The aim of this study was to design and validate a scale to identify prejudices against indigenous people as a socially stigmatised and culturally relevant group in Mexican samples, and establishing gender differences in undergraduate students. A sample of 563 undergraduate students was drawn from Merida, the capital city, and inner towns in the state of Yucatan, Mexico. From the sample, 272 were women and 292 were men with an average age of 23.06 years. To measure beliefs scale was developed consisted of 50 Likert reagents to assess stereotypical beliefs toward indigenous people. Factor analysis threw five main factors. Results show that the scale has adequate psychometric qualities, including reliability and validity. / El objetivo de este estudio fue diseñar y validar una escala para la identificación de creencias estereotípicas hacia las personas indígenas, como un grupo estigmatizado socialmente, culturalmente relevante para muestras mexicanas, en estudiantes universitarios, estableciendo diferencias entre hombres y mujeres. Participaron 564 estudiantes universitarios de Mérida, la capital, y del interior del estado de Yucatán, México. Fueron 272 mujeres y 292 hombres con una edad promedio de 23.05 años. Para medir las creencias estereotípicas hacia las personas indígenas se elaboró una escala conformada por 50 reactivos tipo likert. El análisis factorial arrojo 5 factores. Los resultados evidencian que la escala cuenta las características psicométricas adecuadas, en cuanto a confiabilidad y validez.

Cette thèse vise à comprendre les déterminants de la réussite des femmes militaires. Nous avons fait l’hypothèse que leurs performances étaient liées aux identifications professionnelles, à l’auto-évaluation (sentiment d’auto-efficacité, attentes de performance et ambition) et à la valorisation des domaines de vie. Les trois études réalisées appréhendent la performance à travers les résultats à un examen, en formation et un retour réflexif sur le déroulement de la carrière. Après avoir vérifié le caractère menaçant de leur situation professionnelle et observé que les femmes ont des performances inférieures aux hommes, plusieurs facteurs médiateurs de l’effet du sexe sur la performance ont été mis en évidence. Le principal facteur expliquant la performance des femmes relève des attentes de performance par rapport à leurs collègues. Plus elles s’estiment au même niveau que leurs collègues, plus elles réussissent, ce qui est lié au sentiment d’auto-efficacité et aux différentes identifications professionnelles. S’identifier aux marins est plus difficile pour les femmes. Il ressort par ailleurs que moins les individus valorisent leur domaine de vie professionnelle, plus leurs résultats sont faibles, comme leur niveau d’identification à l’organisation, mais il n’y a pas d’effet d’interaction avec le sexe, il ne s’agit ainsi pas d’une question spécifiquement féminine. En début de carrière, la dynamique de l’identité de travail primerait dans le déroulement de carrière des femmes poussées par l’ambition professionnelle, alors que les effets de leur situation conjugale sur leur performance, médiatisés par la valorisation des domaines de vie, interviendraient dans un second temps. / This thesis aims to understand the determinants of military women’s success. We hypothesized that their performances were related to professional identifications, self-assessments (self-efficacy, performance expectations and ambition) and the value they give to their domains of life. Three studies were conducted, apprehending the performance through the results in exams, trainings and a reflexive feedback on their careers. After having controlled the threatening aspect of their professional situation and having observed that women’s performance is lower than men’s, several mediating factors on the effect of sex on performance have been highlighted. The main factor explaining the performance of women is the expectation of performance compared to their colleagues. The more they consider being at the same level as their colleagues, the more they succeed, which is directly linked to self-efficacy and to the different professional identifications. To identify themselves as a sailor is more difficult for women in the military. The less individuals value their working domain, the weaker are their results, as their level of identification to the organization. However there is no interaction with the sex, and thus it is not a gender issue. At the beginning of women’s career, the dynamics of their work identity prevails in the development of their career, pushed by their professional ambition, while the effects of their conjugal status on their performance, mediated by their domains of life enhancement, would intervene secondly.

This essay argues that the depiction of women in Seamus Heaney’s poems “Bog Queen” and “Punishment” results from the male gaze in three ways: the narrative viewpoint, stereotypical characterization, and the objectification of the female body. The following essay analyses the poems through an ecofeminist perspective that enables examination of the female characters as personifications of nature – “Bog Queen” as Mother Earth and the victim of “Punishment” as Nerthus, the fertility goddess. The analysis explores three areas; historical context, ‘The Feminine Principle,’ and Nussbaum’s list of ‘Feminist Perspectives on Objectification’ to answer how the male gaze is present in the three aspects. The male gaze is argued to be attributed to an androcentric narrative that presents a man and country’s sense of revenge, stereotypes that are totems of the male fantasy, and dehumanizing sexual objectification that enables appreciation of the dead bodies of women.

Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to examine if the quantity of female athletes is lesser than male athletes and if there are any gender differences in this visual representation of athletes in Swedish digital sports journalism. The thesis also aims to investigate if the visual representation of female athletes has changed over time in connection to the #MeToo movement.   Research questions: RQ1: Are there any differences in the quantity of visual coverage given to female athletes and male athletes in Swedish sports media?  RQ2: Is there any difference in the visual portrayal of female athletes in comparison to male athletes? RQ3: Has the visual coverage of female athletes in Swedish sports media changed or remained the same since the #MeToo movement?   Theories: Agenda setting theory, Framing theory, Hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity, Gender performance, Gatekeeping and Media logic   Method: The study is based on visual quantitative content analysis. The empirical material of the analysis consists of 224 photographs from digital sports articles, originated from the two Swedish sports newspapers Sportbladet and SVT Sport. The articles were collected from the digital platform Retriever through a digital article search with the keyword “sport”. After collecting the data, it was processed in data program IBM SPSS Statistics, where cross tabulations were created. The results were analyzed and discussed in order to reaching a conclusion.   Conclusion: There is a higher quantity of male athletes than female athletes in Swedish sports media. There are small differences in the way female athletes and male athletes are visually portrayed. However, these differences show that female athletes are more often are shown in an emphasized feminine way, which contributes to proving the dominance of hegemonic masculinity. There are no major changes in the visual portrayal of female athletes before and after the #MeToo, however the result shows a somewhat equal coverage even before the #MeToo movement happened. The results of the study are partially supported by previous research and theory on the subject where female athletes are underrepresented and sexualized. / Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka om det är färre kvinnliga idrottare än manliga idrottare som visas i bilderna, samt om det finns några könsskillnader i dessa visuella representationer av idrottare i den digitala svenska idrottsjournalistiken. Studien syftar även till att undersöka om den visuella representationen av kvinnliga idrottare har förändrats över tid i samband med #MeToo-rörelsen.   Frågeställningar: F1 Är det någon skillnad i antalet visuella representationer av kvinnliga idrottare respektive manliga idrottare i den svenska idrottsjournalistiken? F2 Finns det några skillnad i sportartiklars visuella representation av kvinnliga idrottare jämfört med manliga idrottare?   F3 Har den visuella representationen av kvinnor förändrats eller varit densamma sedan efter #MeToo-rörelsen?   Teoretiska ramverk: Dagordningsteorin, gestaltningsteorin, hegemonisk maskulinitet och ideal femininitet, gender performance, gatekeeping och medielogik   Metod: Studien baseras på visuell kvantitativ innehållsanalys. Analysens empiriska material består av 224 fotografier från digitala sportartiklar, härstammande från de två svenska sporttidningarna Sportbladet och SVT Sport. Artiklarna samlades in från den digitala plattformen Retriever genom en digital artikelsökning med nyckelordet "sport". Efter att ha samlat in data bearbetades det i dataprogrammet IBM SPSS Statistics där tvärtabeller skapades. Resultaten analyserades och diskuterades för att nå en slutsats.   Slutsats: Det förekommer fler manliga idrottare än kvinnliga idrottare i bilderna i svenska sportjournalistik. Det är små skillnader i hur kvinnliga idrottare framställs visuellt i jämförelse med manliga idrottare. Dessa skillnader visar dock att kvinnliga idrottare oftare visas i ett betonat feminint sätt, vilket bidrar till att bevisa dominansen hos hegemonisk maskulinitet. Det finns inga större förändringar i den visuella skildringen av kvinnliga idrottare före och efter # MeToo, resultatet visar också en något lika täckning redan innan #MeToo-rörelsen. Resultaten av studien stöds delvis av tidigare forskning och teori i ämnet där kvinnliga idrottare är underrepresenterade och sexualiserade.

The overall aim of this study is to study what experiences young Muslim women have of religious education in Sweden. The study examines how the respondents consider Islam and Muslim women are presented in religious education. The respondents are five young Muslim women between the ages of 19 and 25. The participants have taken part in schooling in a medium-sized town located in Sweden. The participants consider the religious teaching´s portrayal of Islam and Muslim women as provocative, negative and singled out. The respondents believe that the main reason for this is the teachers lack of knowledge about Islam. The participants have experienced elements in the teaching that have affected them negatively as they felt exposed in the classroom. Islam is often presented in relation to conflicts and violence, which the participants claim creates prejudices about the religion. Since the teachers according to the respondents possess too little knowledge about Islam, the consequences according to the participants will be a superficial education. The respondents claim that the teaching of Islam and the representation of Muslim women leads to the formation of stereotypical ideas. Based on the participant´s experiences, there are several shortcomings in the religious education. Since the Swedish school´s teaching should contribute to understanding of religion in order for the students to become respectful and understanding democratic citizens, a change is required, according to the participants.

The purpose of this study is to explore how girls and boys are portrayed in children’s literature that is specifically aimed towards children in the preschool age. This is a qualitative text analysis, partly combined with some elements of quantitative data. Through an interview questionnaire sent to preschool teachers at different preschools, seven books in the genre humanized animals, were chosen and analyzed from a gender perspective. The analysis is conducted through a theoretical framework including gender theory with correlated concepts. The intent of this study has not been to identify books that follow stereotypical gender norms, and we do not argue that literature should be completely gender neutral. However, we believe that if girls and boys being portrayed in a variety of ways will contribute to more children feeling safe with their own identity and it will also provide them with a broader world view. We had a thought that a certain characterization of girls and boys in the chosen books, i.e. that girls are portrayed as sweet and nice while boys are portrayed as tough and mischievous. The results of this study show that this is partly true but that boys’ characteristics tend to vary more and in different ways than girls’ characteristics do. With that said, we concluded that in general, the chosen books were more gender neutral than our initial expectation.

The focus of this paper is gaining a deeper understanding of the discursive ways in which Ukrainian female soldiers are represented in international news media by analyzing online newspaper articles. The research questions are centred around finding out what common discursive representations are predominant in the articles, how these representations are visible, and what discourses are meant to be favored by the authors or publishers. The theory is based on a Foucauldian approach to discourse analysis. A total of eight articles were chosen for analysis from four major newspapers based in the United Kingdom and the United States. The data consisted of both text and images featured in the articles. The main findings of the paper are that even though there is a strong discourse that promotes stereotypical representations of female soldiers, there is also a counter-discourse that brings female soldiers’ voices to the forefront and challenges historically predominant stereotypical representations.

The aim of the graduation thesis is to describe the stereotypical perception of men and women in today's society. The thesis links this perception to their signification, while working as reporters for private and public broadcasters. This thesis is focusing on the students of various universities and their subjective point of view when it comes to the parity of both sexes. These students were also asked to compare equality of genders in the public sphere as well as in their private lives, and to describe their attitude towards the media in general. Graduation thesis points out the existence of gender stereotypes, even in the field of news that is spread by the television. This graduation thesis consists of four main chapters. The first chapter includes basic expressions and definitions connected with the key terms gender and identity. The second chapter talks about women's identity nowadays and it's development in the past. The third chapter is comparable to the second one, since it talks about men's identity. The very last part of the thesis is strictly practical and it consists of three separate parts. The first part is the analysis of the situation in four specific televisions. The second part includes the preparation and analysis of in-depth interviews with the respondents and the third part contains a practical suggestion in the form of an annotation. This annotation can be used as a guideline for a new school subject taught at universities.

Denna kandidatuppsats inom företagsekonomi är en kvalitativ studie som inriktar sig på ämnet kvinnor och ledarskap. Studien belyser och problematiserar betydelsen av normen kring ledarskap och föreställningar om manlighet. Flera forskare har uppmärksammat att normer som präglar ledarskap innehåller maskulina undertoner, vilket har inneburit att det blivit mer naturligt för män att inneha de egenskaper som associeras med en ledare. Trots att ledarskap vanligtvis beskrivs ur ett könsneutralt perspektiv, pekar forskare på att det finns upplevda skillnader i hur män och kvinnor utövar sitt ledarskap. Majoriteten av den forskning som finns inom ledarskap ur ett normkritiskt perspektiv pekar på att samhället är i förändring, och där med synen på ledarskap. Dock saknas konkreta exempel på hur dessa förändringar har yttrat sig. Det finns en brist på kunskap gällande hur hinder och möjligheter uppfattas av kvinnor som idag befinner sig i ledande positioner inom företagsvärlden. Hur har denna förändring på synen på ledarskap påverkat deras karriärer? Uppsatsens syfte är att synliggöra hur kvinnor i ledarskapspositioner upplever karriärhinder och karriärmöjligheter. Teorin baseras på områden inom ledarskap och genus med fokus på hinder och möjligheter inom kvinnors karriärer. Empirinsamlingen bygger på fem intervjuer med kvinnor i ledande befattningar där varje kvinna fått dela med sig av sin berättelse. Studien påvisar att kvinnorna idag upplever flera av de hinder och möjligheter som tidigare forskning pekar på. Däremot belyser vår studie även hur de förändringar som skett i samhället har påverkat synen på ledarskap idag. Vidare kan det, baserat på studiens resultat, dras slutsatser kring hur dessa förändringar har yttrat sig. Detta är något som visade sig vara i de jämställda företagen där kvinnorna idag arbetar. / This Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration is a qualitative study focusing on the subject of women and leadership. The study highlights and problematizes the importance of stereotypical perceptions among leadership. Several researchers have described that the norms that characterize leadership contains a masculine undertone. Therefore it has become more natural for men to possess the attributes associated with a leader. Although leadership is usually described in a gender-neutral perspective, researchers point out that there are perceived differences in how men and women exercise their leadership. The majority of the research in leadership from a norm-critical point of view shows that society is changing and so are the view of leadership. However there is a lack of knowledge about how career-related barriers and career-related opportunities are perceived by females who are in leading positions in the corporate world today. We have been using qualitative research methods and the data was collected by interviewing five women in leadership positions in gender equal companies. The study shows that female leaders in the present experience several of the barriers and opportunities that previous research has shown. On the other hand, our study also highlights the changes that takes place in the society and influences the view of leadership in present tense.

Föreliggande studies syfte är att få insikt i vad som påverkar elevers val av tvärflöjt och fortsatta spelande i musik- och kulturskolan.I bakgrundskapitlet presenteras forskning om musik- och kulturskolor samt tidigare forskning kring barn- och ungdomars instrumentval. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt användspositivism. Sammanlagt 97 respondenter i åldrarna 7–22 år genomförde en tvärsnittsdesignad webbenkät. Resultatet har analyserats med en univariat analys där en variabel studerats i taget. I resultatet framkommer det att de största påverkansfaktorerna till att elever valt att spela tvärflöjt är instrumentprovdagar och att känna någon som spelar tvärflöjt. Vidare visar resultatet att det eleverna önskar ha mer av i musik- och kulturskolan är att få möjlighet att spela med andra i band eller orkester. I diskussionen lyfts fem teman upp: genus och instrumentvalet, betydelse av sociala sammanhang, instrumentets egenskaper, förebilders påverkan och lärarens betydelse. / The purpose of the present study is to gain insight into what influencesstudents´ choice of flute and continued participation in Swedish community music schools. Research on community music schools as well as the factors influencinginstrument choice among children and youths are presented in the background section. Positivism was applied as a theoretical lens for the present study. A total of 97 participants ranging from 7 to 22 years of age, filled out a cross sectional websurvey. The result has been analyzed with a univariate analysis where one variable is studied at a time.The results revealed that instrument trial days and knowing someone who plays flute were the most important factors determining the student´ perference for flute playing. Furthermore, the results revealed that students requested more frequent oportunities to play with others in bands or orchestras. In the discussion, five themes are raised: gender and instrument selection, importance of social contexts, the characteristics of the instrument, the impact of role models and the importance of the teacher.