O Brasil tem experimentado, nos últimos anos, o aumento no consumo de vestuário. A ascensão de um grande contingente de pessoas a um determinado patamar de consumo trouxe uma série de oportunidades para a indústria têxtil nacional. Não apenas o comércio varejista de roupas se sofisticou como também a cadeia têxtil-vestuário precisou se adaptar a uma nova realidade: um modelo de produção que tem como base a velocidade e o preço. Este trabalho, a partir de uma análise que engloba os processos produtivos e a venda de vestuário na capital paulista, busca explicar de que maneira o varejo legitima seu produto enquanto moda. Assim, elencamos três fatores essenciais para a análise de nosso objeto, a moda varejista: i) como nasceu e se desenvolveu o modelo de varejo existente até hoje. Nesta etapa abordamos a história de três magazines extremamente relevantes para história do varejo da cidade e mesmo do país Casa Alemã, Mappin e Mesbla - além de dois bairros fundamentais para a formação da indústria têxtil de São Paulo o Brás e o Bom Retiro. ii) o modo como a cadeia têxtil-vestuário paulistana adaptou seus meios de produção para acompanhar as mudanças do mercado. Aqui, analisamos dados quantitativos oriundos da RAIS além de material bibliográfico sobre o tema e, iii) como operam os atores envolvidos na fabricação e na venda da moda varejista. Para isso, abordamos dois representantes de funções centrais na produção de moda varejista, a produção e a distribuição: uma confecção, a R Confecções e um magazine, a saber, a Riachuelo. Nossa pesquisa é balizada pelo referencial teórico de Patrik Aspers, pesquisador suíço cujo foco de investigação é o mercado de moda varejista europeu. O instrumental apresentado por este autor nos permite compreender como se formam e se organizam os mercados de moda varejista. / In the last years, Brazil has experienced an increase in the clothing consumption. The entrance of a large number of people into a certain consumption level brought a series of opportunities to the domestic textile industry. Not only the retail clothing market became more sophisticated but the textile-clothing chain had to adapt to the new reality: a production model based on speed and price. This paper, from the analysis that encompasses productive processes and the garment retail sector in the city of São Paulo, tries to explain how retail legitimizes its product as fashion. Therefore, we listed three essential factors to the analysis of our subject, the retail fashion: i) how did the existing retail model come to life and develop. At this stage, we take the history of three department stores extremely important to the history of retail in the city and even in the country: Casa Alemã, Mappin, and Mesbla. We also included two neighborhoods that were the building blocks of the textile industry in São Paulo Brás and Bom Retiro. ii) how the textile-clothing chain of São Paulo has adapted its production means to keep up with the market changes. Here we analyze quantitative data from RAIS and the material about this subject found in the literature, iii) how the manufacturing and sales stakeholders operate in the retail fashion. We interviewed two representatives of production and distribution core functions in retail fashion: one apparel manufacturer - R Confecções and one department store, Riachuelo. This research follows Patrik Aspers theoretical referential, a Swiss researcher whose investigation focus is the European retail fashion market. The tools presented by this author allows us to understand how retail fashion markets are created and organized.

This thesis attempts to trace the effect of the increased size and complexity of armies and navies in the early VIth Century on the English supply services, and also to analyse selected campaigns as a test of governmental efficiency. The provision of ships, guns, gunpowder, and hand-weapons is first discussed, in relation to national self-sufficiency. Ship timber was occasionally imported, but England could, if necessary, have done without foreign supplies; the timber problem was not a pressing one at this period. Naval stores (pitch, cordage etc.) on the other hand, were almost always imported, and the Baltic had thus already acquired something of its later strategic importance. Equally important were the Netherlands. In 1509 all but the smallest artillery was obtained there. This was remedied by the beginning of large-scale bronze and cast-iron gun-manufacture in England; but England still depended on the Netherlands in 1550 for saltpetre (for gunpowder) and copper (for bronze). Werner Sombart's contention that military requirements stimulated the growth of large-scale industry is discussed; shipbuilding and cannon-founding support his argument, provided that the small-scale of industry in general at this period is borne in mind.

M.Com. / Hi-Lo price promotions are engraved in the South African fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector where price cuts and pricing specials are used to draw consumer traffic into stores. Massmart, in particular, Game stores are known for price cuts in the way they promote hence the arrival of Walmart present a dilemma for Games stores because Walmart is known for its everyday low pricing strategy (EDLP) compared to Hi-Lo price promotions which are popular in Game stores...

One of the latest trends in the market for food products is the desire amongst consumers to know the origin of the products they purchase and to feel physically or emotionally connected to the farm and the producer. However, given the many efforts by producers and retailers to mislead consumers about the origin of products, for consumers to have faith in the origin of food products, they need to have some guarantee about the true origin of products. Thus, to be able to successfully guarantee the origin of food products, traceability systems need to be in place and they need to comply with the necessary legislation. This consumer need for origin-based food is now playing out in a variety of ways as food processors and retailers are labelling their products according to the origin of the product. Quite often, regional names are used for that identification. One iconic South African example of a product with regional identity is Karoo Lamb. In July this year producers from the Karoo region launched Karoo Lamb, a certification scheme, with a chain-wide traceability system in place to guarantee the Karoo origin of sheep meat in South African retail stores. The question, though, is whether all abattoirs and meat processors in South Africa are able to deliver origin-guaranteed products. The key factor here is the traceability system they have in place. The general objective of this study is therefore to assess current traceability systems in the sheep meat industry and to establish their ability to guarantee the origin of a carcass. This traceability system should be able to protect, manage and govern the food of origin attributes of a product in the sheep meat industry. The specific objectives of the study are: i) to create a high level process map to indicate the flow of Karoo Lamb products; ii) to share information by developing a detailed description of current and potential traceability systems in the Karoo Lamb supply chain; iii) to identify critical control points for maintaining product information and to test if these systems are in line with best practices; iv) to investigate the decision-making factors impacting on the implementation of a traceability system; and v) to develop recommendations for effectively implementing a traceability system that protects, manages and governs food of origin attributes. In response to these objectives, five hypotheses were developed and tested. The five hypotheses basically aimed to identify the tipping factor in the traceability implementation decision-making process. The population of South African sheep slaughtering abattoirs was used to draw a random sample of 55 abattoirs selected to participate in the research survey by means of interview administrated, structured questionnaires. The data was then processed and analysed to include a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results obtained by the research indicate that 92 % of the abattoirs in South Africa have proper traceability systems in place that enable them to market and deliver origin-guaranteed products. The 3 (8 %) abattoirs that do not have traceability systems are in the Northern Cape and Eastern Cape. This might become problematic, since sheep from these regions are often marketed as Karoo lamb. Without proper traceability systems, this credence attribute cannot be guaranteed. According to the hypothesis test, the fact that an abattoir delivers to a retailer is the single most significant factor, compared to the other factors tested, for abattoirs to implement a traceability system. Research showed that 95 % of retail delivering abattoirs have traceability systems in place, and the other 5 % of abattoirs are those situated in remote rural areas and their retail customers have little other choice than to buy from these abattoirs. However, the study identified poor knowledge on the costs and benefits of a traceability system as a potential drawback in doing a proper cost benefit analysis and therefore proper research on the economics of traceability systems was almost impossible. At the abattoir level, traceability systems are quite easily implemented because it is much easier to trace a single carcass in an abattoir than to trace different pieces of one carcass in the processing plant. Since this study did not include detail pertaining to the downstream tiers; meat processors, packers, wholesalers and retailers, it is not possible to conclude that the entire sheep supply chain can guarantee a product’s origin in the case of Karoo Lamb. The integrity of these role players will play a vital role in their ability to guarantee the origin of a sheep meat product especially when sheep carcasses are moved outside the Karoo boundaries for processing and packaging. It is therefore clear that the downstream tiers play a vital part in the South African sheep meat industry in terms of chain-wide traceability and transparency in order to guarantee the origin of a sheep meat product such as Karoo Lamb. Further research is therefore required to evaluate the other role players in the sheep meat industry for chain-wide traceabiltiy systems, in order to test the readiness of this chain and industry to guarantee the origin of a product like Karoo Lamb. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

Bakgrund och problem: Detaljhandeln kännetecknas av dynamiska och svårförutsägbara förutsättningar, vilket medför att styrning av butikers lönsamhet samt etablering av nya butiker är två vitala aspekter för detaljhandelsföretag. XXL sport och vildmark har lyckats bli störst i Norden inom branschen, sportvaruhandeln, från det att företaget startades i Norge, 2001. Således kan det utläsas att XXL haft en snabb tillväxt genom deras aggressiva etableringsstrategi, vilken även har präglats av lönsamma varuhus. Utifrån tidigare studier och forskning belyses ett behov av vidare studier relaterat till ekonomistyrning inom detaljhandeln i kombination med etableringsbeslut. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att öka kunskapen om den löpande styrningen och etableringsbeslut inom svensk detaljhandel, genom att studera ett stort tillväxtföretag inom detaljhandeln. Metod: Baserat på denna studies förklarande forskningsfrågor och syfte valdes en enfallsstudie som forskningsstrategi. Datainsamlingen utfördes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med representativa personer inom fallföretaget. Slutsats: Detaljhandelns kortsiktiga- och finansiella fokus, har lett till ett prominent användande av nyckeltal och finansiella mått för att styra lönsamheten av butiker. Som ett vitalt komplement till detta finansiella fokus visade sig den informella styrningen vara, för att bemöta detaljhandelns dynamiska förutsättningar. Studien påvisar att frekvent diagnostiskt- och interaktivt användande av formella- samt informella styrmedlen kan leda till en tydligare implementering av strategier i kombination med effektivare kontroll och styrning inom butiker. Vidare belyses även de mest förekommande underlagen och kriterierna för etableringsbeslut, geografiska aspekter, demografiska aspekter, ekonomiska aspekter, magnetism, konkurrens och mättnad. Slutligen påvisar även studien sambandet mellan den löpande styrningen och etablering av butiker, där det finns en ömsesidig relation. / Background and problem: The retail sector is characterized by dynamic and unpredictable conditions, which means that managing profitability of stores and establishing new stores are two vital aspects for retail companies. XXL sport och vildmark has managed to be the largest in the Nordic region in the industry, sporting goods trade since its start in Norway, 2001. Thus, it can be seen that XXL had rapid growth through their aggressive establishment strategy, which has also been characterized by profitable department stores. Based on previous studies and research, there is a need for further studies related to management control in retail trade in combination with establishment decisions. Purpose: The aim of this study is to increase knowledge of management control and establishment decision-making in Swedish retail, by studying a large retail growth company. Method: Based on this study, explanatory research questions and objectives were chosen as a one-off study as a research strategy. Data collection was carried out through semistructured interviews with representative persons in the case company. Conclusion: Retail's short-term and financial focus has led to the prominent use of KPI and financial measures to control profitability of stores. As a vital complement to this financial focus, informal governance proved to be important, in order to respond to the dynamic conditions of retail trade. The study shows that frequent diagnostic and interactive use of formal- and informal controls can lead to a clearer implementation of strategies combined with more effective control within stores. Furthermore, the most prominent criterias for establishment decisions, geographical aspects, demographic aspects, economic aspects, magnetism, competition and saturation are also highlighted. Finally, the study also shows the connection between management control and the establishment of shops, where there is a two-way mutual relationship.

The Village Market is a nonprofit Healthy Corner Store that has been open since May of 2011 in the mixed-use, mixed-income New Columbia housing development in Portland, Oregon's Portsmouth neighborhood. The venture began as a "community-led" effort in partnership with Janus Youth Programs and Home Forward. The project was conceived after a private enterprise in the small grocery space designed into the development failed, leaving the neighborhood without easy access to healthy foods. This dissertation is a case study of the development process, the operation of the market, and the degree to which it addresses food justice and health equity concerns, among others, of residents. It is a case study of the Healthy Corner Store movement that uses food regime theory and political economy perspectives to critically examine the translation of Healthy Corner Store movement theory into practice, highlighting the perspectives of New Columbia residents on the endeavor. It explores the transition of the store from a community-led project to a management-led social enterprise, and the impacts of that approach on local autonomy, food justice, health equity as well as its successes and shortcomings. The store's situation in a mixed-income community meant that it had a particularly diverse set of expectations to navigate, and the changes to the store over time reflect Village Market's growing understanding of the implications of that situation but also a limited capacity to accommodate residents' differing tastes and the price sensitivity that many of them exhibit in their shopping habits.

SPAR Eastern Cape is a special organisation. It is an extraordinary place to work and have fun at. The organisation celebrated its twentieth “birthday” in 2013. Operating in a very difficult sector, this business has done extremely well in establishing itself as one of the leading businesses in the Eastern Cape. The success of this incredible business is driven by employees from all levels. With an extreme conviction in the apothegm that “none of us is as smart as all of us”, the organisation is built around high performance teams through a unique culture called: Amafela Ndawonye (referred to as Amafela hereafter). “Amafela” has been in operation at SPAR Eastern Cape since the organisation’s inauguration in 1993. Organisational cultures are dynamic. Organisational cultures shift, incrementally and constantly, in response to external and internal changes. Trying to assess an organisational culture is therefore complicated by the reality that one is trying to hit a moving target. However, a possibility exists that culture enhancement can be managed as a continuous process rather than big shifts (often in response to a crisis). A stable destination with regards to organisational culture should never be reached. The culture of an organisation should always be learning and developing. This prompted the researcher to ask the question, as an organisation responds to internal and external changes; can it lose its relevancy in the process? The primary objective of this research is to determine whether the commitment to the culture of “Amafela” and relevancy thereof at SPAR Eastern Cape is declining. The first step in achieving this objective was an in-depth theoretical study. The second step, and in order to achieve this objective, was an empirical survey conducted to canvas the opinions of (N= 149) respondents at SPAR Eastern Cape. The main findings of this research conducted at SPAR Eastern Cape can be summarised as follows: The organisational culture was assessed according to how respondents interpret the organisation’s existing organisational culture, and thus underlining areas in need of enhancement. In general the outcome of the survey exhibited that a large number of employees at SPAR Eastern Cape denoted that the culture of “Amafela” is still strong and is still relevant in the organisation. In this research, good to excellent levels of consistency for all eleven factors of “Amafela” were achieved. The items are therefore parallel in the test. Organisational leaders will influence the function of the people within the organisation. Moreover, leadership will set the present and future course of the company. This research articulates a correlation between leadership and “Amafela” factors. The eleven dimensions of the “Amafela” factors ranked according from favourable to less favourable. Customer focus emerged as the factor which most respondents agreed and strongly agreed with. It can be concluded then, that the culture of “Amafela Ndawonye” at SPAR Eastern Cape has the full support of the employees and is still relevant in the organization.

La percée des applications mobiles d’aide à l’achat est un phénomène récent. L’usage croissant du smartphone au sein du point de vente (i.e. plus de 70% des consommateurs) a conduit les distributeurs à développer ces outils pour aider les consommateurs à faire des achats plus éclairés. Cependant, à l’image des Self-services technologies (e.g. caisses automatiques), les applications d’aide à l’achat soulèvent de nombreuses questions, notamment concernant les facteurs de création de valeur pour le client. L’objectif de notre recherche consiste dès lors à mesurer la valeur d’une application mobile d’aide à l’achat, par le client, dans le contexte d’un point de vente physique. Il s’agit aussi d’en déterminer les conséquences sur la relation au point de vente. Ce travail s’appuie sur la littérature portant sur le concept de la valeur et sur les applications mobiles d’aide à l’achat. Une recherche qualitative exploratoire sous forme de focus groups permet de mettre en exergue les bénéfices et les coûts liés à l’usage des applications mobiles au sein du point de vente. Divers éléments conditionnels pouvant modérer les effets de liens de ces applications sont également identifiés : type de point de vente (alimentaire versus multimédia), type d’application (« Pull » versus « Push ») et degré de personnalisation (personnalisé versus non personnalisé). Cela nous conduit à la construction d’une échelle de mesure de la valeur d’usage d’une application et à l’élaboration d’un modèle conceptuel qui reprend l’approche hybride de la valeur. Ce modèle vise à décrire la création d’une valeur globale résultant de l’usage d’une application mobile d’aide à l’achat et à identifier l’impact de cette valeur globale sur la fidélité. Ce modèle est testé par le biais d’une méthodologie expérimentale pour laquelle des applications fictives ont été spécialement conçues. Cinq études quantitatives successives sont menées sur un échantillon global de plus 1000 étudiants. Des analyses multi-groupes permettent de mesurer les effets modérateurs des éléments conditionnels : Les résultats montrent que la valeur globale induite par l’usage de ces applications mobiles influence la fidélité envers le point de vente. Chacun des éléments conditionnels présente des effets modérateurs sur les liens du modèle. Les effets modérateurs du type d’application « Push » combinés au fort degré de personnalisation obtiennent les meilleurs résultats avec la création d’une valeur globale conséquente impactant la fidélité envers le point de vente. / The breakthrough of mobile shopping applications is a recent phenomenon. The increasing use of smartphones in retail stores (i.e. more than 70% of consumers) has led retailers to develop these tools to help consumers make smarter purchases. However, similar to Self-service technologies (e.g. automatic cash registers), mobile applications raise many issues, particularly regarding the factors that create customer value. The objective of our research is therefore to measure the value of a mobile purchasing support application for the customer in the context of a retail store. It also involves determining the consequences on the relationship with the retail store. This work is based on the literature on the concept of value and on mobile purchasing assistance applications. Qualitative exploratory research in the form of focus groups highlights the benefits and costs associated with the use of mobile applications in the retail store. Various conditional elements that can moderate the link effects of these applications are also identified: type of retail store (food versus multimedia), type of application ("Pull" versus "Push") and level of personalization (personalized versus non-personalized). This leads us to the construction of a scale for measuring the value in use of an application and to the development of a conceptual model that incorporates the hybrid approach of value. This model aims to describe the creation of global value resulting from the use of a mobile purchasing assistance application and to identify the impact of this global value on loyalty. This model is tested using an experimental methodology for which fictive applications have been specially designed. Five successive quantitative studies are conducted on a total sample of more than 1000 students. Multigroup analysis are used to measure the moderating effects of conditional elements: The results show that the global value induced by the use of these mobile applications influences loyalty to the point of sale. Each of the conditional elements has moderating effects on the model links. The moderating effects of the "Push" application type combined with the high level of personalization achieve the best results with the creation of a significant global value impacting loyalty to the point of sale.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / This article is about the problem and development of a fashion virtual assistant proposed by using a Kinect v2 camera and image processing, for fashion retail stores. It comes up mainly as a response to the inability of providing unique experiences during the shopping process through the use of diverse devices. Because of this, similar virtual assistant solutions, oriented to provide clothing recommendations, were analyzed to be able to provide software that could give a more personalized suggestion for the users based on their physical characteristics. / Revisión por pares

As sensory marketing is becoming a more widely used strategy in the world, the need to distinguish oneself is more important than ever. The general knowledge of sensory cues, their interplay and sensory overload among Swedish retail beauty companies is researched in this thesis. We set out to identify the baseline knowledge of the store personnel and the implications thereof in Sweden on the subjects formerly mentioned.       This investigative study aims to provide an insight into the workings and knowledge gap of retail store design from the perspective of store personnel with sensory- marketing, interplay and congruency in mind with focus on the senses vision, audio and scent. The knowledge of these are assumed to influence a stores’ ability to cater to and adapt to everyday and sensory-sensitive consumers. The study also aims to provide an insight into the subject of sensory overload, what causes it and the effects that might be had from the experience.    To achieve this, we formed the research questions: “How do beauty retail stores in Sweden keep sensorial interplay in mind when designing their retail setting?” and “How do beauty retail stores in Sweden take sensory overload into consideration?”. We performed qualitative interviews with Swedish retail beauty stores’ employees. A foundational knowledge was established in the form of a literature review followed by empirical findings, to be discussed in the analysis.   The conclusions drawn from our research, were that there is awareness among managers on sensory marketing. However, sensory cues are commonly broken down and compartmentalized into singular events. While we found that there are congruence considerations taken as to how the cues relate to the stores’ brand, there seemed to be little to none taken to how the cues interplay with each other. We could also conclude that sensory overload is not a consideration. However, that there are various reasons to this, one major being that Swedish retailers are careful about the implementation of sensory experiences and therefore consider themselves safe from the possibility.