A child’s level of physical activity is an important component of that child’s health. Our understanding of physical activity patterns in children is limited in rural settings, and virtually absent for climates with snow cover. Opportunities for physical activity intervention need to be identified. PURPOSE: Investigation of the relationships between pedometer-measured physical activity, body composition and aerobic performance in rural children in the winter and examination of within-day variation in stepping behavior using interval pedometry. METHODS: Aerobic performance (20 m shuttle run) with “talk test” validation and body composition (BMI, BF) were measured during mid-winter during the school year in 8 to 10 year old children. Pedometer step counts were recorded at 6 intervals throughout the day for 7 days. RESULTS: Fifty-six subjects (22 males and 34 females, mean age 9.09 (0.49), had the following measurements; BMI 17.9 (3.3), BF% 24.3 (9.5) (tricep/calf), 10,465 (±2506) steps/day, VO2 45.12 ml/kg/min (±2.87), shuttle run stage 3.0 (±1.34). Weekday steps/day (11,422 ±2573) were greater than weekend (8,112, ±3499) steps/day for both boys and girls (p<0.01). Town children recorded 1800 more steps/day than out of town children (p<0.01). All measures of body composition were found to be significantly related to aerobic power (p<0.01). Weekday steps were related to aerobic performance. The fittest (upper 1/3) children were leaner and had more afternoon school steps, and higher afternoon school step rates. CONCLUSION: Daily step counts were 2000-4000 steps lower than other studies and may be an impact of winter in Manitoba or the rural setting. This was consistent with overall low aerobic performance and higher adiposity of the children. Interval pedometry was capable of identifying differences in activity patterns between most and least fit children in rural Manitoba providing for targeted intervention strategies. / October 2006

A child’s level of physical activity is an important component of that child’s health. Our understanding of physical activity patterns in children is limited in rural settings, and virtually absent for climates with snow cover. Opportunities for physical activity intervention need to be identified. PURPOSE: Investigation of the relationships between pedometer-measured physical activity, body composition and aerobic performance in rural children in the winter and examination of within-day variation in stepping behavior using interval pedometry. METHODS: Aerobic performance (20 m shuttle run) with “talk test” validation and body composition (BMI, BF) were measured during mid-winter during the school year in 8 to 10 year old children. Pedometer step counts were recorded at 6 intervals throughout the day for 7 days. RESULTS: Fifty-six subjects (22 males and 34 females, mean age 9.09 (0.49), had the following measurements; BMI 17.9 (3.3), BF% 24.3 (9.5) (tricep/calf), 10,465 (±2506) steps/day, VO2 45.12 ml/kg/min (±2.87), shuttle run stage 3.0 (±1.34). Weekday steps/day (11,422 ±2573) were greater than weekend (8,112, ±3499) steps/day for both boys and girls (p<0.01). Town children recorded 1800 more steps/day than out of town children (p<0.01). All measures of body composition were found to be significantly related to aerobic power (p<0.01). Weekday steps were related to aerobic performance. The fittest (upper 1/3) children were leaner and had more afternoon school steps, and higher afternoon school step rates. CONCLUSION: Daily step counts were 2000-4000 steps lower than other studies and may be an impact of winter in Manitoba or the rural setting. This was consistent with overall low aerobic performance and higher adiposity of the children. Interval pedometry was capable of identifying differences in activity patterns between most and least fit children in rural Manitoba providing for targeted intervention strategies.

A child’s level of physical activity is an important component of that child’s health. Our understanding of physical activity patterns in children is limited in rural settings, and virtually absent for climates with snow cover. Opportunities for physical activity intervention need to be identified. PURPOSE: Investigation of the relationships between pedometer-measured physical activity, body composition and aerobic performance in rural children in the winter and examination of within-day variation in stepping behavior using interval pedometry. METHODS: Aerobic performance (20 m shuttle run) with “talk test” validation and body composition (BMI, BF) were measured during mid-winter during the school year in 8 to 10 year old children. Pedometer step counts were recorded at 6 intervals throughout the day for 7 days. RESULTS: Fifty-six subjects (22 males and 34 females, mean age 9.09 (0.49), had the following measurements; BMI 17.9 (3.3), BF% 24.3 (9.5) (tricep/calf), 10,465 (±2506) steps/day, VO2 45.12 ml/kg/min (±2.87), shuttle run stage 3.0 (±1.34). Weekday steps/day (11,422 ±2573) were greater than weekend (8,112, ±3499) steps/day for both boys and girls (p<0.01). Town children recorded 1800 more steps/day than out of town children (p<0.01). All measures of body composition were found to be significantly related to aerobic power (p<0.01). Weekday steps were related to aerobic performance. The fittest (upper 1/3) children were leaner and had more afternoon school steps, and higher afternoon school step rates. CONCLUSION: Daily step counts were 2000-4000 steps lower than other studies and may be an impact of winter in Manitoba or the rural setting. This was consistent with overall low aerobic performance and higher adiposity of the children. Interval pedometry was capable of identifying differences in activity patterns between most and least fit children in rural Manitoba providing for targeted intervention strategies.

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SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund: Incidensen av löprelaterade skador varierar mellan 19.4-79.3% varje år. Knäsmärta är den vanligaste skadeorsaken. Ökad stegfrekvens har visat sig minska fotisättningsbelastning mot underlaget, minska vertikal förflyttning av tyngdpunkten och belastning mot leder i nedre extremitet. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om 10-15% stegfrekvensökning vid föredragen hastighet minskar knäsmärta hos vuxna löpare på motionsnivå. Design: Pilotstudie Metod: Stegfrekvens hos 15 vuxna försökspersoner med knäsmärta under eller efter långdistanslöpning undersöktes vid en föredragen hastighet. Stegfrekvensen ökades med 10-15% vid samma hastighet och de fick därefter springa med den nya frekvensen i två veckor. En metronom styrde frekvensen. Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) samt upplevd knäsmärta mättes med Numeric Rating Scale, (NRS). Mätningar gjordes före och efter träningsperioden. Resultat: En signifikant reducering av knäsmärta uppmättes på NRS (p=0.001). Signifikant förbättring av KOOS (p=0.004), KOOS funktion, fritid och idrott (p=0.007) och KOOS livskvalité (p=0.023) vid ökad stegfrekvens på 10-15% efter två veckors träning. Slutsats: Resultatet av denna pilotstudie visar att det förefaller vara viktigt att analysera stegfrekvens som första rehabiliteringsinsats hos motionslöpare med knäsmärtor. / ABSTRACT Background: The incidence of running related injuries every year ranges from 19.4-79.3%. Knee pain is the most common injury. It has been shown that increased step-rate reduces peak ground forces, vertical displacement of the centre of mass and joint loads in the lower extremity. The purpose of this study was to investigate if 10-15% increased step-rate at self selected speed could decrease knee pain in adult recreational runners. Design: Pilot study Methods: 15 adult recreational runners with knee pain during or after training sessions were recruited. Step rate/min were measured at self selected speed. Step-rate was increased by 10-15% at the same speed. The participants used a metronome to remember the frequency in a 2 week training session and then we did a follow up. Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome score (KOOS) and numeric rating scale (NRS) were measured before and after the training session.   Results: There was a significant reduction in knee pain on the NRS (p=0.001). Significant improvement in KOOS (p=0.004), KOOS sport/recreation (p=0.007) and KOOS knee related quality of life (p=0.023) after two week training session with increased step rate 10-15% at a self selected speed. Conclusion: The results from this pilot study implies that it is important to analyze step-rate as a first intervention in physical therapy when we rehabilitate long distance runners with knee pain.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5753.pdf: 2217344 bytes, checksum: 0fb3595b520f776853349e4095faa810 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / In Brazil, it is estimated a 30-fold increase in the number of runners in the last 15 years. This growing number of practitioners has been noticed all over the world. It is known that most of the injuries that occur during this activity involves the knee joint (42,1%) and, the Patellofemoral Pain (PFP) is the commonest. Recently, it has been hypothesized that running technique modification (such as, landing with the forefoot on the ground [FFOOT], increasing 10% of the step rate [10% SR] and increasing the trunk flexion [TFLEX]) has the potential to reduce the demand on the knee joint. However, no study evaluated the effects of these running techniques on the lower limb and trunk three-dimensional joint kinematics and on comfort reported by runners. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the immediate effects FFOOT, 10% SR and TFLEX on the trunk, hip, knee and ankle kinematics and on the subjective assessment of comfort during running. Thirty-one healthy rearfoot strike-landing runners (20 males, 11 females) were evaluated. For such, the Qualisys Motion Capture System was used to collect data during Usual Running (USRUN) and the other three running techniques and, a visual analogue scale was used to evaluate comfort in each condition. The variables of interest were collected during initial foot contact on the treadmill. For statistical analysis, it was used the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with repeated measures (alpha level of 0.05). During the FFOOT, it was shown reduction in the knee external rotation (P < 0.001), hip flexion (P < 0.001), adduction (P = 0.001), internal rotation (P < 0.001), greater knee adduction (P = 0.016), knee flexion (P < 0.001) and plantar flexion (P < 0.001). The 10% SR demonstrated diminished knee external rotation (P = 0.001), hip internal rotation (P = 0.008) and, hip flexion (P = 0.001), however, there was greater knee flexion (P = 0,042). The TFLEX increased knee adduction (P = 0.001), hip flexion (P < 0.001), trunk flexion (P < 0.001), but decreased plantar flexion (P = 0.003). The USRUN was the most comfortable technique (P = 0.033 0.002). Therefore, we were to conclude that the three running technique modifications can minimized the knee and hip movements in the frontal and transverse planes that are associated with greater stress on the patellofemoral joint. In addition, the FFOOT and 10% SR techniques resulted in increased knee flexion that could improve the impact forces absorption. It is believed that a gradual transition to these running techniques may improve comfort. / No Brasil, estima-se um aumento de 30 vezes no número de corredores nos últimos 15 anos. Esse crescente número de praticantes é observado em todo o mundo. Sabe-se que o maior número de lesões nesta atividade envolve a articulação do joelho (42,1%) sendo a Dor Patelofemoral (DPF) a disfunção mais comum nessa articulação. Recentemente, têm sido hipotetizado que a modificação da técnica de corrida (tal como a aterrissagem com o antepé no solo [CAA], o aumento de 10% na frequência da passada [CFP10] e o aumento da flexão do tronco [CFT]) apresenta potencial de reduzir a demanda na articulação do joelho. Entretanto, não há estudos que avaliaram a influência dessas técnicas de corrida na cinemática articular tridimensional do membro inferior e do tronco e no conforto relatado por corredores. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos imediatos da CAA, CFP10 e CFT na cinemática do tronco, quadril, joelho e tornozelo e na percepção de conforto durante a corrida. Foram avaliados 31 corredores sadios, com padrão de aterrissagem iniciado pelo retropé (20 homens, 11 mulheres). Para tal, a corrida habitual (CHAB) e as 3 técnicas de corrida foram coletadas utilizando o sistema de captura e análise do movimento Qualisys Motion Capture System e, uma escala visual analógica foi utilizada para a avaliação do conforto em cada condição. As variáveis de interesse foram obtidas no contato inicial do pé na esteira ergométrica. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste de análise de variância multivariada (MANOVA) com medidas repetidas (nível de significância de 5%). Durante a execução da CAA, foi observada diminuição da rotação lateral do joelho (P<0,001), da flexão (P<0,001), da adução (P=0,001), e da rotação medial do quadril (P<0,001) e, aumento da adução (P=0,016) e da flexão de joelho (P<0,001) e da flexão plantar do tornozelo (P<0,001). A CFP10 diminuiu a rotação lateral do joelho (P=0,001) e a rotação medial (P=0,008) e a flexão do quadril (P=0,001), porém aumentou a flexão do joelho (P=0,042). A CFT aumentou a adução do joelho (P=0,001), a flexão do quadril (P<0,001) e a flexão do tronco (P<0,001), mas diminuiu a flexão plantar do tornozelo (P=0,003). A CHAB foi a técnica mais confortável (P=0,033 P=0,002). Assim, é possível concluir que as 3 modificações da técnica de corrida são capazes de minimizar os movimentos do joelho e quadril nos planos frontal e transversal relacionados ao aumento do estresse patelofemoral. Além disso, a CAA e a CFP10 resultaram em aumento da flexão do joelho, o que pode contribuir com uma melhor absorção das forças de impacto. Acredita-se que após uma adaptação gradual com as modificações da técnica de corrida, o conforto relatado possa ser aumentado.

Syfte och frågeställning Syftet med studien är att studera hur svenska elitlöpares totaltider förhåller sig till de olika variablerna markkontakt, flygtid, hastighet, stegfrekvens och steglängd, med största fokus på hur markkontakterna påverkar hastigheten. Studiens två frågeställningar var: (1) Hur ser sambandet ut mellan de fyra variablerna markkontakt, flygtid, steglängd samt stegfrekvens vid den maximala hastigheten vid upprätt löpning hos elitlöpare verksamma inom sprintdistansen 100 meter? (2) Hur korrelerar markkontakt och hastighet hos elitlöpare verksamma inom sprintdistansen 100 meter? Metod En kvantitativ studie genomfördes där 33 manliga och 20 kvinnliga försökslopp på flygande 30 kartlades med mätutrustningen Optojump. Dessa mätvärden analyserades i SPSS för att jämföra korrelation mellan varje mätvärde, ett sambandsdiagram mellan markkontakt och hastighet gjordes samt den översiktliga statistiken analyserades. Resultat Resultaten visar att kortare markkontakter kan ge en högre hastighet, att flygtiden mellan män och kvinnor är lika, att genomsnittet av löparna i studien hade än lägre stegfrekvens och steglängd än litteraturen som presenteras i studien. Slutsatser Resultatet i studien visar att, i likhet med forskningsstudier, att en kortare markkontakt kan ge en höge horisontell löphastighet än en lång. Studien åskådliggör dock att betydligt fler variabler, än endast markkontakt, har stor inverkan på hastighet och totaltid. Jämfört visar detta att mer forskning inom området behövs för att kunna optimera träningsupplägg för löpare. / Purpose and question The purpose of the study is to show how Swedish elit runners total times relate to the different variables ground contact, flight time, speed, step rate and step length, with the main focus on how the ground contacts time affect speed. The study's two main questions were: (1) What is the relationship between the four variables: ground contact, flight time, step length and the velocity at the maximum speed at upright running (2) How do the variable ground contact and velocity correlate between elite runners competing within the track and field event 100 meters? Method A quantitative study was conducted in which 33 male and 20 female runs attempts were mapped with the measuring equipment Optojump. These measured values were analyzed in SPSS to compare correlation between each measurement value, a scatterplot between ground contact and speed, and the summary statistics were taken out. Results The results show that shorter ground contacts times can provide a faster running velocity, that the flight time between men and women is equal, the average of the runners in the study have lower step rate and step length then the literature presented in the study. Conclusions The result of the study shows that, like research studies, a shorter ground contact time can provide a higher horizontal running speed than a longer ground contact. However, the study illustrates that significantly more variables, than only ground contact, have a major impact on velocity and total time. In comparison, this shows that more research in the field is needed to optimize training for runners.