No description available.

Stigmatization and discrimination of PLWHA by some pastors and some church members are challenges and serious problems that are affecting PLWHA in the Reformed Church in Zambia and in other denominations within Zambia. The aim of this research is to explore ways of loving and embracing PLWHA who are already affected with the problem of stigma in the RCZ. The research will help deal with the problems of despising, condemning, rejecting and isolating of PLWHA by some clergy and some church members. The author seeks to develop a pastoral care model that will empower pastors and church members to love and embrace PLWHA in the church. The other aim of this research is to empower the PLWHA with the pastoral care model that has been developed so that they can be able to cope with the problem of shame, rejection and isolation caused by being stigmatized by some pastors and some church members. This research is focused on the traumatic experiences that the PLWHA go through as they continue being members of the church. Their fellowship with God and their fellow church members happen to be affected as some of them discontinue being church members. This research study explored a model of pastoral care in which the affected PLWHA have to be helped to acquire healing after trauma counselling by the pastoral caregivers who are empowered by this research. A model which has been employed in this research includes the one of the shepherding model of Charles Gerkin and of Adams which is on pastoral care as shepherding of flocks which belong to God. The word of God has been used to explore where the researcher wanted to show His love towards his people even when they are under difficulty circumstances. The research has also indicated roles of different groups and individuals who should contribute to the healing of PLWHA who are traumatized by being stigmatized by some pastors and some church members. At the end of this research study, there are concluding remarks which have led to recommendations that readers have to take note of. / Dissertation (MA(Theol))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2011 / INTRODUCTION: The human immune deficiency virus (HIV) leads to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS was first identified in the 1980’s and since then has spread globally causing one of the most dreaded pandemics of modern time. The issue of stigma is very important in the battle against HIV/AIDS as it affects attendance at health centres for obtaining ARV and regular medical check-ups, adherence of patients to ARV treatment. The fear of stigma further helps to fuel a culture of secrecy, silence, ignorance, blame, shame and fear of victimization. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine if there was any external stigmatization of HIV positive patients by health care workers (HCWs) at King Edward VIII Hospital. OBJECTIVES: To determine if the knowledge of HCWs regarding HIV/AIDS and its transmission affect the way they supply a service towards HIV positive patients at King Edward VIII Hospital and to determine the comfort level and the attitude of the HCWs in rendering care to a HIV positive patient. METHODOLOGY: This was a cross sectional survey where data was collected using an anonymous selfadministered structured questionnaire with closed ended questions on personal and professional characteristics, disease knowledge, and discriminatory practices such as attitudes and comfort levels towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). A total of three hundred and thirty four HCWs from different units at the King Edward VIII hospital participated in this study. FINDINGS Overall the HCWs have an above average knowledge about HIV/AIDS and its transmission with only 1.8% scoring below average in the knowledge questions regarding HIV and its transmission, although some knowledge gaps were identified regarding occupational exposure risks. Evidently from the results is that HCW with higher levels of education are more knowledgeable on issues relating to HIV/AIDS. The implication is that a HCW with a better education is better equipped with the cognitive knowledge to deal with HIV/AIDS, highlighting the importance of education related to external stigmatization. Even though HCWs were knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS most still felt uncomfortable in performing some occupational duties on PLWHA like assisting a woman in labour and performing invasive surgical operations. Most of the HCWs showed a positive attitude towards PLWHA believing that they are not to be blamed for their condition but that individuals in the community who are perceived to be promiscuous men or women are the ones responsible for the spread of HIV/AIDS. Procedures like patients being tested without their consent and patients required to do a HIV/AIDS test before surgery that could be perceived as stigmatization have been observed in King Edward VII hospital. Patient confidentiality is also compromised in that gossiping by HCWs about the HIV/AIDS results of patients has been noted. Fortunately a significant number of HCWs are willing to report their colleagues to a higher authority if any form of stigmatization or discrimination towards PLWHA is seen at King Edward VIII Hospital. CONCLUSION Although the knowledge, attitude and comfort of the HCWs at King Edward VIII Hospital was above average continuing medical education and continuing professional development should be mandatory in the management of HIV/AIDS so that HCWs can have the needed knowledge to keep up with the changing world of HIV/AIDS medicine and also about universal precautions to take so as to reduce occupational exposures. Psychological support to the HCW is needed in dealing with PLWHA so that patients can be provided with quality and compassionate care irrespective of their HIV/AIDS status as this will eventually help in the reduction of stigma.

Bakgrund: Personer som lider av psykisk ohälsa upplever stigmatisering i olikasammanhang. Det finns varierande faktorer som påverkas av stigmatisering hospersoner som lider av psykisk ohälsa vilket leder även till upplevelser avdiskriminering hos dem. Stigmatisering är ett vanligt förekommande problem isamhället vilket medför konsekvenser hos dem.Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva faktorer relaterade till stigmatiseringav samt dessa konsekvenser för personer som lider av psykisk ohälsa utanförpsykiatrin.Metod: Examensarbetet genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt där 15 vetenskapligaartiklar söktes fram utifrån syftet som sedan analyserades och sammanställdes tillresultatet. Artiklarna var av både kvalitativ, kvantitativ design samt en mixad metod.Databaserna CINAHL och PsycINFO användes som sökmotorer.Resultat: Resultatet består av fyra huvudkategorier. “Livskvalitet” där beskrivskonsekvenser av stigmatisering på livskvalitet. “kulturella och sociodemografiskafaktorer” där diskuteras kulturella perspektivens påverkan på stigmatisering samtsambandet mellan stigmatisering och utbildningsnivå beskrivs. “Socialdistansering” där påpekas faktorer som förorsakar att personer som lider av psykiskohälsa dra sig ur sociala situationer. “Familjen” där beskrivs familjen som en källatill stigmatisering.Slutsats: Stigmatisering påverkar livskvaliteten hos personer som lider av psykiskohälsa. Vidare kan bristande tillgång och nivå på utbildning öka risken förstigmatisering. Stigmatisering leder även till social distansering hos personer somlider av psykisk ohälsa. Dessutom räknas familjen till personer som lider av psykiskohälsa som en viktig källa till stigmatisering vilket gör att de undviker prata ompsykisk ohälsa i familjen. / Background: People suffering from mental illness experience stigma in differentcontexts. There are various factors that affected by stigma in people suffering frommental illness, which also leads to experiences of discrimination in them. Stigma isa common problem in today's society, which has consequences in people sufferingfrom mental illness.Aim: The purpose of this study is to describe factors related to the stigma of as wellas these consequences for people suffering from mental illness outside psychiatry.Method: The thesis carried out as a literature review where 15 scientific articlessearched based on the purpose, which then analyzed and compiled into the results.The articles were of both qualitative, quantitative design and a mixed method. TheCINAHL and PsycINFO databases used as search engines.Result: The result consists of four main categories. “Quality of life” describes theconsequences of stigma on quality of life. “Cultural and socio-demographic factors”which discuss the impact of cultural perspectives on stigma and the link betweenstigma and educational attainment are described. “Social distancing,” points outfactors that cause people suffering from mental illness to withdraw from socialsituations. "Family" there describes the family as a source of stigma.Conclusion: Stigma affects the quality of life of people suffering from mentalillness. Furthermore, lack of access and level of education can increase the risk ofstigma. Stigma also leads to social distancing in people suffering from mentalillness. In addition, the family of people suffering from mental illness considered animportant source of stigma, which means that they avoid talking about mental illnessin the family.

Bakgrund: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) är en kronisk virussjukdom som drabbat stora delar av världen. Behandling med ART har gett möjlighet för patienter att få en bättre livskvalité. Individer som lever med HIV har sedan upptäckten tillskrivits stereotypiska karaktärsdrag och upplevt stigmatisering, även inom sjukvården. Det är sjuksköterskans ansvar att upprätthålla god yrkeskompetens och arbeta utifrån etiskt förhållningssätt för att bedriva god och jämlik vård oavsett patienters bakgrund och sjukdom. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa HIV-smittade patienters upplevelser av stigmatisering i vårdmöten. Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturöversikt genomfördes med 13 artiklar från 10 länder. Artiklarna granskades och analyserades för att urskilja likheter och sedan sammanställas.  Resultat: Resultatet utmynnade i två huvudteman; upplevelse av bristfälliga vårdhandlingar samt rädsla för att söka vård. Sju underteman; förnekad och fördröjd vård, bruten sekretess, överdrivna försiktighetsåtgärder, fördomar, upplevd okunskap hos vårdpersonal, rädsla för ett dåligt bemötande, att bli kränkt och ignorerad. Konklusion: Patienter upplevde stigmatisering, fördomar och stereotypa föreställningar i vårdmöten, vilket påverkade viljan till fortsatt vård och behandling. Vårdpersonalens bristande kunskap beträffande HIV kan ses som en möjlig orsak till att patienter fortfarande upplever stigmatiserande attityder i mötet med vårdpersonal. För att motverka negativa attityder hos vårdpersonal krävs ökad kunskap och forskning kring stigmatisering i vårdsammanhang. / Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a chronic viral disease that has affected large parts of the world. Treatment with ART has given patients the opportunity to have a better quality of life. Individuals living with HIV have since the discovery been attributed stereotypical traits and experienced stigma, even in healthcare settings. It is the nurse's responsibility to maintain good professional competence and work on the basis of an ethical approach in order to provide good and equal care regardless of patients' background and illness. Aim: The aim of the study was to illustrate patients experiences of stigmatization in healthcare meetings.  Method: A qualitative literature review was conducted with 13 articles from 10 countries. The articles were reviewed and analyzed to identify similarities and then compiled. Findings: The result resulted in two main themes; Experience of inadequate care documents and fear of seeking care. Seven sub-themes; denied and delayed care, broken confidentiality, excessive precautions, prejudice, perceived ignorance by healthcare professionals, fear of bad treatment, being offended and ignored. Conclusion: Patients experienced stigma, prejudice and stereotypical perceptions in care meetings that affect the willingness to continue care and treatment. The care staff's lack of knowledge regarding HIV can be seen as a possible reason why patients still experience stigmatizing attitudes in the meeting with care staff. To counteract negative attitudes among care staff, increased knowledge and research on stigma in care contexts is required.

The aim of the study was to examine how professional social workers who work with addiction in both nonprofit and municipal organizations, describe and work with women with gambling addiction from their perspective as professionals. This was done to try to contribute with further knowledge regarding women with gambling addiction in social work. We wanted to examine the professionals who work with gambling women out of perspectives from theories about gender and stigmatization to explore differences in treatments, speech and the addiction itself between men and women. This study has shown the conclusions that women may need other kind of support to become free from gambling, according to structural inequality and differences in gender expectations that make women more familyoriented, vulnerable and shameful, also in a gambling addiction. By not emphasizing the structural circumstances leading up to and forming the gambling addiction, the women risk not receiving right, or any, treatment if professionals do not learn how to recognize gambling addiction in women and how the addiction can portrait different from men. This study has also shown that support from partner have displayed to be crucial for the gambling man in overcoming his addiction, where women do not seem to have the same amount of support from home and therefore do not have the same basis of getting through their addiction either.

Bakgrund: MRSA är ett stort globalt sjukvårdsproblem och en viktig hälsofråga. En förklaring till ökad spridning av MRSA beror på dålig handhygien samt bristande kunskap bland vårdpersonal. En åtgärd för att hindra smittspridning är att separera patienter med MRSA genom isolering i enkelrum. För att möta patientens behov av stöd och information är det angeläget att få kunskap om patientens upplevelse som bärare av MRSA. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva patienters upplevelse av att leva med MRSA. Metod: En litteraturöversikt har genomförts med nio kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar och en kvantitativ/kvalitativ artikel. Artiklarna hittades i databaserna CINAHL Complete och PubMed, och har analyserats enligt Fribergs metod. Resultat: Resultatet beskriver fem huvudteman: Känslan av skam och stigma, Kontakten med anhöriga, Isolering, Kontakten med vårdpersonal och Otillräcklig kunskap om MRSA. Diskussion: Litteraturöversiktens huvudfynd diskuterades med stöd av Katie Erikssons teori om lidandet. / Background: MRSA is a big global health issue and an important health concern. An explanation to the increased spread of MRSA is due to poor hand hygiene and lack of knowledge amongst health professionals. A measure to prevent spread is to separate patients with MRSA by isolation in single rooms. To meet the patient’s need for support and information, it is important to gain knowledge about the patient’s experience as a carrier of MRSA. Aim: The aim was to describe the patient’s experience of living with MRSA. Method: A literature review has been conducted where nine qualitative scientific articles and one quantitative/qualitative article. The articles were found in the databases CINAHL Complete and PubMed, and were analyzed according to Fribergs method. Results: The result describes five main themes: The feeling of shame and stigma, Contact with relatives, Isolation, Contact with health professionals and Insufficient knowledge of MRSA. Discussion: The literature review’s main findings were discussed with the help of Katie Eriksson’s theory about suffering.

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa är ett växande problem, både nationellt som internationellt. I Sverige har den psykiska ohälsan ökat signifikant de senaste 20 åren. Konsekvensen av detta blir en ökad arbetsbelastning samt långa väntetider. Trots den ökade förekomsten har inte stigmatiseringen kring begreppet minskat. Stigma kan förklaras genom en avvikelse från det normala som kan förklaras genom okunskap, negativa fördomar samt diskriminering mot individer i samhället med psykisk ohälsa. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikt är att beskriva sjuksköterskors attityder till psykisk ohälsa hos vuxna samt faktorer som relaterar till dessa attityder.  Metod: Studien är en litteraturöversikt som baseras på 16 vetenskapliga artiklar. Artiklarna är av kvantitativ, kvalitativ samt mixad-metod ansats. Artiklarna inhämtades från databaserna Cinahl, PubMed samt PsycINFO. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras genom fem kategorier; Negativa fördomar och förutfattade meningar, attityder relaterat till typ av psykisk ohälsa, känsla av ansvar och empati, attityder relaterat till kunskap och erfarenhet, sociokulturella faktorer samt skillnader mellan manliga och kvinnliga sjuksköterskor.  Slutsats: Sjuksköterskans attityd gentemot psykisk ohälsa sågs vara varierande samt påverkades av olika faktorer. De negativa attityder som belystes var distanstiering, isolering samt särbehandling medan de positiva attityder som framträdde baserades på välvilja samt empati. En korrelation med ökad förståelse genom teoretisk eller erfarenhetsbaserad kunskap och positiva attityder påvisades samtidigt som en korrelation mellan etnicitet, religion och genus i relation med negativa attityder belystes. / Background: Mental illness is a growing problem, both nationally and internationally. In Sweden, mental illness has increased significantly over the past 20 years. The consequence of this will be an increased workload and long healthcare que. Despite the increased prevalence, the stigma surrounding the concept has not diminished. Stigma can be explained by a deviation from the normal which can be explained by ignorance, negative prejudice and discrimination against individuals in the society with mental illness. Aim: The purpose of the literature review is to describe nurses' attitudes to mental illness in adults as well as factors related to these attitudes. Method: The study is a literature review based on 16 scientific articles. The articles on which the result is based on were of quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. The articles were collected from the databases Cinahl, PubMed and PsycINFO. Results: The results are presented through five categories; Negative prejudices and preconceived opinions, attitudes related to the type of mental ill health, sense of responsibility and empathy, attitudes related to knowledge and experience, socio-cultural factors and differences between male and female nurses. Conclusion: The nurse's attitude towards mental illness was seen to be varied and influenced by various factors. The negative attitudes that were highlighted were distancing, isolation and special treatment, while the positive attitudes that emerged were based on goodwill and empathy. A correlation with increased understanding through theoretical or experience-based knowledge and positive attitudes was demonstrated at the same time as a correlation between ethnicity, religion and gender in relation to negative attitudes was highlighted.

Bakgrund: Stigmatisering och diskriminering av personer med HIV kan i mötetmed vården manifestera sig i minskad compliance, ett sämre mående och ettbristande förtroende för vården. HIV-positiva personer utsätts för stigma till följd avsin diagnos i mötet med vården utifrån personalens bristande kunskaper ochförlegade idéer kring personer med HIV. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa stigmatisering utifrån personerserfarenhet, diagnostiserade med HIV. Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes baserad på nio kvalitativa studier.Studierna återfanns i två databaser, Pubmed och Cinahl. Resultat: Efter analysen av artiklarna utformades 3 huvudkategorier medtillhörande 8 underkategorier. De huvudkategorier som bildades var; Att bli bemöttmed förutfattade meningar, Att känna sig diskriminerad och Att få ett negativtbemötande. Resultatet visade att HIV-positiva personer upplever bemötandetotillräckligt i kontakt med hälso-sjukvården. Konklusion: Personer med HIV upplever stigma och diskriminering i mötet medvården, detta beror främst på att vårdgivare inte har tillräckligt med kunskap om HIVoch hur det smittar. För att motverka detta anses bästa lösningen vara att fortsättautbilda vårdpersonal och tillgodose dem med korrekt information om HIV. / Background: The stigma and discrimination people with HIV have to endure in theface of care manifests itself in reduced compliance, a poorer physical and emotionalmood and a lack of trust in care. HIV-positive people are exposed to stigma as a resultof their diagnosis in health care settings based on a lack of knowledge and outdatedideas about what a person with HIV looks like. Aim: The purpose of the literature study was to examine HIV-positive people'sexperiences of treatment in healthcare globally. Methods: A literature study was conducted based on nine qualitative studies. Thestudies were found in two databases, PubMed and Cinahl. Results: After the analysis of the articles, 3 main categories were designed with 8associated subcategories. The main categories formed were; To be treated withpreconceived notions, How the individual is affected by stigma and discrimination inhealth care and To receive a negative response. The results showed that HIV-positivepeople are experiencing that the treatment is insufficient in contact with the healthcare system. Conclusion: People with HIV experience stigma and discrimination in the face ofcare, this is mainly due to the fact that caregivers do not have enough knowledgeabout HIV and how it is transmitted. To counteract this, the best solution isconsidered to continue to train healthcare professionals and provide them withaccurate information about HIV.

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of socialization and construction of the identity of individuals growing up in institutional care, specifically in children's homes. It focuses on socialization in the broadest sense and on its specifics within the institution. At the same time, it deals with the question of what it means for an individual to be a child from a children's home and also with the question of stigmatization. To obtain the data, qualitative research strategy was used. The data was retrieved through semi-structured interviews with those, who experienced growing up in a children's home and also with those, who work in the facility. In total, 8 interviews were conducted, 6 of them with informants, who live or used to live in a children's home, and 2 with employees of the children's home. Socialization and identity are then described according to the experience of the participants. Key words: socialization, identity, stigmatization, institutional care, children's home