Bakgrund: Övervikt, fetma ökar i hela världen och är en stor orsak till dödsfall och sjukdomsbörda för samhället. I samhället möts vi av hälsokampanjer som påverkar oss. Detta påverkar medvetet eller omedvetet vår syn på vad normen kring vikt är. Inom vården på sjukhusen är inte alltid utrustningen anpassad till patienter med fetma, vilket kan påverka patientens upplevelse negativt i och med att denne inte passar in. Syfte: Syftet är att belysa sjuksköterskans attityder/stigmatisering mot patienter med övervikt och fetma och hur det kan påverka omvårdnaden av patienten. Metod: Litteraturöversikt. Följande databaser har använts Pubmed, Chinahl, Psycinfo och 13 artiklar har valts ut för att besvara litteraturöversiktens syfte. Resultat:resultatet delades upp i sex kategorier. Sjuksköterskan är inte opåverkad av samhällets attityder utan kan ta de med sig vid vårdandet av patienter med övervikt och fetma. Resultatet visar att sjuksköterskan kan ha förutfattade meningar angående patienter med övervikt och fetma vilket kan påverka omvårdnaden. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde att de inte kan ge vård av samma kvalitet till patienter med övervikt och fetma som till andra patienter. Rädsla för att skada sig under arbetet med patientgruppen förekommer hos sjuksköterskan och upplever att vården av patienter med övervikt och fetma är med tidskrävande. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor har olika uppfattning om fetma i stort, samt olika upplevelser och uppfattningar om att vårda patienter med övervikt och fetma. / Background: Overweight and obesity, increases throughout the world and is a major cause of death and burden for society. In society we meet with health campaigns that affect us. This consciously or unconsciously affects our view of what the norm is about weight. In hospital care, the equipment is not always adapted to patients with obesity, which may adversely affect the patient's experience negative. Purpose: The purpose is to illuminate the nurse attitudes / stigmatization of patients with obesity and how it can affect the patient's care. Method: Literature study. Pubmed, Chinahl, Psycinfo. 13 articles have been selected to answer the purpose of the literature review. Results: The results were divided into six categories. Nurses are not unaffected by these attitudes but can take part in the care of patients with overweight and obesity. Nurses perceived that they can not provide care of the same quality to patients with overweight and obesity as to other patients. Fear of injury during the work of the patient group occurs with the nurse in the care of patients with overweight and obesity. Nurses perceived that they can not provide care of the same quality to patients with overweight and obesity as to other patients and that the care of overweight and obese patients is time consuming Conclusion: Nurses have different views on obesity as a whole, as well as different experiences and perceptions about caring for overweight and obesity patients.

Depuis plusieurs décennies, les « banlieues populaires » sont au coeur de multiples dispositifs gouvernementaux, pour combattre la marginalisation de ces territoires et échapper au diktat de la violence urbaine. S’il existe bien une Politique de la Ville, les moyens mis en oeuvre, et en particulier dans le domaine de la prévention par le sport, sont discutés et discutables. C’est à partir d’une analyse locale, d’un exemple précis, la ville de Trappes, qu’on s’est questionné sur le pouvoir de ces politiques publiques de prévention par le sport.Pour comprendre le rôle du sport au sein de notre terrain d’analyse, un travail d’archives, d’observations et d’entretiens, avec un panel de soixante-quinze acteurs, a été réalisé. Tous les acteurs qui ont, ou qui ont eu, de près ou de loin, un rôle dans la commune, ont été rencontrés, afin de retracer l’histoire de la ville. En somme, on a cherché à analyser la genèse d’une politique de prévention par le sport, ses transformations, appréhender les conflits, déterminer les stratégies des acteurs, les enjeux de pouvoir, et évaluer les effets de cette politique sur la localité. On s’est intéressé à l’ensemble de l’action sportive communale.L’objectif de ce travail n’est pas d’inventorier les bonnes pratiques, mais plutôt de mettre en avant les préconisations nécessaires à la mise en oeuvre de ces politiques de prévention par le sport, c’est-à-dire la gestion de l’urgence et des conflits, la question du territoire, de l’espace, du public, et l’importance de l’évaluation. Il faut aussi prendre en compte l’importance du contexte local, de son histoire, de ses richesses, de ses acteurs, avant de mettre en place une action politique, d’où la nécessité de s’adapter à la situation / For the last few decades, the popular suburbs are at the heart of many governmental measures implied so as to combat the marginalization of these areas and to escape from the dictum of urban violence. If a town planning policy does indeed exist, the resources implemented particularly in the domain of prevention through sports are currently under discussion and many issues have yet to be discussed. Hence stemming from a local analysis of the town of Trappes we looked into the question of how influential these prevention through sports public policies really are.So as to better understand the role of sport in relation to our field of analysis, our work was axed around archive study, observations and interviews with a panel of about 75 participants. All of the participants who have or who have had a role to play in the district were met with in order to try to retrace the history of the town. Overall our aim was to look towards analyzing the genesis of prevention through sports public policies – the changes, the fear of conflict, the strategical definitions of the participants, power issues and the evaluation of the effects of this policy on the local district. We were also very interested in the global sporting action within the community.Through-out the study our aim was never to categorize the “right way of doing things” but moreover to put forward certain recommendations regarding the implementation of these prevention through sports policies – notably aspects such as emergency management, the notion of territory, of space, of the public system and the importance of evaluation. The importance of the local context must be also taken into account – its history, resources, actors – before implementing political actions hence it was also of utmost necessity to adapt oneself to each situation

The diploma thesis deals with guardianship for people with mental illness. The tehoretical part is divided into six chapters, where the concept of mental disorder is defined within various documents. Furthermore the process of stigmatization, both from the family and the health care professionals, is also discussed here as self - esteem as a serious consequence of society's access to mental illness. The student also mentioned the process of providing psychiatric care, outlined the reform of psychatric care as a significant milestone in health care. A greta part of the theory consits od a complete description of a guardianship and self - administration. The last chapter focuses on social work with people with mental illnesss. The practical part aims to find out how the guardianship system for people with mental disorders works and how custodians loom at guardianship. The student used qualitative surveys ans semi - structured interviews. Using open encoding , several categories were identified and then responded to the main research question.

The aim of this work was to develop knowledge about and awareness of fatness stigmatization from a systemic perspective. The stigmatization of fat people was located as a social problem in a second-order reality in which human fatness is observed and responded to, in turn providing it with negative meaning. Four separate studies of processes involved in this systemic stigmatization were performed. In study I, the association between weight and psychological distress was investigated. When controlling for an age-gender variable, this association was almost erased, questioning the certainty by which a higher weight in general is approached as a medical issue. In study II, the focus was on stigma internalization where negative and positive responses combined were connected to fat individuals’ distress. We found that both responses seemed to have a larger impact on fat individuals, suggesting that the embodied stigma of being fat sensitizes them to responses in general. In study III, justifications of fatness stigmatization was explored by a content analysis of a reality TV weight-loss show. The analysis showed how explicit bullying of a fat partner could be justified by animating the thin Self as violated by the fat Other, thus downplaying the evils of the bullying act in favor of highlighting the ideological value of thinness. The implications of these studies were related and seated in a context comprising a historical aversion toward the fat body, a declared obesity epidemic, a new public health ideology, a documented failure to reverse this obesity epidemic, and a market of weight-loss stakeholders who thrive on keeping the negative meanings of being fat alive. The stigmatization of fat people was intelligible from a systemic perspective, where processes of structural ignorance, internalized self-discrimination, and applied prejudice reinforce each other to form a larger stigmatizing process. In paper IV, it was argued that viewing fatness stigmatization as oppression rather than misrecognition could hold transformative keys to social change. / There are social groups in society that are categorically connected, for example by their physical, cultural or psychological markers. For political, or moral, reasons, some of these groups seem to trigger special attention in form of forceful response processes at several societal levels. This is the case with the contemporary ‘obesity epidemic’ phenomenon; postulated by the World Health Organization as one of the most severe threats to the health of future mankind. One of the downsides with such special attention is that the fat individuals find themselves caught up in seemingly unavoidable processes of devaluation. Instead of investigating the catastrophic (well-known) psycho-social consequences of these individuals, this work focuses on connecting the devaluing processes that form a systemic stigmatization of fat individuals. From this critical perspective, it is argued that the pervasive stigmatization of fat people is not an unfortunate consequence of structural norms that passively exclude its ‘non-fits’, but an intelligible outcome of a highly active set of processes that continuously construct and re-construct a historical aversion towards fat people.

Uppsatsen behandlar transpersoners livsberättelser och hur deras utveckling påverkat dem. Syftet med studien är att skapa en ökad förståelse kring transpersoners identitetsutveckling och hur det påverkar deras livsvillkor. Uppsatsens huvudfrågeställning är: Hur beskriver transpersoner sin identitetsutveckling samt på vilket sätt påverkas informanterna av att ses som avvikande i deras livsberättelser? I genomförandet av studien valde vi att använda oss av en kvalitativ intervjumetod med sju transpersoner. Studien har en fenomenologiskt inspirerad metodsansats samt en hermeneutisk analysansats. Det teoretiska ramverket i uppsatsen var Goffmans teori om Stigmatisering, Scheffs begrepp Sociala band samt Queerteorin som samhällsbakgrund. Resultatet påvisade transpersonernas bristande livsvillkor i samhället. Det framkom att informanterna präglades av en komplex livssituation där samtliga nämnde att deras identitetsförändring haft en negativ inverkan på deras liv. Detta har skapat en psykisk ohälsa som bland annat uttryckts genom självdestruktivitet. Samhället behöver utveckla sin förståelse och kunskap inom ämnet. Vi ser att vidare forskning i ämnet är viktigt för att förbättra samhällets kunskap och synsätt i hopp om att skapa ett mer jämlikt samhälle. / The essay addresses transgender life stories and how their development affected them. The purpose of the study is to create an increased understanding of the development of identity in transgender and how it affects their life conditions. The main question of the essay is: How do the transgender tell recount their identity development and in what way are the informants affected by being seen as deviating in their life stories? A qualitative interview method with seven transgender was used in the implementation of the study. The study has a phenomenologically motivated methodology and a hermeneutic analysis approach. Goffman's theory of Stigmatization was used as the theoretical framework as well as Scheff's concept Social Bonds and Queer theory to describe the background of society. The results demonstrated the transgender's lack of life conditions within the society. It emerged that the informants were characterized by a complex life situation where all mentioned that their identity change had a negative impact on their lives. This has resulted in mental ill-health which was expressed by self-destructiveness. Society needs to develop its understanding and knowledge in this subject and we note that further research is important for improving society's knowledge and approach to transgenders in hope of creating a more equal society.

性工作者的勞動權益是一個細緻化的工程，除罪化、合法化的難處、法制政策的價值辯證尚待確立，同時須遷就社會、政治及經濟的現實。 在性工作者的認知中，無論是以商品的方式看待交易行為或認其性交易是處境中求生存的選擇，其實與大眾對於職業選擇並無差異。需要被正視的是性工作者的性服務中，其勞動條件包括：待遇、福利、風險、休假、自主權、工作環境、工會組織、資本形式與股份制度、服務規範的缺乏、服務程序的監督等。再進一步地檢視社會價值觀對性工作者的污名化及社會文化，用歧視性工作的手段進行社會控制。 本研究旨在從性工作者的主體觀點訪談中，期望真實反應性工作者的工作處遇及態樣，對於訪談發現進行分析，輔以他國制度比對相較，藉以了解現我國現行實務上不完備的缺口與參照適用的可能。最後於結論部分，針對性工作者身處惡劣勞動環境、面對的勞動情緒與失去的勞動尊嚴提出看法，並對於相關規定政策及性工作者的自主勞動、社會福利提出建議作為未來相關議題研究者之參考。 / When it comes to labor rights of workers who provide direct sexual services, it is the meticulous and painstaking process. Due to difficulties of decriminalization of sex work and of legalizing as well as the value of legal policies is yet to be set up, we often take social-political and economic environments for the practical consideration. As those worker’s understanding, the services they serve are familiar with others, that is, they work like others do as they serve whom need it. However, they do not get the same rights and protection as others, such as labor welfares, labor insurances, labor protection, and rights to union, Furthermore, they are living under the control of stigmatization and discrimination. The main focus of the study is to explore and reveal commercial sex workers' working conditions and status through the interviews . According to the analysis and induction of the data from the interviews, we have compared the differences of sex work policies between Taiwan and other countries so as to find the gap between current practices and applicable policies. In conclusion, we suggest those sex workers who work in bad working condition and suffer misunderstanding, stigmatization and discrimination, the better way to get the decent work. Also we offer some suggestions for the further related study in the future.

Bakgrund: Självskadebeteende grundar sig ofta i att en människa mår psykiskt dåligt och genom att skada sig själva vill de dämpa den ångest som detta medför. En stigmatisering i såväl samhället som inom vården finns och att möta dessa människor upplevs som skrämmande. Stigmatiseringen bidrar till att ämnet blir tabubelagt och det är svårt att söka den hjälp som behövs. Syfte: Att beskriva upplevelsen av att leva med självskadebeteende. Metod: Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys där bloggar har analyserats. Resultat: Analysen av datamaterialet har genererat i olika teman enligt följande: en ständig närvaro av ångest, att fysisk behandla sig själv för att hantera ångest, oavbruten planering av att skada sig själv, kastas mellan känslor – en ständig ambivalens, vårdare iakttar mig, men ser mig inte samt ett dömande förhållningssätt från omgivningen. Att leva med ett självskadebeteende innebar ständig ångest samt många olika tillvägagångssätt kring hur de kan skada sig själva för att hantera denna. Diskussion: Det är viktigt för sjuksköterskan att ha en god kunskap samt förståelse för hur det är att leva med ett självskadebeteende för att på bästa möjliga sätt kunna bemöta dessa människor med respekt. Slutsats: Bristande kunskap och förståelse för människor med självskadebeteende bidrar till att upplevelsen av densamma blir sämre. / Background: Self-harm is often found in the fact that a person is mentally ill and by harming themselves, they want to subdue the anxiety it causes. There is a stigmatization in both society and in healthcare and meeting these people may seem fearful. Stigmatization helps to make the subject taboo and it is difficult to seek the help that is needed. Aim: To describe the experience of living with a self-harm behavior. Method: The study has been conducted with a qualitative content analysis where blogs have been analyzed. Result: The analysis of the data has generated in various headings as follows: a constant presence of anxiety,  to physically treat oneself to deal with anxiety, uninterrupted planning to harm itself, thrown between emotions - a constant ambivalence, caregiver observes me but does not see me and a judicial way from the surroundings. Living with self-harm involves constant anxiety and many different approaches to how they can harm themselves to deal with this. Discussion: It is important for the nurse to have a good knowledge and understanding of how it is to live with self-harm in order to best approach these individuals with respect. Conclusion: Lack of knowledge and understanding for people with self-harm contributes to the poorer experience.

Bakgrund: Socialstyrelsen har dokumenterat 450 000 individer mellan 18 år och äldre med alkoholmissbruk och 55 000 individer med narkotikamissbruk. Siffrorna representerade enbart dokumenterade fall av missbruk, men utesluter de antal missbruk vilka inte dokumenterats. Alla individer har rätten att tillgodoses med likvärdig vård och ett icke stigmatiserande från vårdpersonal oavsett livssituationer, bakgrund, fysiska och psykiska aspekter. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva patientens upplevelse av stigmatisering i vården vid alkohol och,- eller substansmissbruk samt beskriva genomförandet av datainsamlingsmetoden till samtliga artiklar. Metod: Studien var en deskriptiv litteraturstudie. Resultatet har framtagits och sammanställts genom upprepad granskning av 12 vetenskapliga artiklar från tre databaser. Huvudresultat: Patienterna beskrev att upplevelsen av stigmatisering generellt uppfattades negativt och påverkade deras självkänsla, egenvärde, värdighet och hälsa. Patienterna berättade att stigmatiseringen skapade rädsla och vissa undvek kontakt med vården till följd av detta. Stigmatiseringen upplevdes nedvärderande och patienterna kände att de beskylldes för sitt tillstånd och därför inte förtjänade ett gott bemötande och god vård, medans några upplevde stigmatisering positivt och motiverande. Slutsats:  Varje individ skall bemötas med likvärdig vård anpassat efter dennes behov oavsett individens bakgrund eller livssituation. Därför borde sjukvårdspersonal utöka sin kunskap och förståelse i mötet med dessa individer genom att tillgodoses med relevant utbildning i ämnet, anskaffa förståelse i stigmatiseringens innebörd och påverkan i syfte att tillhandahålla likvärdig och icke stigmatiserande vård till alla individer. / Background : The National Board of Health has documented 450,000 individuals between 18 years and older with alcohol abuse and 55,000 individuals with drug addiction. The figures represented only documented cases of addiction, but excluded the number of addictions that have not been documented. Aim : The purpose of this literature study was to describe patient's experience of stigmatization of alcohol and, - or substance abuse in health care and describe the implementation of the data collection method from all articles. Method : The study was a descriptive literature study. The result has been developed and compiled by repeated review from 3 scientific articles found out of three databases were used in the preparation of the result. Main results : Patients described that the perception of stigmatization was generally perceived negatively and affected their self-esteem, dignity and health which resulted in fear and shame. Patients felt that they were accused of their condition and therefore did not deserve good treatment and good care, while some patients’ considered stigmatization as something positive and motivating. Conclusion : Each individual should be treated with equal care adapted to their needs. This should not be influenced regardless of the individual's background or life situation. Therefore, healthcare professionals should increase their knowledge and understanding in the encounter with these individuals, by providing adequate education in the subject, acquiring understanding of the stigma's impact on the individual in order to provide equal and non-stigmatizing care to all individuals.

Trots att HIV numera är en välkänd sjukdom och miljontals människor världen över är drabbade, är det fortfarande en av världens mest stigmatiserade sjukdomar. Stigmatiseringen leder till att sjukdomen förknippas med både fördomar och skam, vilket påverkar människorna som årligen drabbas av sjukdomen. Syftet med denna kvalitativa litteraturstudie var att belysa patienters upplevelser av att få en HIV diagnos. Litteraturstudiens resultat baserades på nio stycken vetenskapliga artiklar som resulterade i följande sex teman: Upplevelser av chock, upplevelser av ilska och skuld, upplevelser av dödsångest, upplevelser av svårigheter vid avslöjandet av diagnosen för närstående, upplevelser av acceptans samt upplevelser av diagnosen som en positiv vändpunkt. I resultatet framkom det tydligt att diagnosbeskedet väcker många starka känslor och att personerna som drabbas är i stort behov av hjälp och stöd av sjukvårdspersonal för att kunna hantera diagnosbeskedet. Därav är det av vikt att sjuksköterskor får en inblick kring upplevelserna angående ett HIV diagnosbesked samt får mer utbildning inom ämnet så att rätt information kan ges. / Although HIV is a well-known disease and millions of people worldwide are affected, it is still one of the world's most stigmatized diseases. Stigmatization causes the disease to be associated with both prejudice and shame, affecting the people who suffer from the disease annually. The purpose of this qualitative literature study was to highlight patients' experiences of getting an HIV diagnosis. The results of the literature study were based on nine scientific articles that resulted in the following six themes: Experiences of shock, experiences of anger and guilt, experiences in fear of dying, experiences of difficulty whit disclosure to friends and family, experiences of acceptance, and experiences of the diagnosis as a positive turning point. In the results, it was clear that the diagnosis raised many strong emotions and that the people who are affected are in urgent need of assistance and support from healthcare professionals to handle the diagnosis. Hence, it is important that nurses get an insight into the experiences regarding an HIV diagnosis and receive more education in the subject so that the right information can be given.

Studiens syfte har varit att skapa en djupare förståelse för mobbning och utifrån berättelser undersöka hur arbetsplatsmobbning upplevs, samt tillämpa ett sociologiskt perspektiv på fenomenet. Studien har haft en kvalitativ samt narrativ inriktning, där datamaterialet bestående av åtta tidigare publicerade livsberättelser har analyserats med hjälp av Goffmans stigmateori, samt Erikssons systemteori. Vid analysen har även datamaterialet relaterats till tidigare forskning. I våra tolkningar av berättelserna fann vi olika teman för hur mobbning upplevs. Dessa delades in i uppkomst, karaktär och konsekvenser. Vår studie förklarar mobbningens uppkomst genom att individer bryter mot rådande normer beträffande den sociala kontexten på arbetsplatser. Det normbrytande handlandet möjliggör att individen kan stigmatiseras samt bestraffas. Studien visar att utfrysning som sanktioneringsmetod var vanligt förekommande och att mobbning kan ge allvarliga konsekvenser för den som drabbas. Utsatta personer kan utveckla en negativ självbild samt uppleva skamfyllda känslor. Resultatet visar även att utsatta personer ofta hamnar i sjukskrivning, där ett återinträde till arbetsplatsen tenderar att misslyckas. / The purpose of the study has been to create a deeper understanding of bullying, and based on stories examine how workplace bullying is perceived and apply a sociological perspective on the phenomenon. The study has had a qualitative and narrative orientation, where the data material consisting of eight previously published life stories has been analyzed using Goffman's stigma theory, as well as Eriksson's system theory. In the analysis, the data material has also been related to previous research. In our interpretations of the stories, we found different themes for how bullying is experienced. These were divided into origin, character and consequences. Our study explains the origin of bullying by individuals violating current norms regarding the social context at workplaces. The norm breaking act allows the individual to be stigmatized and punished. The study shows that sanctioning by exploitation was common and bullying could have serious consequences for the victim. Exposed persons can develop a negative self-image and experience shameful feelings. The result also shows that vulnerable people often end up in a disease state and the re-entry to the workplace tends to fail.