The aim of this survey is to examine how teachers at The Swedish National board of special directories (Statens institutionsstyrelse, SiS) perceive the juvenile students’ text worlds/ Literacy, and how they are used as resources in their reading- and writing-related education. Questions regarding how this category of juveniles should be met in the public school system, and the means used to support the students in their reading and writing development, have also been touched upon. The cumulative results signify that these teachers tend to express that the use of the students’ Literacy is important and constructive, and that the students’ own choices should be at the centre of the education in this school environment. There seems to be a tendency that teachers employing reading and writing to a greater extent in their teaching have more explicit views on the students’ Literacy, and its usefulness for their reading and writing development. The preferred methods of educational strategies are those who engage the students by giving them an understanding of the reasons and purposes of their study assignments. This creates an enhanced intrinsic motivation, which fosters the students’ study abilities. / Denna undersöknings syfte är att undersöka lärares åsikter och uppfattningar om hur undervisningsmetoder anknutna till Critical Literacy är använd och hur dessa metoder fungerar som hjälp för ungdomar inom Statens institutionsstyrelses skolverksamhet. I undersökningen har frågor som berör lärares åsikter om elevernas textvärld undersökts och på vilket sätt elever med behov av stöd inom läs-och skrivproblematik undervisas. Lärare har även tillfrågats vad de skulle rekommendera för elever som riskerar att komma inom institutionsvården. Undersökningen har utförts med hjälp av en webbenkät inom myndighetens eget system, samt analyserades med hjälp av statistikanalysprogrammet SPSS. Undersökningens resultat visar tecken på att lärare inom Statens institutionsstyrelse har en tendens att använda metoder för läs-och skrivutvecklande stöd, som innefattar personlig kontakt och en strävan efter att utveckla en inre motivation. Detta sker genom att aktivt arbeta på ett sådant sätt att elevens förståelse för syftet med undervisningen prioriteras. Kunskapen om de begrepp som behandlas är generellt god och den samlade bilden av vad lärare tenderar att föreslå som arbetsmetoder för det allmänna skolsystemet är sådana som är ämnesöverskridande och gynnar ett omedelbart återkopplande av resultaten av elevens arbete och ger en möjlighet att delta i den offentliga debatten. Resultatet tyder även på att lärare i denna undersökning ser elevens egen inre motivation till utveckling av läs-och skrivförmågan som centralt, för att kunna lyckas med detta.

Purpose In ophthalmology, data from both eyes of a person are frequently included in the statistical evaluation. This violates the requirement of data independence for classical statistical tests (e.g. t-Test or analysis of variance (ANOVA)) because it is correlated data. Linear mixed models (LMM) were used as a possibility to include the data of both eyes in the statistical evaluation. Methods The LMM is available for a variety of statistical software such as SPSS or R. The application was applied to a retrospective longitudinal analysis of an accelerated corneal cross-linking (ACXL (9*10)) treatment in progressive keratoconus (KC) with a follow-up period of 36 months. Forty eyes of 20 patients were included, whereas sequential bilateral CXL treatment was performed within 12 months. LMM and ANOVA for repeated measurements were used for statistical evaluation of topographical and tomographical data measured by Pentacam (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany). Results Both eyes were classified into a worse and better eye concerning corneal topography. Visual acuity, keratometric values and minimal corneal thickness were statistically significant between them at baseline (p < 0.05). A significant correlation between worse and better eye was shown (p < 0.05). Therefore, analyzing the data at each follow-up visit using ANOVA partially led to an overestimation of the statistical effect that could be avoided by using LMM. After 36 months, ACXL has significantly improved BCVA and flattened the cornea. Conclusion The evaluation of data of both eyes without considering their correlation using classical statistical tests leads to an overestimation of the statistical effect, which can be avoided by using the LMM.

Sweden is known for being at the forefront of becoming a cashless society.However, cash continues to be an important part of the payment ecosystem butthere are limited studies and data regarding the preference for holding cash. Previousstudies have shown that the use of cash is declining with regards to comers and thatthere are behavior differences between cultures and sociodemographic groups inregards to characteristics and preferences for payment methods. The aim of thisstudy was to investigate the informational attributes that drives the preference forholding cash by studying two extreme cases, Sweden which is a pioneer of cashlesssociety, and Germany which is one of the most conservative cash-intensivecountries in the Western world. Primary quantitative data was derived fromstandardized questionnaires issued in both countries by Loomis AB; the data wasdescribed and analyzed with applicable statistical procedures. A multivariate analysiswas performed on a specific segment of the collected data were the respondents hadbeen asked to rate cash associated statements based on their agreeableness towardsthem. These segments were then examined through a Principal component analysisto determine the underlying dimensions regarding preferences for cash. Our resultssuggest that Germans withdrew cash more frequently, from a wider spectrum ofdenominations and carried it to a larger extend than Swedes. Swedes made limitedwithdrawals, of small denominations and preferred to carry smaller amounts of cash.The results also show that there were differences in the perception and preferencesfor cash between sociodemographic groups, with e.g. older age groups being used to itand the youngest using it due to ‘status quo bias’. The main conclusions include thatthe informational attributes such as security, anonymity, ease of use and paymentinfrastructure was the main drives for the preferences of holding cash. / Sverige är känt för att vara i framkanten gällande transformationen till att bli ettkontantlöst samhälle. Kontanter fortsätter dock att vara en viktig del avbetalningsekosystemet, men det finns begränsade studier och data om preferensenför att hålla kontanter. Tidigare studier har visat att användningen av kontanterminskat i dagligvaru- och sällanköpshandeln och att det finns beteendeskillnadermellan kulturer och sociodemografiska grupper med avseende på egenskaper ochpreferenser för betalningsmetoder. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka deinformativa attribut som driver preferensen för att hålla pengar genom att studeratvå extrema fall, Sverige som är en pionjär gällande det kontantlösa samhället ochTyskland som är ett av de mest konservativa kontantanvändande länderna ivästvärlden. Kvantitativa data härleddes från standardiserade frågeformulärutfärdade i de båda länderna av Loomis AB; data beskrevs och analyserades medtillämpliga statistiska förfaranden, mer specifikt en multivariantanalys som gjordespå ett visst segment av de insamlade uppgifterna, där de svarande blev ombedda attbedöma kontantanvändningen genom associerade uttalanden baserat på derasöverensstämmelse med dem. Dessa segment undersöktes sedan genom enhuvudkomponentanalys för att bestämma de underliggande dimensionerna gällandepreferenser för kontanter. Våra resultat tyder på att tyskar tar ut pengar merfrekvent, från ett bredare spektrum av valörer och bär i större utsträckning merkontanter än svenskar. Svenskar har en begränsad uttagsfrekvens, främst av småvalörer samt att de föredrar att bära kontanter i en liten utsträckning. Fortsatt visarResultaten att det fanns skillnader i perception och preferenser för kontanter mellansociodemografiska grupper, exempelvis är äldre åldersgrupper vana vidkontantanvändning och att de yngre åldersgrupperna använder kontanter på grundav "status quo bias". De viktigaste slutsatserna är att de informativa attribut somsäkerhet, anonymitet, användarvänlighet och betalningsinfrastruktur är de viktigastedrivkrafterna gällande preferensen att hålla kontanter.

The city of Richmond has practiced mixed land-use policies to encourage non-private-vehicle commuting for decades based on the successful examples or the empirical evidence of other cities. However, the idea violates one of common logical fallacy—“all things are equal.” Using the indices of land-use diversity, this study explores the correlation between land-use mixture and home-based trip for the city of Richmond. This paper calculates two common indices of land-use mixture—entropy, and dissimilarity. The results indicate that although Richmond’s land-use mixture and home-based trip do have a correlation, the correlation is weak. One possible reason is that socioeconomic actors have a stronger influence on transportation than land-use mixture. However, this assumption still needs further analysis in order to be verified.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to increase knowledge regarding sustainable product-service systems (SPSS) barriers and solutions for non-assembled products. To answer this purpose, we developed the following research questions: (1) what barriers do providers face when utilizing SPSS in a non-assembled product context and (2) what solutions can be used to overcome these barriers? Method – This study was conducted as an abductive case study within SPSS in the renewable energy industry. We interviewed a total of 20 respondents from 16 different companies operating in China, Cyprus, and Sweden. Each respondent was chosen based on their experience and knowledge within the area. Findings – The findings are summarized in a framework that links the identified barriers with specific solutions. In brief, finding stakeholders for large and long-term investments was identified as a major barrier while educating stakeholders was suggested as a common solution. Theoretical and practical implications – The results disqualify two of the barriers in the existing literature while suggesting that varying market conditions is a new barrier. Furthermore, the study provides new insights to the existing literature and presents a framework that managers can use to matchmake SPSS-barriers with solutions. Limitations and future research – The study is limited to a case study focused on barriers and solutions for SPSS-providers. As a result, future research is suggested to validate the findings in another context and among other stakeholders.

<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Interplay between all the different subsystems of the financial markets is currently considered as an important internal force in the market. In a financially liberalized economy exchange rate stability is a basis for a wellbeing stock market. If these interactions between all the different subsystems of the financial markets are not detected, this means that there is information inefficiency in the markets.</p><p><strong>Problem:</strong> Can we find any correlation between changes in currency, interest rate and bonds with the stock market index? If so, how do these changes affect the Stockholm Stock Exchange?</p><p><strong>Purpose:</strong> The purpose of this study is to examine if there is any linkage between the interest rate, currency and bonds with the stock market. The researchers wanted to find out how these variables affect the stock market index OMX S30 which consists of the 30 largest companies on the Stockholm Stock Exchange.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> This research has been based on a quantitative approach. Three variables were selected to determine their possible linkage with the stock market index. We have collected the quantitative data from the CMC Markets and Swedish central bank in order to obtain the necessary statistical information. We have then examined the information in SPSS and Excel.</p><p><strong>Empirical and analytical:</strong> The result shows that the government bonds which are one of the independent variables are significant explanatory variable for OMX S30. Interest rate contributes significantly to the model and is a significant explanatory variable for stock market. However, the currency has a weak contribution to the model which means that the currency is not a significant explanatory variable for OMX S30.</p>

Introduction: Interplay between all the different subsystems of the financial markets is currently considered as an important internal force in the market. In a financially liberalized economy exchange rate stability is a basis for a wellbeing stock market. If these interactions between all the different subsystems of the financial markets are not detected, this means that there is information inefficiency in the markets. Problem: Can we find any correlation between changes in currency, interest rate and bonds with the stock market index? If so, how do these changes affect the Stockholm Stock Exchange? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine if there is any linkage between the interest rate, currency and bonds with the stock market. The researchers wanted to find out how these variables affect the stock market index OMX S30 which consists of the 30 largest companies on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. Method: This research has been based on a quantitative approach. Three variables were selected to determine their possible linkage with the stock market index. We have collected the quantitative data from the CMC Markets and Swedish central bank in order to obtain the necessary statistical information. We have then examined the information in SPSS and Excel. Empirical and analytical: The result shows that the government bonds which are one of the independent variables are significant explanatory variable for OMX S30. Interest rate contributes significantly to the model and is a significant explanatory variable for stock market. However, the currency has a weak contribution to the model which means that the currency is not a significant explanatory variable for OMX S30.

Στην παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζεται μία μελέτη για το κατά πόσο τα οικονομικά πανεπιστήμια της Γερμανίας, Γαλλίας, Ολλανδίας, ΗΠΑ και της Μεγάλης Βρετανίας, τόσο προπτυχιακά όσο και μεταπτυχιακά, χρησιμοποιούν λογισμικά πακέτα στα μαθήματα κορμού (Οικονομετρία, Στατιστική) κατά την διάρκεια της διδασκαλίας και της έρευνας. Ξέροντας ότι η επιμόρφωση των καθηγητών κατά τη διάρκεια της υπηρεσίας τους πρέπει να θεωρείται δικαίωμα του καθηγητή καθόσον αποτελεί απαραίτητη προϋπόθεση, τόσο για την επαγγελματική ανάπτυξη και αυτονομία του καθηγητή, όσο και για την βελτίωση της αποτελεσματικότητας του εκπαιδευτικού συστήματος, ψάξαμε και συλλέξαμε πληροφορίες για την συμβολή των λογισμικών στην διδασκαλία και την έρευνα. Ενώ υπάρχει μία σημαντική εξέλιξη των λογισμικών, εντός των οικονομικών τμημάτων, η χρήση τους είναι περιορισμένη. Πολλοί υποστηρίζουν ότι, εν μέρει, η μη χρήση των πακέτων αυτών στα οικονομικά εξηγείται από την προτεραιότητα που δίνεται στην ανάπτυξη των οικονομετρικών πακέτων και την απουσία ενός συμφωνημένου περιεχομένου για τη διδασκαλία των μαθημάτων και στα δύο επίπεδα σπουδών. / This paper presents a study on whether the economic universities in Germany, France, USA, Netherlands and Great Britain, both undergraduate and postgraduate program,use software packages in core courses such as Econometrics, Statistics etc.during the teaching and research.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6578.pdf: 3445111 bytes, checksum: 56d12136f2a3343f6ca27033a2400b8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-04 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / With the process of financialization of the economy, companies are reorganizing themselves. In front of this, the present work has as main objective observe the process of financialization and its impact on the social structure of a company that went through the privatization process. Also, analyze in the corporate environment, (the new) forms of organizational management and production, as well its key actors and their forms of interrelationship. This work is based on Political Economics, with studies in the financialization process rooted in culture, history and policy of a company that has undergone in a series of transformations. This research develops how the company changes its conception of control, and how this change has an impact in its overall structure. Thus, the scope of this work focused on an exploratory study in Eletropaulo. The central importance of the study in the Brazilian electric sector is that this sector has undergone to the most radical changes in the financialization since 1990. However, any research on the built of the executive s careers, in this Brazilian context, has been done so far. The analysis of curriculum is the most important contribution from this case study research. As a research procedure of this work, were combined quantitative and qualitative methods. In order to analyze the careers of executives of AES Eletropaulo, were collected the curriculum of the Board and Directors, since its appearance as state-owned company in 1979 to the year 2012. It is applied a cumulative frequency analysis and other correspondence multiple analysis to study these curricula. Also, to see how the company was restructured as a whole after the change of ownership, were used other qualitative tools, such as questionnaires and interviews to key players in the buying and selling process. To develop this thesis, the case study will be separated into three parts. In the first are analyzed and presented data, in the form of graphs, related to the performance indicators of the company's case over his years before and after privatization. The second part is related to the new organizational management, which refers to the shareholding after the sale of the company, thus, opens up the discussion to the internationalization of ownership and National Development Bank in Brazil - BNDES, being the major shareholders of AES Eletropaulo an international company and BNDES. And in the third, the focus is on the analysis of the careers of executives of this company, and how they constructed and reconstructed their careers after major changes. As result, it was observed that the case company has undergone a series of transformations, including the creation of a new identity. The Government acts in two different moments at the same company. It is observed in this study that the pressure of these new owners have consequences in organizational design and composition of the power of the company to a search for maximization of the value of the company. And the executives of the company had to find ways to rebuild their careers in accordance with the new financial logic at the moment. The present analysis also extends to the electricity utility workers and their vulnerabilities occurred by the financialization process. / Com o processo de financeirização da economia, as empresas vêm se reestruturando. Diante disso, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo central observar o processo de financeirização e seus impactos na estrutura social de uma empresa que passou pelo processo de privatização. Além disso, o trabalho procura analisar, em âmbito corporativo, as (novas) formas de gestão organizacional e da produção, bem como seus atores-chave e suas formas de inter-relação. Este trabalho é baseado na Economia Política, com estudos no processo de financeirização enraizados na cultura, história e política de uma empresa que passou por uma série de transformações. Esta pesquisa investiga como a companhia muda sua concepção de controle, e como esta mudança acaba por influenciar sua total estrutura. Para tanto, o escopo desta tese se concentrou em um estudo exploratório na AES Eletropaulo. A importância central do estudo no setor elétrico brasileiro é que esse setor tem sido sujeito a transformações mais radicais na financeirização desde 1990. No entanto, nenhuma pesquisa sobre as carreiras construídas de dirigentes nesse contexto brasileiro tem sido feita até agora. A análise de currículos é a mais relevante contribuição do estudo de caso desta pesquisa. Como procedimento de pesquisa deste trabalho, combinaram-se os métodos quantitativo e qualitativo. A fim de analisar a carreira dos dirigentes da AES Eletropaulo, foram coletados os currículos do Conselho Administrativo e da Diretoria, desde o seu surgimento como empresa estatal em 1979, até o ano de 2012. Foram aplicadas uma análise de frequência acumulada e outra de correspondência múltipla para estudar esses currículos. Além disso, para verificar como a empresa se reestruturou como um todo após a mudança de propriedade, foram usadas outras ferramentas qualitativas, como questionário e entrevista para os principais atores do processo de compra e venda. No desenvolvimento desta tese, o estudo de caso será separado em três partes. Na primeira são analisados e apresentados dados, em forma de gráficos, referentes aos indicadores de desempenho da empresa caso ao longo de seus anos. A segunda parte está relacionada a história da empresa nos período antes e após privatização, e a nova gestão organizacional, que remete à composição acionária após a venda da empresa; desse modo, neste momento, abre-se a discussão em relação à internacionalização de propriedade e ao Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento BNDES, sendo os maiores acionistas da AES Eletropaulo uma empresa estrangeira e o BNDES. Na terceira parte o foco é voltado para a análise das carreiras dos dirigentes dessa companhia, e como são construídas e reconstruídas as suas carreiras após grandes transformações. Como resultado, foi possível observar uma série de transformações que a AES Eletropaulo sofreu, inclusive com a criação de uma nova identidade. O Governo agiu em dois momentos diferentes nesta mesma empresa e esta pesquisa infere que a pressão desses novos donos tem consequências no desenho organizacional e na composição do poder da empresa para uma busca pela maximização do valor da companhia. Os dirigentes da empresa tiveram que buscar formas de reconstruir suas carreiras de acordo com a nova lógica financeira no momento. A presente análise ainda se estende para as carreiras dos trabalhadores do setor elétrico e suas vulnerabilidades ocorridas pelo processo de financeirização.

Objective of this thesis is cluster analysis of political parties and individual politicians in Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic. In theoretical part, legislative process in Czech Republic is explained and political situation in Chamber of Deputies is described. Also cluster analysis theory is explained. In practical part, firstly, cluster analysis of political parties was performed, than of individual members of parliament. The furthest neighbor and Ward's methods were used in this part. On the basis of discovered facts, it's possible to confirm compactness of coalition and also of conservative opposition. In specific political parties, as most united behave TOP 09 members and least ČSSD members of parliament.