<p>Syftet med studien var att undersöka kvinnors attityder till fängelsevistelsen. Forskning kring kvinnors kriminalitet och fängelsevistelse är mycket bristfällig både internationellt och nationellt. Tidigare forskning utgår främst ifrån män och deras kriminalitet, vilket blivit normgivande för synen på brottslingar och kriminalvårdens uppbyggnad. Studien inriktades på kvinnliga interners attityd till fängelsemiljö, kommunikation och upplevelse av stämpling under fängelsevistelsen. 256 interner var vid tillfället placerade på olika anstalter i Sverige. Alla erbjöds delta enligt etiska rådets principer. Enkäter med frågor och påståenden på en 5-gradig ordinalskala skickades till samtliga anstalter, varav 76 ifyllda enkäter returnerades. Svaren skiljde sig åt beroende på anstalt och om man befann sig på en öppen eller sluten avdelning. Slutresultaten visade att flertalet hade en relativt positiv attityd till fängelsevistelsen.</p> / <p>The aim of this study was to examine women’s attitudes to their stay in prison. Research about women and crime is insufficient, both nationally and internationally. Previous research concentrates on men and their crimes, and this has created the standard within the correctional system. The current study concentrates on women’s attitudes to the prison environment, communication and the experiences of conspiracies. 256 Swedish female inmates were in prison at the time the study was in progress. Each of them was invited to participate in accordance with the guidelines of the Ethical Council. Questionnaires with statements and questions using a five-point ordinal-scale were sent out to all prisons resulting in the return of 76 questionnaires. The results differed depending on the institution where the prison sentences were served and whether or not it was a high- or low security prison. The final result revealed that women in Swedish penal institutions have a relatively positive attitude to their imprisonment.</p>

Syftet med studien var att undersöka kvinnors attityder till fängelsevistelsen. Forskning kring kvinnors kriminalitet och fängelsevistelse är mycket bristfällig både internationellt och nationellt. Tidigare forskning utgår främst ifrån män och deras kriminalitet, vilket blivit normgivande för synen på brottslingar och kriminalvårdens uppbyggnad. Studien inriktades på kvinnliga interners attityd till fängelsemiljö, kommunikation och upplevelse av stämpling under fängelsevistelsen. 256 interner var vid tillfället placerade på olika anstalter i Sverige. Alla erbjöds delta enligt etiska rådets principer. Enkäter med frågor och påståenden på en 5-gradig ordinalskala skickades till samtliga anstalter, varav 76 ifyllda enkäter returnerades. Svaren skiljde sig åt beroende på anstalt och om man befann sig på en öppen eller sluten avdelning. Slutresultaten visade att flertalet hade en relativt positiv attityd till fängelsevistelsen. / The aim of this study was to examine women’s attitudes to their stay in prison. Research about women and crime is insufficient, both nationally and internationally. Previous research concentrates on men and their crimes, and this has created the standard within the correctional system. The current study concentrates on women’s attitudes to the prison environment, communication and the experiences of conspiracies. 256 Swedish female inmates were in prison at the time the study was in progress. Each of them was invited to participate in accordance with the guidelines of the Ethical Council. Questionnaires with statements and questions using a five-point ordinal-scale were sent out to all prisons resulting in the return of 76 questionnaires. The results differed depending on the institution where the prison sentences were served and whether or not it was a high- or low security prison. The final result revealed that women in Swedish penal institutions have a relatively positive attitude to their imprisonment.

International retirement migration (IRM) and its related fields of expatriate residency (expats), residential tourism, long-term tourism and international second homes are rapidly growing and changing. From its early modern beginnings when Northern Europeans moved to Spanish beaches in the 1950’s, geographic distribution has now expanded to include Mexico and the emerging IRM markets of Central and South America as well as Southeast Asia. A combination of many factors will contribute to the growth of IRM in the future with retiring baby boomers being the primary reason. Though the vast majority are of persons older, IRM is a misnomer for this topic as non-retired younger generations are also moving to these destinations, as they are increasingly able to work from virtually anywhere, due to the Internet economy and other trends associated with ever-increasing globalization. IRM in Udon Thani, Thailand consists almost exclusively of retired Western men marrying local women who are almost always much younger. Almost all the men first spend time in the sex tourism haven of Pattaya, Thailand before moving to the interior Northeastern city of Udon Thani at or near where their wives are from. Thus, there are many linkages and commonalities between the expatriate residents in Pattaya and Udon Thani. Without proper planning, Udon Thani will continue to adopt many of the undesirable attributes of Pattaya such as beer bars and sex tourism which are already present and growing rapidly. This practicum focuses on IRM and expats in the city of Udon Thani, Thailand and examines impacts on the host community. The practicum also tries to develop general models of IRM in different communities in developing nations and recommend planning guidelines to help deal with this phenomenon. The research methods employed included: a review of the literature, key informant interviews, informal exploratory interviews with locals and the IRM population as well as observations. Outside of planning research conducted in Spain, no IRM or expatriate research has examined planning issues in detail. This practicum attempts to establish or contribute to a body of work to aide in future work on this topic. The primary planning issues in Udon Thani were found to be: sprawling residential growth, economic development, gender issues and integration of IRM and expat populations into the local communities. IRM shares many commonalities in all its global locations. However, planning for IRM in Udon Thani and possibly other Southeast Asian communities is unique due to the homogenous makeup of male retirees who bring with them a host of Western cultural values and problems related to bars and sex tourism. It has been found that planning for IRM shares commonalities with planning for amenity migration in North American mountain communities. There are many types of IRM communities. For example, beach communities may have a population that is more seasonal and has less attachment to host communities, while interior cities such as San Miguel and Lake Chapala, Mexico as well as Udon Thani may have more permanent year-round populations. Planning issues surrounding care-giving and marriage are also examined as medical care will be a future catalyst for many of these communities. / May 2008

隨著國際化、全球化的趨勢，跨國婚姻已是全球普遍的現象。台灣在1987年開放大陸探親後，在婚姻仲介者的引進，大陸配偶透過婚配而成為我國的新移民，隨著人數增加也衍生了許多家庭、婚姻、教育、社會等問題。 本研究將探討大陸配偶在在臺的生活適應、配婚管道與動機，以及她們在台期間所面臨的困境，對我國大陸配偶政策的期許等問題，本研究採用質性研究的半結構訪談大綱訪問居住於基隆市區的「大陸女性配偶」本研究發現如下: 一、大陸配偶不管是透過親友介紹或婚姻仲介，都認命的與先生胼手胝足的為家庭奮鬥。 二、這些受訪者婚配的對象部份為在台婚姻市場邊緣化者。 三、大陸配偶來臺的人際關係由家延伸至社會，當面臨困難時通常都是朋友適時伸出援手，幫她們走出困境。 四、大陸配偶對台灣的美麗憧憬及經濟奇蹟構成大陸配偶向外拓展的動力。 五、大陸配偶對於居留、身分證取得時效的政策不如外籍配偶，感覺受到岐視，對現行法規有強烈修正的期待。 / Along with the internationalization and the globalization tendency, the transnational marriage already was the global universal phenomenon. Taiwan has allowed mainland visiting relatives after 1987. After introduced by the marriage brokerage, the mainland spouses penetrated the marriage to become our country's new immigration. Increased along with the population also generated many questions on the families, marriage, education and society aspect as well. This research will discuss the mainland spouse in to life adapt, the channel to get married and the motive of marriage in Taiwan. Also include the difficult position they will face when stay in Taiwan, as well as the expectation to our government policy for mainland spouse and so on. This research will use the nature research the semi-structure interview program to visit “the mainland feminine spouse” lives in the Keelung urban area. This research discovery is as follows: 1. No matter the marriage of the mainland spouse is through the friends and relatives introduction or the marriage brokerage, most of mainland spouse are resign themselves work with her husband and struggle for the family. 2. These participants of mainland spouses the marry object had weak position in marriage market in Taiwan. 3. Mainland spouse comes to the social interaction of the interpersonal relationship is extended by the house to society. When they face the difficulty, it usually is looking for the help from their friends to assist them to depart from the difficult position. 4. The mainland spouse to Taiwan's beautiful expectation and the economical miracle of Taiwan in pass, it contributed the mainland spouse the motivation which develops to outside. 5. The effectiveness for a period of time which regarding the residence and the identification card obtain was inferior to the foreign spouse. The mainland spouse felt receives the discrimination, has the intense anticipation to the present laws and regulations revision.

Background: In high-income countries, hospital length of stay after a normal birth has gradually decreased correspondingly to length of stay in care of other patients. A short stay provides a greater opportunity for autonomy and an increased sense of participation, but it may involve great challenges satisfying parental guidance as well as on the possibility of preventing, discovering, and treating neonatal medical conditions. Aim: This study evaluates postnatal care based on cost calculations, risk assessments, and parents’ satisfaction with care. Methods: Questionnaires were sent to 1 122 new mothers and her partner during 1998-1999. For the summary of utilization of health care services during the first 28 days postdelivery, the participants were linked with registry data from the hospital administration system for mothers and newborns (n= 773). The answers were also used to describe new parents’ experiences with postnatal care (n = 1 479). The costs for five postnatal care models were estimated, including three care options: Maternity Ward, Family Suite, and Early Discharge. Data about neonatal readmissions and death within 28 days was retrieved from the Swedish Medical Birth Register, the Swedish Hospital Discharge Registry, and the Swedish Cause-of-Death Register between 1999 and 2002 (n = 197 898). This data was related to data about postnatal follow-up practices from all 48 Swedish delivery wards. Results: The readmission rate for the mothers was similar among the various care options, and there was no difference in utilization of health care or breastfeeding outcome due to type of maternity care. As a proxy for morbidity, the readmission rate for the newborns was influenced by postdelivery follow-up routines as routine neonatal examination timing. Depending on the proportion of mothers receiving care at the Maternity Ward, the costs differed significantly between the various care models, while parents’ preferences complied with the cost-minimizing option Family Suite. Most mothers and fathers (70%) were satisfied with the overall impression of the postnatal care, but 72% were dissatisfied with at least one particular topic. A main finding was that the parents experienced a close emotional attachment, an affinity that was not always supported by the staff. The father was not treated as a principal character even though the parents wanted the father’s to be involved and recognized. Conclusions: Since the postnatal care options are not always the most cost minimizing and postnatal routines influence neonatal morbidity and parental satisfaction, the postnatal services need to be improved. Without increasing risks or costs, every postnatal care option ought to meet the families’ need for support, security, autonomy, and attachment with each other.

La grande majorité des causes tranchées par la Cour fédérale relève du droit de l’immigration. Environ 80% des causes plaidées devant la Cour fédérale sont en matière d’immigration. La plupart des causes qui se rendent à la Cour fédérale aboutissent au renvoi de la personne concernée. La requête en sursis est généralement le dernier recours que la personne peut exercer afin d’éviter ou à tout le moins retarder son renvoi du Canada. Près de 800 de ces requêtes en sursis ont été décidées par la Cour fédérale en 2008. Malgré un si grand nombre de causes et malgré le rôle important que ces requêtes peuvent jouer dans la vie d’une personne, aucun auteur n’a organisé et présenté les règles législatives et jurisprudentielles qui s’appliquent à ces procédures. Aucun livre, article ou commentaire n’a été rédigé sur ce sujet. De même, il n’existe aucun cours d’université ni de formations professionnelles sur les requêtes en sursis. Le droit des sursis consiste exclusivement de la jurisprudence des cours fédérales. Ainsi, on s’attend à ce qu’un avocat prépare une requête en sursis intuitivement. Toutefois, à cause de la nature urgente de cette procédure, il est pratiquement impossible pour un avocat inexpérimenté de se préparer adéquatement et de bien représenter les intérêts de son client. Beaucoup de causes ayant un fort potentiel sont perdues par manque d’expérience de l’avocat ou à cause d’une préparation inadéquate. La jurisprudence émanant de la Cour fédérale relativement aux sursis semble être incohérente et parfois même contradictoire. Ce livre organise, présente et explique de façon claire et concise le droit des sursis. Plus particulièrement, nous examinerons en détail les trois types de sursis – les sursis législatifs, administratifs et judiciaires. Tant les juges que les plaideurs trouveront cet ouvrage de référence utile dans la préparation et l’adjudication des causes. / The vast majority of cases heard and determined by the Federal Court of Canada relate to immigration law; approximately 80% of the cases adjudicated by the Federal Court of Canada are immigration matters. Most immigration cases that reach the Federal Court of Canada eventually result in the individual’s removal. A motion for a stay of removal is generally the last recourse a person can seek in order to avoid or, at least, delay his or her removal from Canada. Nearly 800 such motions were adjudicated by the Federal Court of Canada in 2008. Despite such a considerable number of cases and the important role these proceedings play in a person’s life, no author has ever attempted to organize and present the legislative and jurisprudential rules that govern stays. No books, articles or commentaries have been written to analyze the cases rendered on motions for a stay of removal. No document compiling decisions relating to stay of removal has ever been prepared. Similarly, universities and other institutions do not offer courses or professional development training on this subject. The law relating to stays consists exclusively of cases decided by the Federal Court. A lawyer is expected to prepare a stay motion almost intuitively. Yet, the urgent nature of these proceedings makes it practically impossible for inexperienced counsel to conduct adequate research and properly represent the interests of their client. Hence, many strong cases are lost due to a lack of experience and inadequate preparation. Many excellent lawyers practicing immigration law refuse to introduce such proceedings before the Federal Courts because they are not familiar with the principles governing stays. The law of stays in an immigration context resembles a legal patchwork because the case law is often inconsistent and at times contradictory. This book organizes, presents, and explains, in a clear and concise manner, the law of stays. In particular, this book examines the three types of stays: legislative, administrative and judicial. Judges and practitioners alike will find this quick reference tool very useful when dealing with motions for a stay of removal.

International retirement migration (IRM) and its related fields of expatriate residency (expats), residential tourism, long-term tourism and international second homes are rapidly growing and changing. From its early modern beginnings when Northern Europeans moved to Spanish beaches in the 1950’s, geographic distribution has now expanded to include Mexico and the emerging IRM markets of Central and South America as well as Southeast Asia. A combination of many factors will contribute to the growth of IRM in the future with retiring baby boomers being the primary reason. Though the vast majority are of persons older, IRM is a misnomer for this topic as non-retired younger generations are also moving to these destinations, as they are increasingly able to work from virtually anywhere, due to the Internet economy and other trends associated with ever-increasing globalization. IRM in Udon Thani, Thailand consists almost exclusively of retired Western men marrying local women who are almost always much younger. Almost all the men first spend time in the sex tourism haven of Pattaya, Thailand before moving to the interior Northeastern city of Udon Thani at or near where their wives are from. Thus, there are many linkages and commonalities between the expatriate residents in Pattaya and Udon Thani. Without proper planning, Udon Thani will continue to adopt many of the undesirable attributes of Pattaya such as beer bars and sex tourism which are already present and growing rapidly. This practicum focuses on IRM and expats in the city of Udon Thani, Thailand and examines impacts on the host community. The practicum also tries to develop general models of IRM in different communities in developing nations and recommend planning guidelines to help deal with this phenomenon. The research methods employed included: a review of the literature, key informant interviews, informal exploratory interviews with locals and the IRM population as well as observations. Outside of planning research conducted in Spain, no IRM or expatriate research has examined planning issues in detail. This practicum attempts to establish or contribute to a body of work to aide in future work on this topic. The primary planning issues in Udon Thani were found to be: sprawling residential growth, economic development, gender issues and integration of IRM and expat populations into the local communities. IRM shares many commonalities in all its global locations. However, planning for IRM in Udon Thani and possibly other Southeast Asian communities is unique due to the homogenous makeup of male retirees who bring with them a host of Western cultural values and problems related to bars and sex tourism. It has been found that planning for IRM shares commonalities with planning for amenity migration in North American mountain communities. There are many types of IRM communities. For example, beach communities may have a population that is more seasonal and has less attachment to host communities, while interior cities such as San Miguel and Lake Chapala, Mexico as well as Udon Thani may have more permanent year-round populations. Planning issues surrounding care-giving and marriage are also examined as medical care will be a future catalyst for many of these communities.

SAMMANFATTNING Trakeotomi är ett operativt ingrepp och innebär att man gör ett strupsnitt på halsens framsida för att skapa fri luftväg. Denna öppning, trakeostoma, som skapats på halsen hålls öppen av en trakealkanyl. Trakealkanylen sitter i luftstrupen och skapar patientens artificiella andningsväg. Trakeostomi är ett ingrepp som ökar i Sverige och görs när sjukdomar eller skador i luftvägarna eller i centrala nervsystemet försämrar eller hindrar patienten från att andas genom näsan och munnen. Ingreppet genomförs också på patienter som behöver långvarig respiratorbehandling. Komplikationer av olika allvarlighetsgrad förekommer hos trakeostomerade patienter. Vård av trakeostomerade patienter är komplext och kräver ibland fördjupad förståelse och specialistkunskap av varje enskilt aspekt och därför kan samverkan i team mellan olika professioner behövas för professionellt omhändertagande. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva vilken effekt multidisciplinärt trakeostomiteam har på vården av trakeostomerade patienter. Studien är en litteraturöversikt och sökning av de 15 inkluderade artiklarna genomfördes i PubMed och CINAHL. Majoriteten av de inkluderade artiklarna är baserade på observationsstudier där data insamlades retrospektivt. Litteraturöversikten resulterade i följande beskrivna effekter av multidisciplinärt trakeostomiteam på vården av trakeostomerade patienter, minskade komplikationer av olika allvarlighetsgrad. De minskade vårdtiden, den totala längden på sjukhusvistelse, vistelsetid efter utskrivning från intensivvårdsavdelningen och den totala tiden på intensivvårdsavdelningen. Teamet bidrog även till snabbare handläggning och beslut om dekanylering, förbättrade kommunikationsmöjligheter för patienten men även bättre kommunikation inom teamet. Utöver detta utarbetade och implementerade teamet kliniska riktlinjer och ansvarade för utbildning av personal, patienter och anhöriga. Några få studier visade även på kostnadseffektivitet. Resultatet av denna litteraturöversikt visade att multidisciplinärt trakeostomiteam har positiva effekter i vården av trakeostomerade patienter framförallt i form av minskade komplikationer och reducerad vårdtid. Teamet bidrar även till effektivare dekanyleringsprocess och snabbare initiering av talventil. Men dessa effekter måste tolkas med stor försiktighet pga. de inkluderade studiernas metodologiska svaghet och för att resultaten inte rakt av går att generalisera och överföra till svenska förhållanden och sjukvård.

International retirement migration (IRM) and its related fields of expatriate residency (expats), residential tourism, long-term tourism and international second homes are rapidly growing and changing. From its early modern beginnings when Northern Europeans moved to Spanish beaches in the 1950’s, geographic distribution has now expanded to include Mexico and the emerging IRM markets of Central and South America as well as Southeast Asia. A combination of many factors will contribute to the growth of IRM in the future with retiring baby boomers being the primary reason. Though the vast majority are of persons older, IRM is a misnomer for this topic as non-retired younger generations are also moving to these destinations, as they are increasingly able to work from virtually anywhere, due to the Internet economy and other trends associated with ever-increasing globalization. IRM in Udon Thani, Thailand consists almost exclusively of retired Western men marrying local women who are almost always much younger. Almost all the men first spend time in the sex tourism haven of Pattaya, Thailand before moving to the interior Northeastern city of Udon Thani at or near where their wives are from. Thus, there are many linkages and commonalities between the expatriate residents in Pattaya and Udon Thani. Without proper planning, Udon Thani will continue to adopt many of the undesirable attributes of Pattaya such as beer bars and sex tourism which are already present and growing rapidly. This practicum focuses on IRM and expats in the city of Udon Thani, Thailand and examines impacts on the host community. The practicum also tries to develop general models of IRM in different communities in developing nations and recommend planning guidelines to help deal with this phenomenon. The research methods employed included: a review of the literature, key informant interviews, informal exploratory interviews with locals and the IRM population as well as observations. Outside of planning research conducted in Spain, no IRM or expatriate research has examined planning issues in detail. This practicum attempts to establish or contribute to a body of work to aide in future work on this topic. The primary planning issues in Udon Thani were found to be: sprawling residential growth, economic development, gender issues and integration of IRM and expat populations into the local communities. IRM shares many commonalities in all its global locations. However, planning for IRM in Udon Thani and possibly other Southeast Asian communities is unique due to the homogenous makeup of male retirees who bring with them a host of Western cultural values and problems related to bars and sex tourism. It has been found that planning for IRM shares commonalities with planning for amenity migration in North American mountain communities. There are many types of IRM communities. For example, beach communities may have a population that is more seasonal and has less attachment to host communities, while interior cities such as San Miguel and Lake Chapala, Mexico as well as Udon Thani may have more permanent year-round populations. Planning issues surrounding care-giving and marriage are also examined as medical care will be a future catalyst for many of these communities.

Objectives. To assess outcome of manual therapy in addition to stay-active care in sub-acute low back pain patients and to investigate the predictive power of pain drawing sketch variables for return to work. Materials and methods. The study was designed as a randomised controlled trial with a factorial design, and included 160 patients with acute or sub-acute low back pain allocated to one of the four treatment groups during 10 weeks. Group 1 received stay-active care only, Group 2 the same treatment as in Group 1 + muscle stretching, Group 3 the same treatment as in Group 2 plus manual therapy, and Group 4 the same treatment as Group 3 plus steroid injections. Outcome included pain intensity, pain extension, functional and health related quality of life variables and return to work. Results. Pain intensity and disability rating improved faster in Groups 3 and 4 than in Groups 1 and 2 (p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.05). Also health related quality of life was affected by the treatments given; the more treatment options the better the effect (trend across the groups p&lt;0.05). Pain extension as described on a pain drawing sketch decreased in all groups across the study period. The pain modality ‘numbness’ was the most painful one among patients with no pain radiation. Pain radiation according to the pain drawing sketch was the strongest predictor for return to work (p=0.03, Wald χ2=4.56). Conclusions. The manual therapy concept used in this study reduced pain intensity and disability rating better than the stay active concept. The effects on health related quality of life were greater the larger the number of treatment modalities available. Pain drawing information was significantly correlated with pain and functional variables. Pain radiation according to the pain drawing adds significant information to the prediction of return to work.