The control and optimization of chemical plants is a major area of research as it has the potential to improve both economic output and plant safety. It is often prudent to separate control and optimization tasks of varying complexities and time scales, creating a hierarchical control structure. Within this structure, it is beneficial for one control layer to be able to account for the effects of other layers. A clear example of this, and the basis of this work, is closed-loop dynamic real-time optimization (CL-DRTO), in which an economic optimization method considers both the plant behavior and the effects of an underlying model predictive controller (MPC). This technique can be expanded on to allow its use and methods to be employed in a greater diversity of applications, particularly unstable and uncertain plant environments. First, this work seeks to improve on existing robust MPC techniques, which incorporate plant uncertainty via direct multi-scenario modelling, by also including future MPC behavior through the use of the CL modelling technique of CL-DRTO. This allows the CL robust MPC to account for how future MPC executions will be affected by uncertain plant behavior. Second, Lyapunov MPC (LMPC) is a generally nonconvex technique which focuses on effective control of plants which exhibit open-loop unstable behavior. A new convex LMPC formulation is presented here which can be readily embedded into a CL-DRTO scheme. Next, uncertainty handling is incorporated directly into a CL-DRTO via a robust multi-scenario method to allow for the economic optimization to take uncertain plant behavior into account while also modelling MPC behavior under plant uncertainty. Finally, the robust CL-DRTO method is computationally expensive, so a decomposition method which separates the robust CL-DRTO into its respective scenario subproblems is developed to improve computation time, especially for large optimization problems. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / It is common for control and optimization of chemical plants to be performed in a multi-layered hierarchy. The ability to predict the behavior of other layers or the future behavior of the same layer can improve overall plant performance. This thesis presents optimization and control frameworks which use this concept to more effectively control and economically optimize chemical plants which are subject to uncertain behavior or instability. The strategy is shown, in a series of simulated case studies, to effectively control chemical plants with uncertain behavior, control and optimize unstable plant systems, and economically optimize uncertain chemical plants. One of the drawbacks of these strategies is the relatively large computation time required to solve the optimization problems. Therefore, for uncertain systems, the problem is separated into smaller pieces which are then coordinated towards a single solution. This results in reduced computation time.

Kūno šerdis (angl., „Core”) ir „jegos namai” (angl., „Power house”) yra pagrindiniai terminai naudojami pakaitomis, ne tik pilatese, tačiau ir medicinoje, bei sporte (Cech & Martin, 2002). Pilatesas tai yra viso kūno šerdies stiprinimas (Hodges & Richardson,1999; Nicholas et al, 1976). Kūno šerdies stabilizavimas yra efektyvus ir reabilitacijos ir sporto programose (Dudonienė, 2008; S. McGill ,2007; H.S. Rhee 2012; S.P. Kumar ,2011; ir kt.). Kibleris (2006) Cholevicki J. ir Van Viet J.J.T. (2002) mano, jog kūno šerdies raumenys yra vieni iš svarbiausių raumenų ir stabilizavimo pratimai gali būti efektyviausi kai apima visą juosmens raumenyną. Juosmens segmentų stabilumas yra svarbus kūno biomechanikos komponentas, kurio nepakankamumas gali turėti įtakos nugaros juosmeninės dalies skausmui atsirasti (Kumar; 2011 ). Teigiama, jog skersinio pilvo ir dauginio nugaros raumenys yra svarbiausi stabilizuojant stuburą (Allison et al., 2008). Ant nestabilių paviršių arba vienos galūnės pozicijose reikia didesnės kūno šerdies raumenų veiklos (Faries, 2007). Raktiniai žodžiai: Nugaros ir pilvo raumenų ištvermė, Pilateso metodas, stabilizuojantys pratimai, kūno šerdis. Tyrimo objektas: 4 mėn. trukmės stabilizuojančių pratimų poveikis moterų liemens raumenų ištvermei Tikslas: Nustatyti 4 mėn. trukmės stabilizuojančių pratimų poveikį moterų liemens raumenų ištvermei. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti ir palyginti moterų liemens raumenų ištvermę, prieš ir po 4 mėnesių stabilizuojančių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Body core and the power house is the main terms used interchangeably, not only pilates but also in medicine, and sports (Cech & Martin, 2002). Pilates is a total body core strengthening (Hodges & Richardson, 1999; Nicholas et al, 1976). Body core stabilization is effective and rehabilitation and sports programs (Dudonienė, 2008 , S. McGill , 2007, 2012 HS Rhee, SP Kumar , 2011 , and others. ) . Kibleris (2006) Cholevicki J. and Van Viet J.J.T. (2002) believe that the core muscles of the body are some of the major muscles and stabilizing exercises can be effective when covering the entire lumbar muscle. Lumbar segments of the stability of the biomechanics of the body is an important component of failure can affect spinal lumbar pain occur (Kumar, 2011). It is argued that cross multiple abdominal and back muscles are important in stabilizing the spine (Allison et al., 2008). On unstable surfaces or one limb positions requiring higher body core muscle (Faria, 2007). Key words: Back and abdominal muscle endurance, Pilates method, stabilizing exercises, body core . Subject: of the 4 months term stabilizing effect of exercise on trunk muscle endurance women Objective: Set of 4 months term stabilizing exercises on female torso muscle endurance. Tasks: 1. Identify and compare trunk muscle endurance of women before and after 4 months of stabilizing exercises targeting the Pilates method. 2. Set and compare trunk muscle endurance of women before and after 4 months of stabilizing... [to full text]

The purpose of this thesis is to define norms for inspiratory (Pimax) and expiratory (Pemax) pressures and mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1) in healthy white population of the 16-17 age group in the Czech Republic, specifically the capital city of Prague and its close vicinity. Furthermore, this work aspires to ascertain whether there is a correlation between the respiratory pressures, P0.1 and selected anthropometric and pulmonary values. In order to define the norms, 79 children were tested, including 41 boys and 38 girls 16 to 17 years old. After establishing the subjects' case histories, anthropometric, spirometric inspiratory, expiratory and forced vital capacity measurements were made. The study defined the norms of respiratory pressures and P0.1 in 16 to 17-year-old boys and girls, thus achieving its main goal. Furthermore, a difference was found between the average measured Pimax and Pemax values for boys and girls, with the boys showing higher values comparing with the girls. The study did not ascertain a correlation between respiratory pressures, P0.1 and selected anthropometric values (age, height, weight, BMI, BSA). No correlation was found between respiratory pressures and static pulmonary volumes. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Title: Evaluation of the immediate influence of physical activity on the quality of postural functions of basketball players Author: Bc. Michaela Mudruňková Supervisor: PhDr. Tereza Nováková, PhD. Problem definition: Difficulties in the evaluation of the quality of postural functions and in the establishment of a so-called ideal posture stem from the diversity of views of different authors. Posture is definitely not the same as standing, but unfortunately many of the tests for postural functions evaluation focus only on that. Postural stability can be measured using device methods as well, but these devices are not available everywhere. Therefore, I have tried to create my own set of tests, which would best meet all requirements: simplicity, speed, availability and complexity of testing and evaluation of the quality of postural functions. Physical activity is followed by fatigue of the organism (decreased muscle strength, impaired movement coordination, ...). In my thesis I try to explain how fatigue manifests itself on the quality of postural functions and how to best assess the quality of postural functions using simple tests. The aim: The aims of this thesis are to develop an appropriate set of tests for evaluation of the quality of postural functions and to investigate the effects of different...

6 Abstract Title: Effect of deep stabilization system on the musculoskeletal system Objectives: The aim of the study is to demonstrate the influence of therapeutic interventions on the deep stabilization system using investigative techniques and principles used used in practice in physiotherapy. Methods: This thesis has been characterized as a case study. It is based on an experimental basis in the form of qualitative research. For the research five clients were chosen with problems in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine. Applying exercise procedures was to show a positive effect on the deep stabilizing system. Following investigative methods were used: anamnesis, examination of static orientation, trigonometric spine examination, assessment of posture, postural stability testing, palpation, flexion of the neck stereotype by Lewit and "S" reflex. Testing was performed twice, at intervals of 3-4 months. Results: The results showed significant improvement in four out of five clients. Pain, stiffness or paraesthesia cervical, thoracic or lumbar spine alleviated or even disappeared. Postural muscle activation possession and corset improved. Exercises also positively influenced the stereotype of breathing and it was confirmed that an active cooperation of clients is necessary for the most efficient effect of...

Os controladores Proporcional+Integral+Derivativo (PID) são largamente empregados na indústria devido à sua estrutura contendo ações integral e derivativa e por possuir ordem fixa. Na literatura, encontram-se vários métodos para a sua sintonia. Nesse trabalho é apresentada uma forma de obter a sintonia do PID utilizando o índice de desempenho H∞ de forma não-iterativa. Essa sintonia é feita utilizando-se a representação em espaço de estado na forma canônica controlável. No entanto, como trata-se de um controlador de ordem fixa, variações na planta podem interferir de forma significativa no desempenho desejado e precisam ser compensadas. Assim, propõe-se também uma adaptação dos parâmetros do PID de modo a manter a função de transferência de malha fechada o mais próximo possível da nominal utilizada na sintonia. Para isso, modela-se a estrutura de controle como um sistema linear sobre-determinado com restrições lineares, advindos de conjuntos estabilizantes baseados no conceito de assinatura Hurwitz, e utiliza-se um método de otimização quadrática para obter os parâmetros do controlador. Para circunvir o conservadorismo da norma H∞, um método para mitigar apenas o efeito de algumas harmônicas na saída do sistema também é proposto, restringindo-se a sensibilidade do sistema que é representada por elipses no lugar geométrico dos ganhos estabilizantes do PID. Simulações no software Matlab, Simulink e PSIM foram utilizadas para validar os modelos e metodologias propostas. Resultados experimentais demonstraram a eficácia do método para mitigação de harmônicos em um conversor CC–CC do tipo boost. / Proportional + integral + derivative (PID) controllers are widely used in the industry due to their structure containing integral and derivative actions and for having a fixed order. In the literature, there are several methods for PID tuning. In this work it is presented a way to obtain PID tuning using a non-iterative H∞ design. This tuning is done using the state-space representation in the controllable canonical form. However, because it is a fixed-order controller, plant variations can significantly interfere with the desired performance and need to be compensated. Thus, it is also proposed to adapt the PID parameters so as to keep the closed-loop transfer function as close as possible to the nominal used in the tuning. For this, the control structure is modeled as an over-determined linear system with linear constraints, derived from stabilizing sets based on the Hurwitz signature concept, and a quadratic optimization method is used to obtain the controller parameters. In order to circumvent the conservatism of the norm H∞, a method to mitigate only the effect of selected harmonics on the output of the system is also proposed, constraining the sensitivity function of the system which is represented by ellipses in the stabilizing gains locus of the PID. Simulations in Matlab, Simulink and PSIM softwares were used to validate the proposed models and methodologies. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the harmonic mitigation method in a boost DC–DC converter.

Diese Arbeit behandelt die Asymptotik von Austritts- und Übergangszeiten für gewisse schwach zeitinhomogene Diffusionsprozesse. Darauf basierend wird ein probabilistischer Begriff der stochastischen Resonanz (SR) studiert. Techniken der großen Abweichungen spielen eine zentrale Rolle. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit (Kapitel 1-3) werden Resultate aus der Theorie der großen Abweichungen für zeithomogene Diffusionen rekapituliert. Es werden die klassischen Resultate von Freidlin und Wentzell und Erweiterungen dieser Theorie präsentiert, und es wird an das Kramers''sche Austrittszeitengesetz erinnert. Teil II befasst sich mit dem Phänomen der SR, d.h. mit Periodizitätseigenschaften von Diffusionen. In Kapitel 4 werden physikalische Maße zur Messung der Periodizität diskutiert. Deren Nachteile legen es nahe, einem alternativen, probabilistischen Ansatz zu folgen, der hier behandelt wird. Das 5. Kapitel dient der Herleitung eines gleichmäßigen Prinzips der großen Abweichungen für Diffusionen mit schwach zeitabhängigem, periodischem Drift. Die Gleichmäßigkeit des Prinzips ermöglicht die exakte Bestimmung exponentieller Übergangsraten in Kapitel 6, das die zentralen Ergebnisse des 2. Teils beinhaltet. Hierdurch wird die Maximierung gewisser Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten ermöglicht, was zum in Kapitel 7 studierten Resonanzbegriff führt. Teil III der Arbeit setzt sich mit der Asymptotik von Austrittszeiten sogenannter selbststabilisierender Diffusionen auseinander. In Kapitel 8 wird der Zusammenhang zwischen interagierenden Teilchensystemen und selbststabilisierenden Diffusionen erläutert und die Existenz- und Eindeutigkeitsfrage behandelt. Das 9. Kapitel dient dem Studium der großen Abweichungen dieser Klasse von Diffusionen. In Kapitel 10 wird das Kramers''sche Austrittszeitengesetz auf selbststabilisierende Diffusionen übertragen, und in Kapitel 11 wird der Einfluß der selbststabilisierenden Komponente auf das Austrittszeitengesetz illustriert. / In this thesis, we study the asymptotic behavior of exit and transition times of certain weakly time inhomogeneous diffusion processes. Based on these asymptotics, a probabilistic notion of stochastic resonance (SR) is investigated. Large deviations techniques play the key role throughout this work. In the first part (Chapters 1-3) we recall the large deviations theory for time homogeneous diffusions. We present the classical results due to Freidlin and Wentzell and extensions thereof, and we remind of Kramers'' exit time law. Part II deals with the phenomenon of stochastic resonance. That is, we study periodicity properties of diffusion processes. In Chapter 4 we explain the paradigm of stochastic resonance and discuss physical notions of measuring periodicity of diffusions. Their drawbacks suggest to follow an alternative probabilistic approach, which is treated in this work. In Chapter 5 we derive a large deviations principle for diffusions subject to a weakly time dependent periodic drift term. The uniformity of the obtained large deviations bounds w.r.t. the system''s parameters plays a key role for the treatment of transition time asymptotics in Chapter 6, which contains the main result of the second part. The exact exponential transition rates obtained here allow for maximizing transition probabilities, which finally leads to the announced probabilistic notion of resonance studied in Chapter 7. In the third part we investigate the exit time asymptotics of a certain class of so-called self-stabilizing diffusions. In Chapter 8 we explain the connection between interacting particle systems and self-stabilizing diffusions, and we address the question of existence. The following Chapter 9 is devoted to the study of the large deviations behavior of these diffusions. In Chapter 10 Kramers'' exit law is carried over to our class of self-stabilizing diffusions. Finally, the influence of self-stabilization is illustrated in Chapter 11.

Title: Influence of pilates method on the stabilizing system of the spine Objectives: The main aim of this diploma thesis was to confirm or refute the claim that a six-week motion program using the pilates method positively affects the stabilizing system of the spine. The partial aims of the work were to determine whether the a six-week motion program using the pilates method had a positive effect on the posture, spinal mobility, shortened muscles and standing stabilization. Methods: As a method of research, a case study was selected involving two adult persons (males). The motion program was preceded by an initial examination. In particular, static examination of the standing position, dynamic examination of standing position (flexion, extension, lateroflexion), examination of stabilization (Véle test, stand on 1 LL, standing on 2 scales), examinations of spinal distances (Schober's, Otto's and Čepojev's distance, lateroflexion), goniometry of rotation of thoracic and lumbar spine, examination of shortened muscles according to Janda (hip flexors, knee flexors, pectoralis major and minor, m.trapezius and paravertebral muscles) examination of postural stabilization by Kolář (extension test, trunk flexion test, diaphragm test, hip flexion test). Participants then underwent a six-week motion program...

In the present work we compare the effectiveness of therapy in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain (CNLBP) using classical analytical strengthening and strengthening program based on principles of physiotherapy techniques that focus on the stabilization of the spine and are used in the treatment CNLBP. The experiment included a total of 14 patients diagnosed with CNLBP who were divided into two groups (n = 7), each of who underwent a 12-week training either classical or physiotherapy conceived strengthening. As for the evaluated parameters, we chose the size and quality of pain (visual analogue scale and Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire), restrictions in daily life in relation to LBP (Oswestry Disability Index); we tried to capture a change in the stabilizing muscle function by using a collection of tests according to Kolar (2006). The evaluation took place at the beginning and after the program and then at intervals of six months. The results showed that there was a statistically significant improvement in both groups in the monitored parameters. The difference in results in pain intensity and functional limitations in life when comparing the two groups showed statistically insignificant. Both the groups of patients improved their score in the evaluation of the stabilizing functions of...

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Kátia Bittar Haddad - 2013.pdf: 6326670 bytes, checksum: 9d45a3dac87b94079e53d3cfc6d0c77a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-17 / The deficiency displayed by public basic sanitation systems in Brazil forces a major part of the population to seek individual alternatives to the final treatment and disposal of domestic septage such as septic tanks and rudimentary cesspools. Waste coming from such individual systems are, for the most part, discharged into Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs), which are not designed to such end. Hence, we observe a decrease in the efficiency of sanitary waste treatment by WWTPs, which, in turn, leads to the pollution of water resources. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the impacts caused by waste discharge from cesspools and septic tanks into an anaerobic lagoon, followed by a facultative and maturation lagoons. Barro Preto WWTP has two modules of stabilizing lagoons (A and B). Module A was utilized as evidence. In other words, it did not receive cesspool and septic tank waste discharge. Module B rate was 0.20%. In order to force the system, the WWTP total flow was deviated to module B and the volumetric flow rate yielded was 0.05%. To characterize sludge yield in the Trindade-GO municipality, composite samples from six septage haulers were collected. Parameter analyses were: PH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), solid series (TSS,VSS, FSS,TS,TVS,TFS), oils and grease, total Kjedhal nitrogen, amonniacal nitrogen, phosphorus and Escherichia coli. Sludge deposit bathymetry was conducted in the anaerobic lagoons and surface scum bulk was collected and quantified. To assess the interference of co-treatment in the performance of stabilizing lagoons simple samples were collected from the anaerobic, facultative and maturation lagoons. Parameters analyzed were: PH, BOD, COD, settleable solids ,total suspended solids, amonniacal nitrogen, phosphorus, oils and grease, total coliforms and E. coli. For the independent samples the t- Student test was applied in order to compare the values obtained from the lagoon effluents. In addition, results from maturation lagoons were compared with the Conama Resolution 430/2011 and the State Decree 1,745/1979.Statistically, no significant interference was observed in the co-treatment of cesspool and septic tank septage in the Barro Preto WWTP, except for settleable solids in the anaerobic lagoon effluents. Maturation lagoon effluents were in accordance with the Conama Resolution 430/2011 and State Decree 1,745/1979 requirements for analyzed parameters, with the exception of BOD, with yielded higher values in both modules over some periods of the study. The wastes from cesspool and septic tanks have characteristics similar to concentrated sewage pH raging between 5.3 and 8.4. COD/BOD ratio found was 3.92 mg.L-1, indicating that these residues are not found industries. The amount of scum collected from anaerobic lagoons was similar displaying an increase of 8% in sludge formation in the receiving lagoon. Hence, we concluded that Barro Preto WWTP is fit for the co-treatment of cesspool and septic tank septage disposal produced by the municipality of Trindade-GO. Furthermore, results show that anaerobic systems followed by facultative and maturation lagoons conforming to the same standards practiced by Barro Preto WWTP are fit to co-treat cesspool and septic tank septage. / A deficiência de sistemas públicos de saneamento básico, no Brasil, faz com que boa parte da população busque alternativas individuais, para o tratamento e a disposição final dos esgotos domésticos, como os tanques sépticos e as fossas rudimentares. Os resíduos provenientes desses sistemas individuais são, usualmente, destinados para as Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE), que não são projetadas para essa finalidade. Como consequência, observa-se a diminuição, na eficiência do tratamento dos resíduos sanitários pela ETE, que, por sua vez, leva a poluição aos recursos hídricos. Dessa forma, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os impactos do lançamento de resíduos de fossas e tanque séptico, em lagoa anaeróbia, seguida de lagoa facultativa e lagoa de maturação. A ETE Barro Preto possui dois módulos de lagoas de estabilização (A e B). O módulo A foi utilizado como testemunho, ou seja, não recebeu resíduos de fossa e tanques sépticos. A taxa de aplicação volumétrica, no módulo B, foi de 0,20%. Com a finalidade de forçar o sistema, toda a vazão da ETE foi desviada para o módulo B e a taxa de aplicação volumétrica foi de 0,05%. Para caracterização do lodo gerado, no município de Trindade-GO, foram coletadas amostras compostas de seis caminhões limpa-fossa. Os parâmetros analisados foram: pH, DBO, DQO, série de sólidos (SST, SSV, SSF, ST, STV, STF), óleos e graxas, nitrogênio total Kjedahl, nitrogênio amoniacal, fósforo e Escherichia coli. Foi realizado a batimetria do lodo depositado nas lagoas anaeróbias e a escuma formada na superfície das mesmas foi removida e quantificada. Para avaliar as interferências da codisposição, no desempenho das lagoas de estabilização, foram coletadas amostras simples dos efluentes das lagoas anaeróbias, das facultativas e de maturação. Os parâmetros analisados foram: pH, DBO, DQO, sólidos sedimentáveis, sólidos suspensos totais, nitrogênio amoniacal, fósforo, óleos e graxas, coliformes totais e E.coli. Para amostras independentes, foi realizado o teste t de Student, com o objetivo de comparar os valores obtidos, nos efluentes das lagoas. Além disso, foram comparados os resultados das lagoas de maturação, com a resolução Conama nº430/2011 e o Decreto Estadual nº 1.745/1979. Os resíduos de fossa e tanque sépticos dispostos na ETE possuem características de esgoto concentrado, com pH variando entre 5,3 e 8,4. A relação DQO/DBO encontrada foi de 3,92 mg.L-1, indicando que possivelmente esses resíduos não são provenientes de indústrias. Estatisticamente, não houve interferência significativa da codisposição de resíduos de fossa e tanques sépticos, na ETE Barro Preto, exceto para os sólidos sedimentáveis, no efluente das lagoas anaeróbias. Os efluentes das lagoas de maturação atenderam às exigências da resolução Conama nº 430/2011 e Decreto Estadual nº 1.745/1979, para os parâmetros avaliados, exceto para DBO que registrou valores acima do permitido, por tais resoluções, em ambos os módulos, em alguns períodos de estudo. A quantidade de escuma retirado nas lagoas anaeróbias foi similar e houve um aumento de 8% na geração de lodo na lagoa receptora. Portanto, conclui-se que a ETE Barro Preto pode ser utilizada como alternativa para a codisposição dos resíduos esgotados de fossa e tanques sépticos gerados no município de Trindade-GO. Além do mais, os resultados mostraram que em sistemas formados por lagoas anaeróbias, seguidas de facultativas e maturação, operando nas mesmas condições que a ETE Barro Preto, podem ser utilizadas para a codisposição de resíduos provenientes de fossa e tanques sépticos.