Considering the pervasive presence of chlorides in concrete bridge decks, bridge engineers have a critical responsibility to perform proper and effective preventive maintenance and rehabilitation operations. Bridge engineers often perform scarification and overlay (SO) procedures on concrete bridge decks to minimize the corrosion of reinforcing steel due to chloride ingress. Given the need to develop guidelines for the initial timing of SO treatments, the specific objectives of this research were to collect information from several department of transportation (DOT) personnel about their SO procedures and, subsequently, to determine the recommended timing of initial SO procedures on concrete bridge decks for preventing the accumulation of corrosion-inducing levels of chlorides and extending deck service life. A questionnaire survey of state DOTs was conducted, and numerical modeling of SO treatments was performed. Simulations involving both decks with and without stay-in-place metal forms (SIPMFs) were performed. Numerical modeling was performed for each unique combination of variables through a service life of 50 years to determine the recommended initial timing of SO treatment in each case. The research results show that, overall, bridge decks without SIPMFs can endure longer delays in SO treatment timing than those with SIPMFs; in all cases, the absence of SIPMFs extended the amount of time before an SO treatment was needed. For decks with SIPMFs, the allowable delay in SO timing ranged from 2 to 6 years, while on decks without SIPMFs the allowable delay in SO timing ranged from 6 to 18 years. These delays are only 1 to 3 years longer than allowable delays associated with placement of surface treatments investigated in previous research. On average, the period of additional delay allowed before an SO treatment is required in decks with SIPMFs was 2 years with each additional 0.5 in. of OCD. In decks without SIPMFs, the presence of a greater OCD had a more pronounced effect on the latest recommended timing of treatment than in the decks with SIPMFs; an average additional delay period of 5 years was obtained with each additional 0.5 in. of OCD in decks without SIPMFs. Together with the findings of this research and the specific properties of the bridge deck under scrutiny, engineers can determine the appropriate timing of rehabilitation procedures to prevent or mitigate corrosion of the steel reinforcement of a bridge deck and ensure the usability of the deck for its intended service life. Although the conditions studied in this research were consistent with bridges located in the state of Utah, bridge decks that exist in similar environments and that are subjected to similar treatments of deicing salts as part of winter maintenance could exhibit similar properties to the decks simulated in this research. Engineers should carefully consider the results of this research and implement proper timing of SO treatments on their respective bridge decks to protect against and minimize the effects of corrosion due to chloride ingress.

Each year approximately five million people are treated in the nation's intensive care units making intensive care one of the most expensive components of the U.S. healthcare system. Of these patients, 400,000-500,000 will die annually giving the ICU the distinction of having the highest rate of mortality and complications in the hospital setting. Studies have demonstrated that one in ten patients who die each day in ICUs might survive if intensivists were present to manage clinical care and direct treatment plans (Randolph & Pronovost, 2002; Dimick, Pronovost, Heitmiller & Lipsett, 2001; Pronovost et al., 2002). The utilization of supplemental remote telemedicine has been investigated as a means of compensating for the limited resource of intensivists (Breslow et al., 2004; Rosenfeld et al., 2000). One specific use of this technology, the electronic intensive care unit or eICU®, has previously demonstrated the potential to improve physiological and economic outcomes in ICU patients through the use of integrated decision-support and patient data systems. The present study focuses on the eICU® as a 21st century technology capable of improving the quality of patient care and identifies those factors most likely to impact the success of this clinical intervention. This research utilizes a non-experimental pre-and post-intervention study design and examines patient data collected on all admissions to five ICUs managed by two regional tertiary care hospitals during a 36-month time period. Each ICU is equipped with eICU® software systems that allow intensivist surveillance of patients from a remote facility. The data is analyzed using both structural equation modeling and decision tree regression modeling to statistically evaluate the effects of patient, hospital and unit characteristics on proximal and distal outcomes in ICU patients. As the development of clinical complications subsequently affects patient length of stay, cost of stay, and mortality, it becomes increasingly imperative to seek interventions capable of reducing the risk of unfavorable patient outcomes. This study closely examines one such intervention, the eICU®.

[pt] A presente Tese de Doutorado é resultado da pesquisa sobre as trajetórias universitárias dos ex-estudantes do Centro de Ciências Sociais – CCS, da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro – PUC-Rio, que cursaram o Ensino Superior como bolsistas do Programa Universidade Para Todos – ProUni e as narrativas das estratégias de superação dos desafios da permanência estudantil no ensino superior. A pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender o perfil e analisar a trajetória universitária dos ex-estudantes do CCS da PUC-Rio, bolsistas do PROUNI, no período entre 2005 e 2010, no que tange as relações institucionais e pessoais, assim como as narrativas das estratégias adotadas para superação dos desafios da permanência estudantil. Na presente tese, o ProUni é compreendido como uma política pública de ação afirmativa do governo federal que desde 2005 vem promovendo o acesso ao ensino superior de estudantes das camadas populares, pois esse programa ampliou o número de vaga nas Instituições Privadas e Comunitárias de Ensino Superior com o objetivo de promover a democratização do setor. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados na pesquisa foi a realização de entrevistas por meio de um questionário on-line com perguntas semi- estruturadas, com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa e a obtenção de doze respostas de ex-estudantes que ingressaram na PUC-Rio por meio do ProUni, em um dos cursos de graduação do CCS, no período compreendido entre 2005 e 2010 e que concluíram a trajetória universitária. Foi feita uma análise dos documentos institucionais que contém os dados dos estudantes bolsistas do ProUni. Como resultado da pesquisa, a análise dos dados nos permite aferir que, quanto ao perfil socioeconômico, os ex-estudantes são oriundos das regiões periféricas, majoritariamente das regiões norte e sul da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os ex-estudantes do ProUni trazem em suas narrativas a percepção de que eram vistos como estranhos ao ambiente universitário pelos demais estudantes e professores dentro da universidade. As narrativas destacaram também que as relações pessoais e institucionais impactaram diretamente no processo de afiliação a vida universitária reverberado incialmente em um sentimento de não pertencimento ao meio. Contudo, os ex-estudantes foram protagonistas de suas próprias trajetórias universitárias, pois adotaram estratégias de superação dos desafios da permanência e ressaltaram em suas narrativas a importância de políticas e programas de assistência estudantil como apoio fundamental para permanecer e concluir o ensino superior. / [en] This Doctoral Thesis is the result of research into the university trajectories of former students from the Center for Social Sciences – CCS, from the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro – PUC-Rio, who attended Higher Education as scholarship holders of the University for All Program – ProUni and the narratives of strategies for overcoming the challenges of student retention in higher education. The research aims to understand the profile and analyze the university trajectory of former CCS students at PUC-Rio, PROUNI scholarship holders, in the period between 2005 and 2010, regarding institutional and personal relationships, as well as narratives of strategies adopted to overcome the challenges of student retention. In this thesis, ProUni is understood as a public affirmative action policy of the federal government that since 2005 has been promoting access to Higher Education for students from the popular classes, as this program increased the number of places in Private and Community Higher Education Institutions with the objective of promoting the democratization of the sector. The methodological procedures used in the research was to carry out interviews, using an online questionnaire with semi- structured questions, with a qualitative and quantitative approach, obtaining twelve responses from former students who entered PUC-Rio through from ProUni, in one of the CCS undergraduate courses, in the period between 2005 and 2010 and who completed their university career. An analysis of institutional documents containing data on ProUni scholarship students was carried out. As a result of the research, data analysis does not allow us to determine that, in terms of socioeconomic profile, former students come from peripheral regions, mostly from the north and south regions of the city of Rio de Janeiro. Former ProUni students bring in their narratives the perception that they were seen as strangers to the university environment by other students and professors within the university. The narratives also highlighted that personal and institutional relationships directly impacted the process of affiliation with university life, initially reverberating in a feeling of not belonging to the environment. However, former students were protagonists of their own university trajectories, as they adopted strategies to overcome the challenges of permanence and highlighted in their narratives the importance of student assistance policies and programs as fundamental support for remaining and completing higher education.

Studien syftar till att studera och bidra med kunskap om vilka uppfattningar medarbetare har om hållbart medarbetarengagemang, och dess betydelse för att stanna i en kommunal verksamhet. Syftet preciseras genom två frågeställningar; Hur uppfattar medarbetare hållbart medarbetarengagemang i den studerade kommunala verksamheten? Vilka uppfattningar har medarbetare om förutsättningar som främjar deras engagemang att vilja stanna kvar i den kommunala verksamheten? Studien har en fenomenografisk forskningsansats där data har samlats in genom tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med medarbetare inom en kommunal verksamhet. Resultatet visade att medarbetarengagemang uppfattades som ett viktigt fenomen i arbetet, som kan förstås utifrån medarbetarens inre och yttre förutsättningar. De inre förutsättningarna kan kopplas till medarbetarnas personliga vilja och till ett personligt ansvar. Yttre förutsättningar är aspekter som organisationer och chefer kan bidra med och tillhandahålla för att medarbetarnas engagemang ska bli hållbart. De yttre förutsättningarna som identifierades var arbetsrelationer, arbetsmiljö, lärande-, utveckling- och karriärmöjligheter samt arbetsuppgifter. / The study aims to study and contribute knowledge about what perceptions employees have about sustainable employee engagement, and its importance to stay in a municipal operation. The purpose is specified through two research questions; How do employees perceive sustainable employee engagement in the studied municipal operations? What perceptions do employees have about conditions that promote their commitment to wanting to stay in municipal operations? The study has a phenomenographic research approach where data has been collected through ten semi-structured interviews with employees within a municipal operation. The result showed that employee engagement was perceived as an important phenomenon in work, which can be understood based on the employee's internal and external conditions. The internal conditions can be linked to the personal will of the employees and to personal responsibility. External prerequisites are aspects that organizations and managers can contribute to and provide in order for employee engagement to be sustainable. The external conditions that were identified were work relations, work environment, learning, development and career opportunities, and work tasks.

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[pt] A presente dissertação, intitulada Mulheres Negras e Universidade: uma reflexão sobre a permanência estudantil das discentes negras do curso de Serviço Social da PUC-Rio, trata da questão da permanência e do programa de assistência estudantil da PUC-Rio. Assistência estudantil é aqui compreendida como um programa voltado para a permanência de estudantes das classes trabalhadores e/ou pertencentes a grupos que vivem em condições de desigualdade social e tem como objetivo central proporcionar às necessidades e demandas acadêmicas condições que possibilitem a vivência plena da vida universitária e contribuam para a diminuição da evasão. A pesquisa tem como parte dos objetivos analisar as principais dificuldades de permanência vivenciadas pelas estudantes negras de Serviço Social da PUC-Rio, matriculadas nos anos de 2018 e 2019, realizar o levantamento do perfil dos discentes matriculados nos anos de 2018 e 2021 e identificar a importância do Fundo Emergencial de Solidariedade da PUC-Rio na trajetória universitária das estudantes negras. Para isso foram entrevistados 33 discentes e posteriormente 5 discentes negras, por meio de um formulário que foi enviado por estudantes do Centro Acadêmico Zica de Oliveira de Serviço Social para as representantes das turmas e ingressantes nos anos 2018, 2019, 2020 e 2021. Este estudo possibilitou a compreensão dos desafios enfrentados pelas discentes negras e pertencentes às classes populares, a importância do programa oferecido pela Universidade para a permanência dessas estudantes e analisou propostas apresentadas por elas para a manutenção da vida acadêmica que ainda não são ofertadas pela PUC-Rio. / [en] This dissertation entitled, Black Women and University: a reflection on the student permanence of black students of the course of Social Work of PUC-Rio, deals with the issue of permanence and student assistance program of PUC-Rio. Student assistance is understood here as a program aimed at the permanence of students of the working classes and/ or belonging to groups that live in conditions of social inequality and its main objective is to provide the needs and academic demands, full experience of university life and contributing to the reduction of evasion. The research has as part of the objectives, to analyze the main difficulties of permanence experienced by black students of Social Work of PUC-Rio, enrolled in the years To carry out the survey of the profile of the students and to identify the importance of the Emergency Solidarity Fund of the PUC-Rio in the university trajectory of black students. For this, 33 students were interviewed and later 5 black students, through a form that was sent by students of the Zica de Oliveira Academic Center for Social Work for the representatives of the classes and those who joined in the years 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021. This study enabled the understanding of the socioeconomic challenges faced by black and the importance of the program offered by the University for the permanence of these students and analyzed proposals presented by them for the maintenance of academic life that are not yet offered by PUC-Rio.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Family Studies and Human Services / Sandra M. Stith and Amber Vennum / Ending a college dating relationship is common as college coeds begin trying on romantic relationships for size. Ending the relationship because the relationship has become violent can add more complexities to an already unpleasant task. This study was an attempt to better understand the stay/leave decisions for college women who were victims of dating violence and whether or not these decisions differed for college women who were involved in violent versus non-violent dating relationships. Structural equation modeling was used to explore the factors that influenced the likelihood of female college students’ dating relationships to end using Choice and Lamke’s (1999) two-part decision-making model. In summary, victims reported greater relationship distress, less attraction towards someone other than their partner, less relationship safety, lower relationship efficacy, less social support, and fewer good friends than non-victims. Results also indicated that college women’s consideration of “Will I be better off?” was more important in the decision to leave a dating relationship than their perception of “Can I do it?” In addition, results from Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) modeling found that, while victims believed they were more likely to be better off leaving their violent, dating partners, they felt less able to actually leave the relationship than their non-victim counterparts. MIMIC modeling also found that being a victim or not of dating violence did not predict breakup directly. These findings have important implications for prevention and treatment of dating violence and can be used to further the research in the area of dating violence, college students, and stay/leave decisions.

<p>Hronična opstruktivna bolest pluća (HOBP) je rastući zdravstveni problem radno sposobne populacije. Akutne egzacerbacije hronične opstruktivne bolesti pluća (AEHOBP) značajno doprinose pogor&scaron;anju bolesti i sa aspekta kvaliteta života bolesnika i sa aspekta tro&scaron;kova. Cilj istraživanja je bila identifikacija faktora visokih tro&scaron;kova lečenja AEHOBP koja može pomoći u definisanju strategija smanjenja HOBP egzacerbacija ove bolesti i analiza podataka o prehospitalnom lečenju obolelih od HOBP. Materijal i metode: Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 130 pacijenata koji su ispunjavali uključujuće kriterijume studije. Rezultati: Ukupni godi&scaron;nji direktni tro&scaron;kovi hospitalizacija usled AEHOBP čine17,3% od tro&scaron;kova svih hospitalizovanih pacijenata. Prosečna dužina hospitalizacije je bila duža kod pacijenata sa te&scaron;kom AEHOBP u odnosu na srednje te&scaron;ku, razlika je statistički značajna (p = 0,044). Prema rezultatima istraživanja o potro&scaron;nji lekova godinu dana pre hospitalizacije, adekvatnu terapiju je koristilo 41,7% pacijenata, a neadekvatnu 58,3% pacijenata i postojala je negativna korelacija između adekvatnosti lečenja i stepena težine akutne egzacerbacije. Multivarijantnom logističkom regresijom dobijena je formula za predikciju ukupnih tro&scaron;kova. Zaključak: Nezavisni prediktori direktnih tro&scaron;kova lečenja su: mu&scaron;ki pol, pu&scaron;ačka navika, te&scaron;ka AEHOBP, postojanje acidoze, primena neadekvatne ili adekvatne terapije trajanja kraćeg od devet meseci tokom godine koja je prethodila hospitalnom lečenju egzacerbacije.</p> / <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a rising health issue of working population. Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are significantly contributing to worsening of the disease prognosis, consequently leading to decline of patient&rsquo;s quality of life and increasing costs of treatment. Objective of the study was identification of factors for high AECOPD treatment costs, which can help in defining strategy for decreasing COPD exacerbations and data analysis of prehospital treatment of COPD patients. Material and Methods: The study included 130 patients who fulfilled including criteria of the study. Results: Total direct costs of AECOPD hospitalizations demonstrated 17.3% of all hospitalized patients costs. Average length of hospitalization was longer in patients with severe AECOPD compared to patients with moderate AEHOBP, there was statistically significant difference (p= 0,044). According to research results of medication usage one year before the hospitalization, adequate treatment used 41.7% of patients, and inadequate 58.3%; there was negative correlation between adequate treatment and level of severance of acute exacerbations. Multivariate logistic regression was used for obtaining total costs predictions formula. Conclusion: Independent predictors of direct treatment costs were: male patients, smokers, prehospital treatment, inadequate or adequate, not longer than nine months per year.</p>

La grande majorité des causes tranchées par la Cour fédérale relève du droit de l’immigration. Environ 80% des causes plaidées devant la Cour fédérale sont en matière d’immigration. La plupart des causes qui se rendent à la Cour fédérale aboutissent au renvoi de la personne concernée. La requête en sursis est généralement le dernier recours que la personne peut exercer afin d’éviter ou à tout le moins retarder son renvoi du Canada. Près de 800 de ces requêtes en sursis ont été décidées par la Cour fédérale en 2008. Malgré un si grand nombre de causes et malgré le rôle important que ces requêtes peuvent jouer dans la vie d’une personne, aucun auteur n’a organisé et présenté les règles législatives et jurisprudentielles qui s’appliquent à ces procédures. Aucun livre, article ou commentaire n’a été rédigé sur ce sujet. De même, il n’existe aucun cours d’université ni de formations professionnelles sur les requêtes en sursis. Le droit des sursis consiste exclusivement de la jurisprudence des cours fédérales. Ainsi, on s’attend à ce qu’un avocat prépare une requête en sursis intuitivement. Toutefois, à cause de la nature urgente de cette procédure, il est pratiquement impossible pour un avocat inexpérimenté de se préparer adéquatement et de bien représenter les intérêts de son client. Beaucoup de causes ayant un fort potentiel sont perdues par manque d’expérience de l’avocat ou à cause d’une préparation inadéquate. La jurisprudence émanant de la Cour fédérale relativement aux sursis semble être incohérente et parfois même contradictoire. Ce livre organise, présente et explique de façon claire et concise le droit des sursis. Plus particulièrement, nous examinerons en détail les trois types de sursis – les sursis législatifs, administratifs et judiciaires. Tant les juges que les plaideurs trouveront cet ouvrage de référence utile dans la préparation et l’adjudication des causes. / The vast majority of cases heard and determined by the Federal Court of Canada relate to immigration law; approximately 80% of the cases adjudicated by the Federal Court of Canada are immigration matters. Most immigration cases that reach the Federal Court of Canada eventually result in the individual’s removal. A motion for a stay of removal is generally the last recourse a person can seek in order to avoid or, at least, delay his or her removal from Canada. Nearly 800 such motions were adjudicated by the Federal Court of Canada in 2008. Despite such a considerable number of cases and the important role these proceedings play in a person’s life, no author has ever attempted to organize and present the legislative and jurisprudential rules that govern stays. No books, articles or commentaries have been written to analyze the cases rendered on motions for a stay of removal. No document compiling decisions relating to stay of removal has ever been prepared. Similarly, universities and other institutions do not offer courses or professional development training on this subject. The law relating to stays consists exclusively of cases decided by the Federal Court. A lawyer is expected to prepare a stay motion almost intuitively. Yet, the urgent nature of these proceedings makes it practically impossible for inexperienced counsel to conduct adequate research and properly represent the interests of their client. Hence, many strong cases are lost due to a lack of experience and inadequate preparation. Many excellent lawyers practicing immigration law refuse to introduce such proceedings before the Federal Courts because they are not familiar with the principles governing stays. The law of stays in an immigration context resembles a legal patchwork because the case law is often inconsistent and at times contradictory. This book organizes, presents, and explains, in a clear and concise manner, the law of stays. In particular, this book examines the three types of stays: legislative, administrative and judicial. Judges and practitioners alike will find this quick reference tool very useful when dealing with motions for a stay of removal.