a 3T machine. After the usual image pre-processing and quantification of perfusion, CBF and pseudo-BOLD (pBOLD) maps, from ASL images, resting-state brain networks were obtained by Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and a seed-based method. Five networks were identified in a joint analysis of pBOLD and BOLD: Default Mode Network (DMN), visual, auditory, salience, and motor. When analyzed separately, pBOLD showed only the DMN and visual networks, while BOLD also showed auditory, salience, motor, attentive, right and left frontoparietal networks. For both analyses, comparisons between pBOLD and BOLD networks showed from moderate to high similarities. However, no network was obtained from perfusion and CBF time series. Seed-based analysis showed significant correlations, for pBOLD e CBF time series, between regions that integrate some known networks (DMN, visual, sensorial-motor, attentive and frontoparietal). Functional connectivity strength obtained from pBOLD and CBF networks correlated with the ones from BOLD data. Differences in performance with ASL and BOLD are due to a combination of factors, such as SNR and temporal resolution. Moreover, the nature of the signals is not the same. BOLD signal is influenced by different physiologic parameters and comes mainly from large veins; while ASL signal comes from small capillaries, providing higher spatial specificity regarding neural activity, in addition to allow the quantification of CBF, which is closer related to the cerebral metabolism. In conclusion, the present study showed the feasibility of investigating functional connectivity of the brain at rest using a commercial ASL sequence, even with its technical limitations. Moreover, CBF and BOLD time series reflect different aspects of the resting-state brain and provide complementary information on its physiological processes
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