Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROMENIQUE DA SILVA DE FREITAS.pdf: 581451 bytes, checksum: fa472168c03c6fa7ac62fde706430995 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study was conducted at the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes, Mossoró city, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, with the objective to verify the effect of irrigation levels and planting densities on the castor bean production, BRS ENERGIA . Thus, we used the experimental design in randomized blocks in a split-plot 5 x 2, with four replications. The treatments consisted of irrigation levels (0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 of ETc) in main plots and plant densities in the sub-plots formed by arrangements 1.50 m x 0.30 m x 0.30 m (D1 - 37,037 plants ha-1) and 1.50 m x 0.30 m x 0.40 m (D2 - 27,778 plants ha-1). The main plots were 18 m in length, 9 m for each of the densities. The irrigation levels were differentiated by the application time using the tubes, each of which had a strip of the water distribution system independent. The main bunches fruits income decreased with the applied levels and the secondary bunches income (in fruits and grains) followed quadratic polynomial model. How much to the total income, was gotten 3,974 kg ha-1 of fruits and 2,691 kg ha-1 of grains with irrigation based on 1,20 and 1,25 of the etc, respectively. / FREITAS, Romenique da Silva. Qualidade de grãos de feijão armazenados sob atmosfera modificada. Mossoró, UFERSA, 2009. 62 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Agronomia: Fitotecnia) Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró-RN, 2009. Professor Orientador: D. Sc. Patrício Borges Maracajá. Co- orientador: Profa. D. Sc. Lêda Rita D Antonino Faroni. Conselheiros: Prof. D. Sc. Glauber Henrique de Sousa Nunes e Profa. D. Sc. Danila Kelly Pereira Neri. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade de grãos de feijão com diferentes teores de água, armazenados em condições herméticas, ao longo do armazenamento. O experimento foi realizado no Setor de Pré-Processamento e Armazenamento de Produtos Agrícolas do Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV). Foram utilizados grãos de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) do grupo vermelho, cultivar vermelhinho, com teores de água de 12,3, 15,7 e 17,8% b.u., produzidos na safra de inverno (2008), no município de Viçosa-MG. Os grãos foram acondicionados em embalagens herméticas e armazenados em câmara climática, por 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias, à temperatura de 25 °C e umidade relativa de 70±5%. No armazenamento foram utilizadas bolsas plásticas, impermeáveis com capacidade para três quilogramas e garrafas pet transparente com capacidade para 1,5 L. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial com parcelas subdivididas e três repetições, sendo as parcelas representadas pelo fatorial condição de armazenamento (silo tipo bolsa, garrafa pet e testemunha) e teor de água do grão (12,3, 15,7 e 17,8% b.u.) e as subparcelas representadas pelos períodos de armazenamento (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias). Avaliou-se o teor de água, grau de infestação por insetos-praga, massa específica aparente, condutividade elétrica, percentual de germinação, tempo de cocção e classificação dos grãos, após cada período de armazenamento. Todas as variáveis analisadas variaram significativamente (p<0,05) entre os teores de umidade, condições (hermética/não hermética) e períodos de armazenamento. Grãos de feijão com teores de água de 12,3 e 15,7% b.u., armazenados em condições herméticas, mantiveram as características analisadas por 120 dias, exceto o tempo de cocção. Grãos de feijão com teores de água de 17,8% b.u., armazenados em condições herméticas, mantiveram as características analisadas por um período de 60 dias, exceto o tempo de cocção. A perda de qualidade, caracterizada pelo aumento no tempo de cocção, foi maior nos grãos com maior teor de água, armazenados em condições herméticas. Nos grãos com menor teor de água o tempo de cocção foi mantido por 90 dias. O armazenamento hermético é capaz de manter a qualidade de grãos de feijão com teores de água variando de 12,3 a 15,7% b.u. por 120 dias.

Global economic trends suggest that there is a need to generate sustainable renewable energy to meet growing global energy demands. Solar energy harnessed by concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) systems has a potential for strong contributions to future energy supplies. However, as a relatively new technology, there is still a need for considerable research into the relationship between the technology and the solar resource. Research into CPV systems was carried out at the University of Ottawa’s Solar Cells and Nanostructured Device Laboratory (SUNLAB), focusing on the acquisition and assessment of meteorological and local solar resource datasets as inputs to more complex system (cell) models for energy yield assessment. An algorithm aimed at estimating the spectral profile of direct normal irradiance (DNI) was created. The algorithm was designed to use easily sourced low resolution meteorological datasets, temporal band pass filter measurement and an atmospheric radiative transfer model to determine a location specific solar spectrum. Its core design involved the use of an optical depth parameterization algorithm based on a published objective regression algorithm. Initial results showed a spectral agreement that corresponds to 0.56% photo-current difference in a modeled CPV cell when compared to measured spectrum. The common procedures and datasets used for long term CPV energy yield assessment was investigated. The aim was to quantitatively de-convolute various factors, especially meteorological factors responsible for error bias in CPV energy yield evaluation. Over the time period from June 2011 to August 2012, the analysis found that neglecting spectral variations resulted in a ~2% overestimation of energy yields. It was shown that clouds have the dominant impact on CPV energy yields, at the 60% level.

L'énergie éolienne jouant un rôle de plus en plus important dans le réseau électrique, elle ne peut plus être considérée comme une source d'énergie marginale. Par conséquent, l'impact sur le réseau de l'intermittence, inhérente à ce type d'énergie devient non négligeable. L'utilisation du stockage est une des principales solutions à ce problème d'intégration. Ce travail porte sur l'optimisation du système éolien/stockage en considérant la dynamique de l'éolien, la capacité de stockage et l'interaction avec le réseau. L'objectif consiste à répondre aux exigences du réseau en limitant les fluctuations, à fournir des services-systèmes tout en mettant en avant la rentabilité économique du système. La méthode de gestion proposée s'appuie sur deux niveaux de pilotage : l'anticipation et la gestion réactive. La première phase consiste à utiliser des informations de prévisions (météorologiques, contraintes du réseau, conditions du marché électrique...) afin de définir par avance le programme de fonctionnement optimal du système de stockage. La deuxième phase étudie le fonctionnement en temps réel, où le système doit faire face aux perturbations et respecter les règles du mécanisme d'ajustement. Le problème est complexe avec de nombreuses variables de contrôle discrètes et continues. La Programmation Mixte Linéaire (PML) est utilisée pour résoudre efficacement le problème. La stratégie de fonctionnement optimale proposée sera validée sur un simulateur hors temps réel et un simulateur en temps réel. / Wind energy playing an increasingly important role in the electrical network and it will no longer be considered as a marginal. Therefore, the impact on the electrical grid of its inherent intermittency becomes non-negligible. The use of storage means is one of key points in the integration problem. In this work, the optimization of the wind/storage system is addressed by considering the dynamics of the wind power, the storage capacity and the grid constraints. The main objective is to meet the grids requirements in limiting the fluctuations, providing possible ancillary services and highlighting the economic profitability of system. The proposed method relies on a two levels control approach: anticipation and reactive management. The first one consists in using forecast information (weather, grid constraints, electrical market conditions …) to define in advance the optimal operation schedule for the storage system. In the second one, on real time operation, the system has to deal with possible disturbances and take the right adjustment control with the actual capacity. The problem is complex with numerous discrete control variables and continuous ones. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) is used to efficiently solve the problem. The proposed optimal operation strategy will be validated with on an offline simulation (simulink/Matlab) and a real time simulator.

The energy demand is steadily increasing, and the electricity sector is undergoing a severe change in this decade. The primary drivers, such as the need to decarbonize the power industry and megatrends for more distributed and renewable systems, are resulting in revolutionary changes in our lifestyle and industry. The power grid cannot be easily or quickly be upgraded, as investment decisions, construction approvals, and payback time are the main factors to consider. Therefore, new technology, energy storage, tariff reform, and new business models are rapidly changing and challenging the conventional industry. In recent times, industrial peak shaving application has sparked an increased interest in battery energy storage system (BESS).  This work investigated BESS’s potential from peak shaving and Time-of-use (TOU) applications for a Culture-house in Skellefteå. Available literature provides the knowledge of various BESS applications, tariff systems, and how battery degradation functions. The predicted electrical load demand of the culture-house for 2019 is obtained from a consultant company Incoord. The linear optimization was implemented in MATLAB using optimproblem function to perform peak shaving and time-of-use application for the Culture-hose BESS. A cost-optimal charging/discharging strategy was derived through an optimization algorithm by analyzing the culture-house electrical demand and Skellefteå Kraft billing system. The decisional variable decides when to charge/discharge the battery for minimum battery degradation and electricity purchase charges from the grid.   Techno-economic viability is analyzed from BESS investment cost, peak-power tariff, battery lifespan, and batter aging perspective. Results indicate that the current BESS price and peak-power tariff of Skellefteå Kraft are not suitable for peak shaving. Electricity bill saving is too low to consider TOU application due to high battery degradation. However, combining peak shaving &amp; TOU does generate more profit annually due to additional savings from the electricity bill. However, including TOU also leads to higher battery degradation, making it not currently a viable application. A future scenario suggests a decrease in investment cost, resulting in a shorter payback period.  The case study also analyses the potential in the second-life battery, where they are purchased at 80 % State of Health (SoH) for peak shaving application. Second-life batteries are assumed to last until 70 % or 60 % before End of Life (EOL). The benefit-cost ratio indicates that second-life batteries are an attractive investment if batteries can perform until 60% end of life, it would be an excellent investment from an economic and sustainability perspective. Future work suggests integrating more BESS applications into the model to make BESS an economically viable project.

Dans les applications de puissance, les systèmes de stockage d'énergie électrique tels que les supercondensateurs sont fortement sollicités. Compte tenu des limitations existantes lors de l'utilisation d'un seul composant, un système de stockage d'énergie électrique (module) est constitué d'une association d'éléments (cellules) permettant de s'adapter aux besoins de l'application visée. Afin d'assurer la sécurité de l'équipement et de son utilisateur, un système de gestion d'énergie, qui a pour rôle de surveiller et de contrôler continuellement les cellules, est associé au module de stockage. Le but des travaux de thèse est l'amélioration de la durée de vie des systèmes de stockage d'énergie. Cet objectif est réalisé grâce au contrôle des circuits d'équilibrage, éléments du système de gestion d'énergie, et déjà présents sur ces modules de stockage. Différentes méthodes de contrôle sont donc présentées, analysées et comparées afin d'évaluer l'état de santé des supercondensateurs surveillés. Une nouvelle approche d'équilibrage se basant sur le niveau de dégradation estimée est exposée. Elle permet d'équilibrer les vitesses de vieillissement des cellules et ainsi de prolonger la durée de vie de l'ensemble du système. Certains principes des résultats obtenus sont transposables aux batteries / Energy storage system such as supercapacitors are widely used in high power applications. However, due to single cell voltage limitation, an energy storage system (module) is often employed. It contains a chain structure of identical elements and ensures voltage adaptation to the corresponding application requirements. Energy management systems are associated to energy storage systems in order to assure user and equipment security. Their main role is to monitor and control energy storage systems elements continuously. The work presented aims to enhance the lifetime of energy storage systems. It relies on establishing balancing circuits on the terminals of the storage system elements. These control circuits are energy management system devices. Thus, various control approaches are discussed, analyzed and compared. They aim to estimate the supercapacitor's state of health. In addition, a new approach of balancing circuits is proposed. It is based on estimating the level of degradation of the elements. Thus, It allows aging speed equalization between module elements and storage system lifetime maximization. Some main results of the work could be generalized to batteries

Target of the submitted work was a proposal of a new type of shelf stackers in the range from 8 to 36 m that are working in fully automated warehouses. By using a fully automated storage system all human supervision in ordering pallets in a warehouse are canceled and everything is taken over by the control system. These stores are very efficient and save both time and money. With regard to safety requirements, regular inspections should be provided to the system. At the beginning of this work, there was done a short introduction to the particular study including the description of basic parts of the shelf stackers. Consequently, there were done relevant computations for the drag device and its drive, drives for the travel and the finite method was used to the stress analysis of the mast shelf stacker. In the last part of this thesis is done a safety concept.

The aim of this master thesis is to design a structural arrangement of lifting and tilting mechanism storage tower SSI Logimat, including the design of the drive. The introduction included a description of selected vertical storage systems of different companies and then compared them. Another section includes the design lift and tilt mechanism, calculation and design their drives and the subsequent description of their components. At the end of the master thesis is attached the drawings of the proposed mechanisms.

In diesem Beitrag wird eine Betriebsstrategie für einen hybriden Energiespeicher vorgestellt, die sich der Vorhersage zukünftiger Fahrzustände durch ein autonomes Fahrzeug bedient. Dies ermöglicht ein zusätzliches Verringern der Verluste im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Strategien, die keine Vorhersagen verwenden. Um diese Funktionen umzusetzen, wurden drei Hierarchieebenen definiert. Die oberste enthält die Energiestrategie und bestimmt den langfristigen Ladestandverlauf des Kondensators mit Hilfe der Vorhersagen. Sie gibt der Leistungsstrategie in der mittleren Ebene einen Sollladestand und eine Zielzeit vor, zu der dieser Ladestand erreicht werden soll. Die Leistungsstrategie ist als modellprädiktive Regelung ausgeführt, die den Zielladegrad in einem Toleranzband führt und die Verluste des Energiespeichersystems minimiert. Die unterste Hierarchieebene enthält die Leistungsregelung des verwendeten DC/DC-Wandlers. Diese stellt die Kondensatorleistung nach der Vorgabe durch die Leistungsstrategie ein. Mit Hilfe dieses Ansatzes und einer Vorausschau von maximal 12 s konnten die Verluste im Vergleich zu einer regelbasierten Strategie ohne Vorausschau um 12 % verringert werden. Im Vergleich zu einer global optimierten Lösung, die mittels einer Dynamischen Programmierung erreicht wurde, erzeugt sie 8 % mehr Verluste. / This paper presents an operating strategy for a hybrid energy storage system using the prediction of future driving conditions by an autonomous vehicle. This allows to reduce the losses compared to conventional strategies that do not use predictions. To implement these functions, three hierarchy levels have been defined. The top level is the energy strategy and determines the long-term state of charge of the capacitor using the predictions. It gives the power strategy, the middle level, a target charge level and a target time at which this state of charge should be reached. The power strategy determines the current power distribution using a model predictive approach and stationary loss optimization. The lowest hierarchical level is the power control of the DC/DC converter used. This adjusts the capacitor power according to the specification of the power strategy. With the help of this approach and a forecast of maximum 12 s, the losses could be reduced by12 % compared to a rule-based strategy without a forecast. In comparison to a globally optimized solution achieved by dynamic programming, the new strategy generates 8 % more losses.

Container traffic in seaports around the world in constantly increasing, with energy costs being a significant part of the total costs. The container terminal (CT) of the Port of Gävle, the largest in the east coast of Sweden, is not an exception to this. With traffic growing annually, a new terminal will be opened in the following years, adding three more ship-to-shore (STS) cranes to the two existing ones, and six electric rubber tyred gantry (eRTG) cranes. Therefore, it is highly important to strengthen energy efficiency measures, reducing the energy consumption and the costs associated with it. This is why the aim of this report is to analyse whether implementing energy storage systems in the cranes of the container terminal Port of Gävle can contribute to reduce electricity costs by recovering energy when braking lowering containers, and by shaving power peaks. After a literature review of current energy recovery and storage options, this work presents three solutions: two alternatives for the current situation with two ship-to-shore (STS) cranes, and a third solution to be implemented in the three future STS cranes to be installed, which can also be beneficial for any other crane in the terminal. According to the made calculations, the three alternatives can reduce considerable energy consumption, and they are highly profitable. However, those solutions are a preliminary study and more work needs to be done to determine the exact profitability and technical system details. This work has been done in collaboration with the Port of Gävle and Yilport, the company operating the container terminal.

Le sujet de thèse aborde la quantification du flux de puissance parcourant les différents systèmes de conversion d'énergie statiques et dynamiques pour aboutir aux éléments de stockage de nature chimique / électrostatique / mécanique lors d'un freinage hybride récupératif brusque issu d’un véhicule électrique à traction avant. Le véhicule électrique est équipé de deux ensembles intégrés moteur-roues indépendants. Le côté commande des convertisseurs et des machines électriques sera aussi traité. La problématique concernera les cas de freinage régénératif brusque imposant des contraintes électriques et mécaniques élevées aux éléments de conversion d'énergie et de stockage. L'outil de simulation adopté est le logiciel Matlab/Simulink®. Un modèle assez fin du véhicule électrique utilisé sera développé afin de pouvoir simuler le comportement du véhicule conformément à la distribution des forces de freinage délivrée par le système de répartition et de quantification des forces de freinage. Une étude de la cinématique et de la dynamique du véhicule selon les différents états de route sera aussi examiné. Cette étude sera utilisée à posteriori dans la formulation des lois de distribution des forces de freinage. Les moteurs utilisés sont de type synchrones à aimants permanents intérieurs. L'objectif est d'assurer un couple électrique de freinage élevé à hautes vitesses de conduite du véhicule. A cette fin, la commande optimale de ces moteurs sera basée sur une nouvelle méthode de génération des courants de références assumant ainsi un couple régénératif élevé et donc une amélioration de l'énergie récupérée. Le système de stockage sera mixte et comportera une batterie Li-Ion et des cellules de supercondensateurs afin de réduire les contraintes sur la batterie et prolonger ainsi sa durée de vie. La structure de puissance de ce système sera analysée ainsi que le système de commande proposé du hacheur à 3 niveaux interfaçant l'ultracapacité avec le bus DC. Une résistance de freinage commandée par un régulateur pseudo-cascade sera aussi intégrée afin de réduire, si nécessaire, les contraintes sur la batterie. L'évaluation et la répartition des forces de freinage sur les quatre roues du véhicule en fonction de l'état de la route sont des éléments clés pour la stabilité du véhicule lors du freinage. La méthode de distribution et de quantification des forces de freinage proposée devra maintenir cette stabilité, répondre aux normes internationales et tirer profit de la présence des moteur-roues à l'avant du véhicule afin de maximiser l'énergie récupérée. Les travaux ont été étendus pour inclure une étude comparative avec un système de stockage contenant un élément de stockage à énergie cinétique comme source d'énergie secondaire pour un véhicule en opération de freinage et de traction. La thèse est le point de départ d'une collaboration de recherche entre l'IFSTTAR /Satie et le département de Génie Electrique du Cnam - Liban, centre associé au Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (Paris - France). / The thesis will address the quantification of power flow going through the different energy static and dynamic conversion systems to attain the chemical / electrostatic / mechanical storage elements during a hybrid regenerative brutal braking of a front-wheel driven electric vehicle. The electric vehicle is equipped by two integrated wheel-motors independent sets. The control of the converters and electrical machines is also treated. The problematic concerns the brutal regenerative braking case imposing high electrical and mechanical constraints on energy conversion and storage elements. The simulation tool adopted is Matlab/Simulink®. A detailed model of the used electric vehicle has been developed in order to be able to simulate the vehicle behavior with respect to the braking forces distribution delivered by the repartition and quantification of braking forces system. A study of the kinematics and dynamics of the vehicle according to different road types will be also considered. This study will be used retrospectively in the formulation of the braking forces distribution laws. The motors used are interior permanent magnet synchronous type. The objective is to ensure high electrical braking torque at high driving speeds of the vehicle. To this end, the optimal control of these motors will be based on a new current references generation method assuming then a high regenerative torque and therefore an improvement in the recovered energy. The hybrid storage system includes a Li-Ion battery and supercapacitors cells to reduce stress on the battery and to extend its life. The power structure of the system will be analyzed as well as the 3-level DC/DC converter interfacing the ultracapacitor with the DC bus proposed control system. A braking resistor controlled by a pseudo- cascaded controller will also be integrated to reduce, if necessary, the constraints on the battery. The evaluation and distribution of braking forces on the four wheels depending on road conditions are key elements for the stability of the vehicle during braking. The method of distribution and quantification of braking forces proposed should maintain this stability , meet international standards and take advantage of the presence of wheel motors in the front of the vehicle to maximize the energy recovered. The work has been extended to include a comparative study with a system containing a kinetic energy storage element as a secondary energy source for a braking and traction vehicle operation. The thesis is the starting point of a research collaboration between IFSTTAR / Satie and the Electrical Engineering Department of Cnam- Liban, associated center of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers ( CNAM ), Paris, France.