Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence the underrepresentation of women in managerial positions in engineering sector. The study is based on the fact that there are less female leaders both in management and in engineering. Design/Methodology/Approach: The method used in order to accomplish this research is a qualitative approach. The primary data was collecting by semi-structured interviews with employees of the case company (ABB). The sample consists of ten employees, males and females, who hold different positions in the company. Findings: The empirical findings and the analysis show the factors regarding the underrepresentation of women in managerial positions. The study indicates that glass ceiling, gender stereotyping, engineering culture and balancing professional and family life, are major obstacles in women‘s career today. Limitations: I limited my study to only one engineering company therefore the results cannot be generalized for the whole engineering industry. Also, even though this study examines why women are underrepresented in engineering industry, I interviewed both male and female employees in order to illustrate both perspectives about the issue. Contribution: This study confirms the existing theories regarding the affect of underrepresentation of women in engineering industry and highlights the facts that delay women‘s advancement. Engineering culture does not encourage mentoring towards women and women are seen as outsiders in networking activities. Thus, this study gives the opportunity to managers in engineering to consider the reality about females in the sector in order to improve the current situation.

O adoecimento por tuberculose é um processo subjetivo e interpenetrado por saberes, discursos e práticas, produzidos histórico-culturalmente na vida social e nutridos em um interdiscurso (sobre a doença e o doente), que afeta o modo como o sujeito significa a sua experiência. Neste estudo, sustentamo-nos no arcabouço teórico-metodológico da análise de discurso de matriz francesa, que busca a compreensão dos processos de produção de sentidos, na relação da língua com sua exterioridade histórica e social. Partindo do pressuposto de que há uma constituição linguístico-histórica do sujeito discursivo, o estudo objetivou investigar como os discursos sobre a tuberculose afetam a (des)construção identitária do sujeito, que perpassa as constituições subjetivas em seu processo de adoecimento. Utilizando a abordagem qualitativa, foram realizadas dezesseis entrevistas registradas em áudio, no período de agosto a outubro de 2009, com sujeitos em tratamento de tuberculose em um hospital público do município de João Pessoa, Estado da Paraíba. O corpus de análise foi constituído pelas entrevistas transcritas mais as produções artísticas dos participantes como representações de seu processo de adoecimento. No gerenciamento do material de linguagem bruto, utilizou-se o Software Atlas.ti, que nos auxiliou no processo anterior às análises discursivas. O projeto deste estudo foi submetido à apreciação de um Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, de acordo com as orientações da Resolução 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Ao relacionar a tuberculose a comportamentos excessivos, alcoolismo, fraqueza, vida urbana e drogadição, os sentidos produzidos pelos sujeitos entrevistados foram regidos por formações ideológicas que identificam a tuberculose como situação de desaprovação social. Observamos que as formações imaginárias, que remetem ao lugar desse sujeito doente como usuário do sistema de saúde produzem o seu apagamento, a sua interdição. Concluímos que a ênfase no simbólico, mediante os símbolos de estigma, que acentuam a visibilidade do doente de tuberculose como desviante ou sujeito \"especial\" é o mecanismo mais importante de manutenção da estigmatização da doença e do doente. / The tuberculosis illness is a subjective process pervaded by knowledge, discourses and practices produced historic-culturally in the social life and nurtured in an interdiscourse (about the illness and the patient), that affects how the subject interprets his experience. In this study we follow the French theoretical and methodological framework of discourse analysis matrix that strives to understand the meaning production processes in the language relationship with its historic and social exteriority. Assuming that there is linguistic-historical constitution of the discursive subject, the study aimed to investigate how the tuberculosis discourses affect the subject´s identity (de)construction that goes beyond the subjective constitutions in his disease process. Sixteen audio taped interviews using the qualitative approach were conducted with tuberculosis treatment subjects in a City of João Pessoa, Paraíba, public hospital, during the August - October 2009 period. The corpus of analysis consists of the transcribed interviews plus the participants\' artistic productions as representations of their illness. The Atlas.ti Software was utilized in the raw language material management which helped in the process prior to discourse analyses. The study design was submitted for assessment to a Committee for Research Ethics. By linking tuberculosis to excessive behaviors, alcoholism, weakness, urban life and drug addiction, the meanings produced by the interviewees were governed by ideological formations that identify tuberculosis as a situation of social disapproval. It was observed that the imaginary formations, which refer to the place of that sick person as user of the health system produced its effacement, its isolation. We conclude that the emphasis on the symbolic, by means of the symbols of stigma that accentuate the TB patient visibility as a \"deviant\" or special subject, is the most important mechanism in maintaining the stigmatization of the disease and the patient.

There exist less than thirty known comedias treating Spain's engagement with the New World. With access to the entire corpus, I analyse the genesis of the representative stereotype of the Indian, and trace its transposition from festival pageantry and allegorical iconography to the stage of the comedia. I relate scenes from the plays to works of triumphalist sculpture and the semiology of modem staged spectacle, and compare the sexual metaphor of the iconography of the First Encounter, with a similar tableau from the corpus. I then analyse the emblematic representation of female Indians in the corpus, and their role in securing the inscription of Spanish male "hegemony" and "closure". There follows a discussion of the role of the Devil in the deception of the Indians. I consider several plays in the light of research on the origins of ethnology, and discuss the extent to which the depiction of the Indians on stage can be ascribed to their idolatry and its rituals. I then analyse the plays' demonisation of native orality. The "performance" of the politico-religious Requerimiento, both in history and on the stage, is measured in literary terms against the "fetishisation" of Western writing in the Conquest, followed by an assessment of the interrogation of these issues by Lope de Vega according to the notion of his manipulation of rhetorical "politeness". Finally, I contrast the function of scenes of horror and violence perpetrated by Indians, with those carried out by Spaniards. I return to the topic of staged spectacle and analyse the use of such scenes in "serious" and then "burlesque" mode,as defined according to theories of genre within the comedia. I link this to "carnival humour", and apply this to the comic treatment of topics of cannibalism and mutilation involving the Indians, and ask how this informs upon their representation in the corpus as a whole.

I assessed the influence prototypicality has on judgements individuals make about gay men. It has been demonstrated that individuals make inferences regarding a person’s traits and group membership based upon a person’s perceived prototypicality (Ambady, Hallahan, & Conner, 1999; Stephan & Stephan, 1989; Wilkins, Kaiser, and Rieck, 2010). I hypothesized that highly prototypical gay men would be perceived to be more identified with the gay community, possess more negative stereotypes of gay men, engage in more activities associated with the gay community, receive less positive feelings from others, and experience more discrimination. Additionally, perceived group identification and negative stereotyping were expected to mediate serially the relationship between prototypicality, perceived engagement in gay activities, positive attitudes from others, and discrimination from others. Participants (N=360) viewed an image of a gay man either low or high in prototypicality. Participants evaluated the gay man’s perceived group identification, perceived stereotypical traits, engagement in activities associated with the gay community, as well as their own feelings and behavioral intentions toward the gay men. Highly prototypical gay men were perceived to (1) identify more with the gay community, (2) possess more negative stereotypes associated with gay men, and (3) engage in more immoral activities associated with the gay community, than low prototypical gay men. Moreover, perceived group identification and negative stereotyping serially mediated the relationship between prototypicality, and perceived engagement in gay activities, attitudes towards the target, and discrimination from others.

Highly publicized media events involving African American men and the use of deadly force by police officers have occurred between 2013 and 2014. These events have emphasized the need to examine the influence of implicit bias training on police officers' decision-making processes. During the past two decades, Community Oriented Policing Services has invested several billion dollars in training programs designed to eliminate racial bias within the law enforcement community. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how implicit-bias training influences the decision-making processes of police officers. More specifically, this study examined the perceptions of police officers regarding the practical value of implicit-bias training and how the training influences their cultural awareness, knowledge, and skills. An online questionnaire containing open-ended questions was administered to 32 sworn, full-time police officers who interact daily with members of diverse communities. The data were coded using evaluation coding, magnitude coding, and descriptive coding. This form of coding assisted in identifying attitudes and stereotypes as well as the impact of implicit bias training police officers' cultural awareness, knowledge, and skills. Participants reported that implicit bias training made them better prepared to manage their biases while interacting with diverse communities. The findings of this study will provide police agencies and law enforcement training facilitators with the tools they need to improve future training outcomes. Successfully training police officers on how to manage implicit bias during the decision-making process will reduce the potential for stereotyping.

How does digital media and online news, especially blogs, influence support for women congressional and presidential candidates? From work on traditional print and television news we know women are framed differently than men, and are more likely to be framed as women (appearance, clothing, mother or wife, marital status, sex, gendered issues). I argue the transition to digital media (blogs and online news) is exacerbating these trends, increasing gender stereotype opinions of women candidates in the mass public, among both men and women. In turn I find gender stereotype opinions combined with use of online media reduces the probability of voting for women candidates. While much of the literature on digital media focuses on the positives that come with increased political information, participation and mobilization, holding these factors constant, this research highlights a potential cost of digital media. Much of what we know about the media and women candidates is based on content analysis of newspapers and television stories (Bystrom 20004; 2010a; 2010b; Iyengar et al1997; Lawrence and Rose 2010). The dominant literature on the impact of the mass media on women candidates is based on experimental framing studies with hypothetical female candidates. But media scholars are increasing interested in digital media and citizen journalism, as more Americans now read their news online than read a print newspaper. Davis (2009) and Sunstein (2007) find that journalists too are increasingly turning to the blogs for ideas and content that run on mainstream media. While citizen journalism has many benefits (see Shirky 2010), there is less fact checking with online news, where rumors can often masquerade as truth. Analysis of the coverage of Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential run found that coverage of Clinton online, especially the blogs, was more sexist than mainstream media (Lawrence and Rose 2010; Richie 2013). For example, one group sold t-shirts and bumper stickers staying "Get Hillary Back in the Kitchen." Boystrum (2010) analyses how women and men presidential, congressional and gubernatorial candidates differ, and how this affects media coverage of the candidates. Using content analysis, she finds no gendered differences in the content of their websites. Thus this research focuses on blogs and online news rather than candidate websites. No previous research has considered individual level data on use of online news for politics and whether this leads to gender stereotype opinions; nor has the existing research considered whether digital media use, combined believing in these stereotypes of women, impacts voting for women candidates in real election contexts. Rather than content analysis used in political communications or laboratory experiments often used in gender studies, this research relies on national survey data to measure the effect of digital media use for voting for women candidates in actual electoral campaigns. Combining large sample nationwide survey data of all congressional candidates running in 2008, 2010 and 2012, with a sample of Iowa caucus participants, and a unique national survey of primary voters, this research seeks to answer two primary questions. First, what is the effect of use of blog and online news on gendered stereotype opinion of women and male candidates (see Chapters 3 and 5)? Secondly, what is the combined effect of digital media use and gendered opinions in reducing support at the ballot box for women for the U.S. House or the president (see Chapters 4 and 6)? To consider the overall, or net effect, of digital media on support for women candidates, I incorporate the benefits of online news and communication to engage and mobilize the public. Across many detailed analyses presented in this research, I find that reading blogs and online news generally increases the likelihood of forming opinions about women candidates colored by gender stereotypes, based on experience, knowledge, competency, integrity, strong leader, caring and more. In Chapter 3 I consider the case of Hillary Clinton and find that reading the news online and using online political information increased the belief that Clinton was less experienced, and was less trustworthy. In Chapter 4 I find that gender stereotype opinions and digital media use reduced favorability ratings of Clinton and Clinton compared to her male presidential contenders (Obama and Edwards). These two factors also reduced the probably of voting for her, holding other factors constant. Chapter 5 analyses all U.S. House races from 2008, 2010, and 2012 with a women candidate. Individuals who used online news or political blogs are more likely to believe the woman candidate is less competent, lacks integrity, and is less caring than the man candidate, holding other factors constant. Finally, the results from Chapter 6 show gendered opinions and digital media reduce the likelihood of voting for the woman candidate. The overall, or net effect, models show even the positive effect of online mobilization is outweighed by the negative effect of digital media combined with the believe in gender stereotypes. Such gendered opinions of women candidates are widely held by the mass public. The dominant explanation for why Obama, as an underdog candidate won the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination was that he was able to mobilize and engage the public, especially the young, through online media. These online venues also significantly increased the money Obama raised through small dollar contributions (Redlawsk et al 2010). However, what these stories ignore is the negative media coverage of his primary opponent, Hillary Clinton, online. This study attempts to systematically and empirically document how the Internet and online news may contributed to reduced support for Clinton's candidacy and women congressional candidates more generally. As new communication mediums are developed there are often short-term increases in misinformation with the proliferation of information, but as standards are established this chaos disappears. Digital media's effect on women candidates for elected office over the long run is unclear and deserves further study.

This research explores the relationship between gender role stereotypes and art interpretation. The study focuses on survey results collected from high school students in an art education classroom and undergraduate college students in an art exploration course. The aim of the study was to determine if gender role stereotypes affects the way that individuals perceive artwork as created by a male or female artist. Results show that gender role stereotyping along with the gender of the participant affects the symbolism within the artwork that results in the attribution of artwork being created by a male or female artists. It also demonstrates a perceived decrease in gender role stereotypes of males over the past 42 years.

This qualitative study is about New Zealand couples who, by choice, do not have children. Strong social norms exist for couples to have children, and those who express a desire to do otherwise have been disbelieved, pressured, and stereotyped. Womanhood has continued to be associated with motherhood, and a maternal instinct is expected to drive women to have children. The aim of this research was to add to knowledge and awareness of how childfree people have experienced being stereotyped, pressured and harassed for being childfree. For this research, I conjointly interviewed ten heterosexual, childfree couples residing in the city of Hamilton. Participants self-identified as childfree, and ranged in age from 23 to 56 years old. Five of the couples also participated in a focus group. Participants related the ways in which they perceived that the wider social context played a role in the negative responses they experienced. Participants revealed how they felt less socially valued through: an idealization of parenthood, exclusion from work benefits, and an expectation that women should manage both employment and motherhood. Stereotyping was found to still occur, with participants reporting that they were labelled as selfish, immature, and anti-children. Stereotypes of being destined for loneliness in later life, and of their pets being substitutes for children were common. Some evidence was found in participants' comments that there were elements of truth in stereotypes of the childfree. The negative stereotyping appeared to have little, if any, impact on how participants viewed or felt about themselves. Participants reported feeling harassed by other people's disbelief in their choice, and assumptions, that despite what they said, everybody wanted children. The pressures experienced by participants took various forms, such as persistent questioning, and came from various sources, including siblings and acquaintances. Participants' reports of feeling pressured or harassed seem to reflect minor and fleeting feelings, rather than a continuing concern. How pressuring comments were perceived by the recipient was very context-dependent. Participants tolerated and coped with people's negative responses by various methods, such as confronting, ignoring, and avoiding the topic of children with certain people. I recommend that further research be done, and that work is needed to promote both acceptance of the childfree option, and freedom of women's identification from association with childbearing.

<p>Teching aid in form of schoolbooks plays an importent role. The teacher uses schoolbooks as a tool in its tutoring. I have examined how and whether the pictures in the schoolbooks are presenting people and ethnic minorities biased and stereotypical. The material I have examined consisted of a series of schoolbooks (So-direkt 1-3, samhällskunskap av Bonnier 2003).</p><p>To find out if that is the case I have used a theory by Stuart Hall, his theory is about people and how they are represented in different types of media, like pictures and text. I studied it by using the method of image analysis where I investigated and interpreted the denotation and konnontation of the pictures. Through image analysis I have looked at, examined and interpreted pictures that shows people in rich or poor contexts. From that I discoverd that people does not depict stereotypicaly in the pictures, but i did find myself seeing that people are positivly and/or negatively depicted depending on who are shown in the picture. Ethnic minorities are underrepresented in this series of books. Pictures which are depicting ethnic minorities are only shown in a total of nine pictures. In the way that these books are presenting Swedes they are only showing one typ of Swede. That Swede is nearly always light-skinned and has either blond or brown hair. The diversity that exist in reality is not representet in these schoolbooks. These schoolbooks tend to present certain people more positively then others through the pictures they depict. When it comes to show the environment and people it is done by showing the swedish population living in wealth. Swedish people are seen consuming and producing commodities, you can also see a variety of technological machines as tv:s, cellphones, phones, cars, computers, airplanes and trains surrounding them. Other people who are dark-skinned tend to be presented in a poor enviroment and in a negativ way in pictures.</p>

Teching aid in form of schoolbooks plays an importent role. The teacher uses schoolbooks as a tool in its tutoring. I have examined how and whether the pictures in the schoolbooks are presenting people and ethnic minorities biased and stereotypical. The material I have examined consisted of a series of schoolbooks (So-direkt 1-3, samhällskunskap av Bonnier 2003). To find out if that is the case I have used a theory by Stuart Hall, his theory is about people and how they are represented in different types of media, like pictures and text. I studied it by using the method of image analysis where I investigated and interpreted the denotation and konnontation of the pictures. Through image analysis I have looked at, examined and interpreted pictures that shows people in rich or poor contexts. From that I discoverd that people does not depict stereotypicaly in the pictures, but i did find myself seeing that people are positivly and/or negatively depicted depending on who are shown in the picture. Ethnic minorities are underrepresented in this series of books. Pictures which are depicting ethnic minorities are only shown in a total of nine pictures. In the way that these books are presenting Swedes they are only showing one typ of Swede. That Swede is nearly always light-skinned and has either blond or brown hair. The diversity that exist in reality is not representet in these schoolbooks. These schoolbooks tend to present certain people more positively then others through the pictures they depict. When it comes to show the environment and people it is done by showing the swedish population living in wealth. Swedish people are seen consuming and producing commodities, you can also see a variety of technological machines as tv:s, cellphones, phones, cars, computers, airplanes and trains surrounding them. Other people who are dark-skinned tend to be presented in a poor enviroment and in a negativ way in pictures.