<p><p>Denna studie syftar till att undersöka manliga handelsanställdas uppfattning om klädsel och utseende i förhållande till maskulinitet. För att uppnå vårt syfte har vi valt att undersöka vilka yttre faktorer som påverkar mäns syn på utseende och klädsel i arbetet och privat. Vi har även undersökt på vilket sätt manliga handelsanställdas syn på manlighet är relaterat till deras synsätt på utseende och klädsel. Forskningen kring klädsel och utseende är omfattande, men den forskningen behandlar ämnet främst ur ett kvinnligt perspektiv, däri ligger en av bakgrundsfaktorerna till att vi fann detta ämne intressant att studera.</p><p>Arbetet vilar på teorier kring maskulinitet, ideal, stereotyper samt estetisk kompetens. Genom att genomföra intervjuer med manliga handelsanställda kom vi fram till att klädseln och utseendet inom arbetet, men även privat är av stor betydelse för synen på maskulinitet och manlighet. Dessutom visar studien på att det finns en ny typ av medvetenhet gällande klädsel och utseende samt vad den representerar framförallt i arbetslivet. Det som påverkar manliga handelsanställdas syn på utseende och klädsel i arbetet är framförallt kundens förväntningar men även arbetsgivarens krav. Studien visar vidare att det råder en förståelse och acceptans kring de estetiska krav som existerar. Relationen mellan manliga handelsanställdas maskulinitet och deras uppfattning av utseende och klädstil är komplex och i viss mån paradoxal. Studien visar tecken på att de hegemoniska maskulina värderingarna i stor grad lever kvar samtidigt som det metrosexuella utseendet idealiseras, därav det paradoxala i relationen mellan manliga handelsanställdas maskulinitet och deras uppfattning om klädsel och utseende. På samma grund är svaret på frågan hur manliga handelsanställda ser på maskulinitet och dess idealbilder paradoxal vilket leder oss in på en diskussion rörande den eventuella framväxten av en ”ny” idealisk maskulinitet.</p></p> / <p><p>This study aims to examine male commercial employee perception of dress and appearance in relation to masculinity. To achieve our purpose, we have chosen to examine the external factors that influence men's views on appearance and dress at work and in private. We examined the manner in which male commercial employee vision of masculinity affect their approach to the appearance and dress. Research on aesthetics is extensive, but the research deals mainly aesthetics from the female perspective, there’s the main factor to why we found this topic interesting to study.</p><p>The work is based on theories about masculinity, ideals, stereotypes, and aesthetic skills. By conducting interviews with male commercial workers we came to the conclusion that how you dress and appear at work, but also private is of great importance for the perception of masculinity and virility. In addition, the study shows that there is a new type of awareness of how you dress and appear, and what it represents primarily in the workplace. The relationship between male commercial employee’s masculinity and their perception of appearance and clothing stile is complex and to some extent paradoxical. The study shows evidence that the hegemonic masculine values largely remain at the same time as the metro sexual look is idealized, hence the paradox of the relationship between the male commercial employee’s masculinity and their perception of dress and appearance. On the same basis the answer to the question of how male commercial employee’s look at masculinity and its ideal image is paradox. This leads us into a discussion concerning the possible emergence of a “new” ideal masculinity.</p><p> </p></p>

Vi har i detta arbete undersökt och analyserat hur den stereotypiske läraren representeras i de fyra svenska filmerna: Hets (1944), Ole dole doff, (1968), Lust och fägring stor (1995) och Vikarien (2006). Senare har vi genomfört en jämförande analys med hur den stereotypiske läraren representeras i tre fackliga tidskrifter ifrån samma tid: Svensk Lärartidning, Svensk Skoltidning och Skolvärlden. I vår jämförande analys fann vi stora likheter, exempelvis mellan diskursen om bristande resurser i skolan samt elevdemokrati. Vidare fann vi också skillnader, exempelvis presenterade en av filmerna en karaktär som tidsenligt inte stämde överens med hur den svenska skolan under den aktuella tiden såg på lärande, samt hur en lärare skall vara. Vår önskan är att lärare och lärarstudenter skall kunna använda denna analys för att ifrågasätta samt fundera kring sin egen lärarroll, och se likheter och skillnader i hur den idealiska läraren representeras dels inom filmens värld samt inom de fackliga tidskrifter som existerar inom skolvärlden. / We have in this study examined and analyzed how the stereotypical teacher is represented in the four Swedish movies: Torment (1944), Ole dole doff (1968), All Things Fair (1995) and The Substitute (2006). Then a comparative analysis was made, of how the stereotypical teacher is presented in three union trade journals from the same period of time: Svensk Lärartidning, Svensk Skoltidning and Skolvärlden. We found large similarities in our comparative analysis. For example, the discussion regarding the lack of resources in school, and also student democracy was analyzed. We also found differences, for example one of the movies presented a character not contemporary with the Swedish school regarding the concept of learning and how a teacher should be like. Our aim with this study is that teachers and student teachers will use this analysis to question and pounder upon their own roles as teachers’, and to se similarities and differences in how the ideal teacher is represented in movies and in union trade journals connected to the school world.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka manliga handelsanställdas uppfattning om klädsel och utseende i förhållande till maskulinitet. För att uppnå vårt syfte har vi valt att undersöka vilka yttre faktorer som påverkar mäns syn på utseende och klädsel i arbetet och privat. Vi har även undersökt på vilket sätt manliga handelsanställdas syn på manlighet är relaterat till deras synsätt på utseende och klädsel. Forskningen kring klädsel och utseende är omfattande, men den forskningen behandlar ämnet främst ur ett kvinnligt perspektiv, däri ligger en av bakgrundsfaktorerna till att vi fann detta ämne intressant att studera. Arbetet vilar på teorier kring maskulinitet, ideal, stereotyper samt estetisk kompetens. Genom att genomföra intervjuer med manliga handelsanställda kom vi fram till att klädseln och utseendet inom arbetet, men även privat är av stor betydelse för synen på maskulinitet och manlighet. Dessutom visar studien på att det finns en ny typ av medvetenhet gällande klädsel och utseende samt vad den representerar framförallt i arbetslivet. Det som påverkar manliga handelsanställdas syn på utseende och klädsel i arbetet är framförallt kundens förväntningar men även arbetsgivarens krav. Studien visar vidare att det råder en förståelse och acceptans kring de estetiska krav som existerar. Relationen mellan manliga handelsanställdas maskulinitet och deras uppfattning av utseende och klädstil är komplex och i viss mån paradoxal. Studien visar tecken på att de hegemoniska maskulina värderingarna i stor grad lever kvar samtidigt som det metrosexuella utseendet idealiseras, därav det paradoxala i relationen mellan manliga handelsanställdas maskulinitet och deras uppfattning om klädsel och utseende. På samma grund är svaret på frågan hur manliga handelsanställda ser på maskulinitet och dess idealbilder paradoxal vilket leder oss in på en diskussion rörande den eventuella framväxten av en ”ny” idealisk maskulinitet. / This study aims to examine male commercial employee perception of dress and appearance in relation to masculinity. To achieve our purpose, we have chosen to examine the external factors that influence men's views on appearance and dress at work and in private. We examined the manner in which male commercial employee vision of masculinity affect their approach to the appearance and dress. Research on aesthetics is extensive, but the research deals mainly aesthetics from the female perspective, there’s the main factor to why we found this topic interesting to study. The work is based on theories about masculinity, ideals, stereotypes, and aesthetic skills. By conducting interviews with male commercial workers we came to the conclusion that how you dress and appear at work, but also private is of great importance for the perception of masculinity and virility. In addition, the study shows that there is a new type of awareness of how you dress and appear, and what it represents primarily in the workplace. The relationship between male commercial employee’s masculinity and their perception of appearance and clothing stile is complex and to some extent paradoxical. The study shows evidence that the hegemonic masculine values largely remain at the same time as the metro sexual look is idealized, hence the paradox of the relationship between the male commercial employee’s masculinity and their perception of dress and appearance. On the same basis the answer to the question of how male commercial employee’s look at masculinity and its ideal image is paradox. This leads us into a discussion concerning the possible emergence of a “new” ideal masculinity.

Despite the growing numbers and valuable contributions of older individuals to society, they continue to face negative attitudes towards them. Such attitudes are largely influenced by portrayal of older persons in the media. Understanding how the media portrays older people to the public can provide significant insights into the nature of the images from which older people may make comparisons and which inform the perceptions, opinions, and attitudes of other people. There is little knowledge of perceptions of media portrayal in old age, and this study aimed to obtain insight from the point of view of older people regarding how they are portrayed in the printed media. Qualitative research has been applied to gain insight in the older persons’ perceptions. The case study method was chosen since it allowed the researcher to gain an in–depth understanding of older person’s perceptions regarding how they are portrayed in the media. The participants in this study consisted of nine male and 12 female individuals residing in a residential care facility. Persons between the ages of 60 and 85 were purposively chosen since they can contribute to meaningful insight regarding how they are portrayed in the print media. Data was collected by means of conducting focus group discussions and individual interviews. The use of these methods enabled dynamic interactions resulting in the production of rich, detailed information. Data was analyzed using thematic content analysis and key–word–in–context analysis. Guidelines to ensure the integrity of the findings have been applied. The findings indicated that older persons perceive their portrayal in the media to be minimal in terms of the exposure that they receive. Older persons feel that on the seldom occasion when they are in the media, they are presented as an isolated population separated from younger persons. The portrayal of older persons in the media is also perceived as stereotypical in the sense that older persons are presented as sick, inactive, weak and fragile. The implications of such portrayal according to older persons are that they influence intergenerational relationships and they also confirm stereotypical assumptions about older persons. Older persons feel that they rather want to be portrayed in terms of the valuable contributions that they are making to all spheres of life, despite old age. The media should thus promote positive ageing, which could contribute to the stimulation and motivation of older persons. Findings of this study also indicate that while older persons enjoy reading magazines and newspapers they are often limited to do so due to financial restrictions and physical limitations such as poor eyesight. The findings of this research of older persons perceptions regarding their portrayal in the media has implications for intergenerational relationships as well as to advertisers and marketers who are looking to appeal to the older population. / Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Despite the growing numbers and valuable contributions of older individuals to society, they continue to face negative attitudes towards them. Such attitudes are largely influenced by portrayal of older persons in the media. Understanding how the media portrays older people to the public can provide significant insights into the nature of the images from which older people may make comparisons and which inform the perceptions, opinions, and attitudes of other people. There is little knowledge of perceptions of media portrayal in old age, and this study aimed to obtain insight from the point of view of older people regarding how they are portrayed in the printed media. Qualitative research has been applied to gain insight in the older persons’ perceptions. The case study method was chosen since it allowed the researcher to gain an in–depth understanding of older person’s perceptions regarding how they are portrayed in the media. The participants in this study consisted of nine male and 12 female individuals residing in a residential care facility. Persons between the ages of 60 and 85 were purposively chosen since they can contribute to meaningful insight regarding how they are portrayed in the print media. Data was collected by means of conducting focus group discussions and individual interviews. The use of these methods enabled dynamic interactions resulting in the production of rich, detailed information. Data was analyzed using thematic content analysis and key–word–in–context analysis. Guidelines to ensure the integrity of the findings have been applied. The findings indicated that older persons perceive their portrayal in the media to be minimal in terms of the exposure that they receive. Older persons feel that on the seldom occasion when they are in the media, they are presented as an isolated population separated from younger persons. The portrayal of older persons in the media is also perceived as stereotypical in the sense that older persons are presented as sick, inactive, weak and fragile. The implications of such portrayal according to older persons are that they influence intergenerational relationships and they also confirm stereotypical assumptions about older persons. Older persons feel that they rather want to be portrayed in terms of the valuable contributions that they are making to all spheres of life, despite old age. The media should thus promote positive ageing, which could contribute to the stimulation and motivation of older persons. Findings of this study also indicate that while older persons enjoy reading magazines and newspapers they are often limited to do so due to financial restrictions and physical limitations such as poor eyesight. The findings of this research of older persons perceptions regarding their portrayal in the media has implications for intergenerational relationships as well as to advertisers and marketers who are looking to appeal to the older population. / Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Self-concept structure has been extensively studied in the literature especially with regard to its relationship with psychological adjustment. However, the behavioral outcomes of the cognitive structure of the self and the mechanisms through which the relationship between self-concept structure and psychological adjsutment operate are still to be maintained. This study offered that the two dimensions of self-concept structure, differention and integration, would be related to the two dimensions of behavioral flexibility: Behavioral repertoire and deliberate adjustment of behaviors. iv Differentiation, tapping behavioral repertoire, was assumed to determine whether a person is flexible or rigid, while integration tapping deliberate adjustment were supposed to determine the quality of flexibility (i.e., whether the repertoire is controlled by the individual or by situational factors). By crossing these two dimensions, a model with four behavioral patterns was proposed: (1) Functional flexibility, characterized by both high integration and high differentiation / (2) situational flexibility, characterized by high differentiation but low integration / (3) stereotypical rigidity, characterized by low differentiation but high integration, and (4) effacing rigidity, which is low on both dimensions. Three studies were conducted on university students (N = 163, N = 123 and N = 242 for the three studies respectively) in order to test this model. Results revealed that the behavioral repertoire dimension of behavioral flexibility was linked to selfconcept differentiation, whereas the deliberate adjustment dimension was related to selfconcept integration. Functional flexibility and effacing rigidity patterns were clearly specified by measures of psychological adjustment, locus of control, need for cognition, need for approval and Big Five dimensions. Stereotypical rigidity and situational flexibilty patterns, however, seemed to require more elaboration. The model offering that flexibility mediates the link between self-concept structure and self-esteem was not supported.

This quantitative study examined male and female characters in digital games between the years 2015–2020 and a total of 120 games were analyzed where 2108 characters were observed. Quantitative content analysis was used to analyze the characters. The analysis indicates that female characters (n=448) are underrepresented compared to male characters (n=1660). The female characters are significantly more portrayed with sexually revealing clothing, nudity, sexual verbal expressions, sexual behavior and inappropriate clothing for the task they were expected to perform in the narrative than the male characters. The male characters are more often portrayed with unrealistic body proportions than the female characters and overall the male characters are portrayed stereotypically muscular as previous research has shown. The results are compared with previous research and this study observes more female characters in 20 digital games released in 2020 than is noticed in 60 games from 2003. Furthermore, more characters with unrealistic body proportions are found in games from 2020 (n=39) than in games from 2003 (n=24). / Denna kvantitativa studie undersökte manliga och kvinnliga karaktärer i digitala spel mellan åren 2015–2020, totalt analyserades 120 spel där 2108 karaktärer observerades. Karaktärerna i studien analyserades genom en kvantitativ innehållsanalys. Analyserna visar att kvinnliga karaktärer (n=448) är underrepresenterade jämfört med manliga karaktärer (n=1660). Kvinnliga karaktärer porträtteras oftare med sexuellt avslöjande kläder, nakenhet, sexuellt verbala yttringar, sexuellt beteende och opassande kläder till uppgiften de förväntades utföra i narrativet än de manliga karaktärerna. De manliga karaktärerna porträtteras oftare med orealistiska kroppsproportioner än de kvinnliga karaktärerna och övergripande porträtteras de manliga karaktärerna stereotypiskt muskulösa likt tidigare forskning visat. Resultaten jämförs med tidigare forskning och denna studie observerar fler kvinnliga karaktärer i 20 digitala spel släppta år 2020 än vad som uppmärksammas i 60 spel år 2003. Vidare påträffas fler karaktärer med orealistiska kroppsproportioner i spel från år 2020 (n=39) än i spel från år 2003 (n=24).

Erfarenheter från tidigare forskning kring kvinnor som utövar politiskt ledarskap visar att det är förenat bland annat med stereotypa föreställningar kring vad som är kvinnliga och manliga beteenden. Kvinnor är samtidigt underrepresenterade i flera politiska beslutande församlingar, bland annat på kommunal nivå. Underrepresentationen blir värre ju högre upp i den politiska hierarkin man kommer i kommunerna. Detta får konsekvenser för demokratin. Syftet med den här studien är att genom en kvalitativ studie med fem kommunalpolitiker göra ett nedslag i partierna för att få en djupare förståelse för förutsättningarna för kvinnor som utövar politiskt ledarskap på lokal nivå. Fem semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomfört med politiker som alla har politisk erfarenhet från höga positioner inom kommuner. Studien resulterade i tre huvudteman som var nomineringsprocessen, bemötande och det privata livet. Dessa teman har alla påverkan på kvinnors förutsättningar som politiska ledare. Deltagarna upplever att det finns officiella kriterier för nomineringar, men att det ändå resulterar i manlig dominans. Det behövs både förändringar i arbetsformer och öppenhet och diskussioner kring hur nomineringsprocesser går till för att förändra hur det ser ut idag. Sammantaget gör även de stereotypiska föreställningar som kvinnor möter, de föråldrade strukturer som inte har förändrats samt svårigheten att förena familjeliv och politiskt arbete, att det är svårt att rekrytera och behålla kvinnor som kandidater till förtroendeuppdrag. Det digitala arbetssättet under pandemin har nu ändå förändrat förutsättningarna för många kvinnor, vilket kan leda till en ny utveckling. / The experience from earlier research when it comes to women who are political leaders, shows that it is connected to stereotypical ideas. Women are at the same time underrepresented at a municipal level in the decision-making assemblies. And it gets worse higher up in the hierarchy. This has consequences for democracy. The purpose of this study is to touch down in the political parties, through a qualitative study with five local politicians, to get a deeper understanding of the conditions for women who are practicing political leadership on a local level. Five semi-structured interviews have been made with politicians who all have political experience from leading positions in municipalities. The study resulted in three main themes, who were the nomination process, treatment and private life. These themes all have an effect on the conditions for women as political leaders. The participants’ experiences are that there are official criteria for nominations, but that the process nonetheless results in male dominance. There is need for changes in working methods as well as openness and discussions about how the nomination process works, to change the way it looks today. The stereotypical ideas that women meet together with the outdated unaltered structures and the difficulties to combine a family life with political work, makes it difficult to recruit and keep women as candidates to elected positions. The digital work methods during the pandemic, though, have changed the conditions for many women, which may lead to a new development.

In formal statements, the international organization Youth With A Mission (YWAM) clearly endorses female leaders. In YWAM Germany, however, women are underrepresented in leadership positions. This dissertation seeks to explain this dearth, especially in terms of the role played by Scripture. By means of interviews with leaders in YWAM Germany, possible answers were explored. Surprising for an evangelical organization, the interpretation of Scripture proved not to be a significant factor. Other factors that emerged are church background, the lack of female role models, lower self-confidence of women, and the role of incumbent leadership. The latter appeared to be the most crucial factor, since incumbent leaders, mostly men, select and appoint new leaders. It is likely that in this they are influenced by stereotypical conceptions of the leader as male and inclined to prefer those like themselves. / Systematic Theology & Theological Ethics / M. Th. (Theological Ethics)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Educational Leadership, 2007. / Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-86).