El presente trabajo de investigación fue desarrollado con la finalidad de identificar y encontrar la relación que pueden tener las dimensiones de la calidad de servicio online en la intención de compra en tiendas por departamento como Ripley, Saga Falabella, en otros, en Lima Metropolitana. Se busca responder al problema de investigación planteado, donde según la teoría la calidad de servicio online influye y tiene una relación positiva con la intención de compra online, pero los peruanos seguimos comprando aún cuando se ha tenido o escuchado de una mala experiencia previa. Para poder desarrollar el presente estudio, se implementó una metodología mixta que, con el empleo de entrevistas a profundidad, focus group y encuestas, permite obtener una perspectiva más amplia y profunda del fenómeno en estudio, produciendo datos con más información y más variados. Dicha metodología implicará, además, un conjunto de procesos de recolección, un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple para conocer la relación entre las variables planteadas y la vinculación de datos cuantitativos y cualitativos en un mismo estudio. El resultado de esta investigación muestra que, efectivamente existe una relación positiva entre las variables dependientes, la fiabilidad y seguridad como dimensiones de la calidad de servicio online, y la variable independiente que es la intención de compra online. Los principales hallazgos demuestran que, si bien las dimensiones planteadas de la calidad de servicio online tienen una relación positiva en la intención de compra online, existen otras dimensiones que pueden influenciar aún más en dicha intención. Además, aún cuando la fiabilidad se presentaba como la variable más decisiva según la teoría y el estudio cualitativo, el resultado cuantitativo de las 240 encuestas efectuadas evidenció a la seguridad como la variable con mayor relación en la intención de compra online. Como recomendación para las futuras investigaciones, con respecto a los modelos de investigación y a las dimensiones o variables seleccionadas para el presente trabajo de investigación, se propone incorporar y ampliar nuevas variables como la capacidad de respuesta o cumplimiento, personalización y empatía o servicio al cliente, las cuales son dimensiones que se repiten en los nuevos modelos de medición de la calidad de servicio online. / This research work was developed in order to identify and find the relationship that the dimensions of service quality in online may have in the intention of purchasing in retails such as Ripley, Saga Falabella, and others, in Lima Metropolitana. It seeks to respond to the research problem posed, where according to theory the quality of online service influences and has a positive relation with the online purchase intention, but the Peruvians continue to buy even when they have had or heard of a previous bad experience. In order to carry out the present study, a mixed methodology was implemented that, using in-depth interviews, focus groups and surveys, allows obtaining a broader and deeper perspective of the phenomenon under study, producing data with more variety and more information. Said methodology will also involve a set of collection processes, a multiple linear regression analysis to determine the relation between the variables proposed and the linking of quantitative and qualitative data in the same study. The results of this research show that there is, indeed, a positive relation between the dependent variables, reliability and security as dimensions of the online service quality, and the independent variable that is the online purchase intention. The main findings demonstrate that, although the dimensions of online service quality have a positive relation in the online purchase intention, there are other dimensions that may influence this intention even more. Furthermore, even when reliability was presented as the most decisive variable according to the theory and the qualitative study, the quantitative result of the 240 surveys carried out showed security as the variable with the highest relation in online purchase intention of clothes and accessories in retails. As a recommendation for future research, with respect to the research models and the dimensions or variables selected for this research, it is proposed to incorporate and expand new variables such as responsiveness or compliance, personalization and empathy or customer service, which are dimensions that repeated in the new online service quality measurement models. / Tesis

E-handeln växer mer och mer för varje år och det har aldrig någonsin varit lättare att köpa produkterän vad det är idag. För fysiska butiker är det därför viktigt att använda sina konkurrensmedel,marknadsföringsstrategier och handelsmiljö på rätt sätt för att överleva på marknaden och för attöverleva konkurrensen från den växande e-handeln. De fysiska butikerna behöver fokusera på hur dekan vara konkurrenskraftiga på marknaden för att inte bli utkonkurrerade av e-handeln. Syftet medstudien är att undersöka hur lokala klädbutiker utan e-handel överlever och bemöter konkurrensen fråne-handeln.Vi har använt oss utav en kvalitativ metod för att kunna besvara vår frågeställning och vårt syfte. Vigenomförde kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra butiksägare av fyra små butiker som inte har någon ehandel,och vi analyserade sedan deras svar genom att jämföra svaren som vi fick med det valdateoretiska ramverk som vi använt oss av i studien och även med tidigare forskning inom ämnet. Vigjorde även observationer hos dessa fyra butiker.Slutsatsen som dragits av undersökningen är att mindre butiker överlever på marknaden genom att haen god service och lojala kunder. Det är dessutom inte lönt för mindre butiker att starta en e-handel dådet resulterar i mer jobb och kostnader. / The e-commerce is growing every year and the opportunities to purchase products such as clotheshave never been easier than it is today. For the physical stores it is now important to use theircompetitive tools, marketing strategies, trading environment in the right way to survive the expand ofe-commerce. Their focus needs to be on how to conquer their market as a store and to not get outconquered by the e-commerce. The purpose of this study is while the e-commerce is expanding andtaking over more market shares how does the physical stores react and what kind of competitive toolscan they use to keep the sales up and going without an online store.We used a qualitative research method to answer that question. We conducted interviews with fourowners of shops that does not have an online store, and analyzed the answers by comparing them toour chosen theoretical framework and previous studies. We also made observations at these fourstores.The conclusion drawn from the survey is that smaller stores survive in the market by having goodservice and loyal customers. Furthermore, it is not worthwhile for smaller stores to start an ecommerceas this results in more jobs and costs.

NoSQL databases are becoming increasingly more popular due to their undeniable advantages in the context of storing and processing big data, mainly horizontal scala- bility and the lack of a requirement to define a data schema upfront. In the absence of explicit schema, however, an implicit schema inherent to the stored data still exists and can be inferred. Once inferred, a schema is of great value to the stakeholders and database maintainers. Nevertheless, the problem of schema inference is non-trivial and is still the subject of ongoing research. We explore the many aspects of NoSQL schema inference and data modeling, analyze a number of existing schema inference solutions in terms of their inner workings and capabilities, point out their shortcomings, and devise (1) a novel horizontally scalable approach based on the Apache Spark platform and (2) a new NoSQL Schema metamodel capable of modeling i.a. inter-entity referential relation- ships and deeply nested JSON constructs. We then experimentally evaluate the newly designed approach along with the preexisting solutions with respect to their functional and performance capabilities. 1

In recent years there has been a remarkable distribution of the omnichannel environment, which has emerged as a significant factor in the fashion industry. Today's society is characterized by customers who possess extensive knowledge and easy access to information online, with the added convenience of constantly available e-commerce. As consumer awareness has escalated, it has become imperative for businesses to understand how customers' needs, pain points, and desires impact their customer journey in an omnichannel environment. Consequently, the aim of this research is to gain a comprehensive understanding of how Generation Z customers' needs, pain points, and desires influence their behavior throughout the customer journey within the fashion industry's omnichannel landscape. This study aims to contribute new and crucial insights to the existing body of knowledge, given the lack of recent research on this topic from the consumer perspective. To achieve these research objectives, empirical data was collected through a qualitative multi-method study comprising five focus groups and five semi-structured interviews, with a total of 25 participants. The participants consisted of individuals of Swedish origin who were born in, and belong to, Generation Z. The collected data was afterwards analyzed and discussed, which meant comparing and contrasting the results with previous research on the topic. The conclusion of this thesis reveals remarkable observations about Generation Z in Sweden, where this study has identified the most common combinations of different channels in omnichannel atmospheres. Overall, this study highlights a clear preference among female participants to use the services provided by e-commerce, while male participants show a propensity for physical, traditional commerce. In addition, this report sheds new light on the information search and evaluation process, which constitutes the initial stage of the consumer's decision-making process. Finally, needs, pain points and desires based on each step in the customer journey are identified, as well as how the problems can be resolved with initiatives from the companies.

Introduction: Since the start of the digital age back in the 70s, digital technology has become a main tool for us humans to work, communicate, and enjoy ourselves on a day-to-day basis. The major push that set this new chapter of human life was due to the first military-manufactured computers of the time. The usage and development since then have grown exponentially all across our lives, affecting everything from hospital visits in Hong Kong to a late-night shopping experience in Stockholm. This leads us to today, where businesses are taking technological advances every day to keep their customers happy and satisfied, but also setting the bar higher and higher between their competitors. Some store owners have even figured out that physical human presence is not even needed in physical stores. The benefit is that the upkeep costs drop and almost no employees are needed; this is beneficial for small store locations in sparsely populated areas. In Sweden, it has become a huge problem that small towns and villages slowly die due to high upkeep costs for store owners. With these unmanned stores, the trend could change to the possessive. However, it is also pressured by the very technology-demanding Generation Z. Setting pressure on this retail sector to keep up and find the right way to proceed with their businesses in a way that fits Generation Z’s demand long term.  Purpose: This specific study will try to explain how different enhancers and inhibitors affect consumer acceptance according to Generation Z for this store concept in Sweden. The researchers of this thesis believe that this study is needed because of the vast growth of unmanned stores and the lack of research it has, especially in Scandinavia. Methodology: In order to answer the research question, nine different hypotheses were created with different inhibitors and enhancers derived from previous research. Furthermore, a combination of online and face-to-face questionnaires was conducted, whereby 133 valid respondents were collected. The data was then analyzed with the help of a multiple regression analysis. Conclusion:  From this research, it can be concluded that for the investigated enhancers: high levels of technology readiness, usefulness, and enjoyment were all factors affecting Gen Z´s acceptance of unmanned convenience stores. Furthermore, that lack of human interaction affects Gen Z´s resistance towards unmanned convenience stores. These results can be used for future research and for companies targeting Gen Z to shop at unmanned convenience stores.

The purpose of this study was basically fivefold: 1) to examine the historical development and significance of the retail mix as a retail management concept; 2) to identify the nature and structure of the independent variables which make up a retail management mix; 3) to distinguish the nature and significance of each variable within the structure of the retail management mix; 4) to propose and develop an interrelated set of propositions in the form of a retail management mix for retail grocery establishments belonging to a retailer-cooperative in the state of Texas; and 5) to relate the retail management mix theory to dependent variables gross profit margin, net profit margin, gross profit return on inventory, and net profit return on inventory. The major thrust of this study was to propose and research a retail management mix theory for retail grocery establishments belonging to a retailer-cooperative in the state of Texas.

Personaliserad marknadsföring är betydelsefullt för e-handeln och dess framgång. “Personaliserad marknadsföring definieras som att designa och leverera skräddarsydda produkter och tjänster till enskilda kunder, personaliserad marknadsföring innebär med andra ord differentierade erbjudanden för enskilda kunder” (Chandra, Verma, Marc Lim, Kumar & Donthu 2022, s. 1534).  Denna marknadsföringsstrategi får en ökad betydelse på nätet inom detaljhandel. Det finns bristfällig forskning gällande konsumenternas uppfattning om personaliserad marknadsföring samt bristande forskning kring kulturella aspekter inom personaliserad marknadsföring. Det finns en oro bland konsumenter för hur företag behandlar personliga uppgifter samt säkerheten kring dessa. Samtidigt har hantering av personliga uppgifter blivit ett diskuterat ämne inom EU där lagen om GDPR har tillfört att denna hantering skapat en större kontroll över personliga uppgifter. Denna studie syftar till att öka förståelsen kring personaliserad marknadsföring inom EU utifrån konsumenternas uppfattning samt att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar denna uppfattning. Studien avgränsas till EU då länder inom EU regleras av lagen om GDPR. För att undersöka detta har en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi tillämpats, där semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med konsumenter i Sverige och Tyskland.  De teorier som tillämpats behandlar delning av personlig information, konsumentbeteende, integritet, köpintention vid personaliserad marknadsföring och individualism/kollektivism. Empirin har tillsammans med teorierna analyserats och visat på att det finns skillnader i hur svenska och tyska konsumenter uppfattar personaliserad marknadsföring.  Studiens slutsats fastställer en positiv uppfattning om personaliserad marknadsföring bland de svenska konsumenterna i större omfattning i jämförelse med de tyska konsumenterna. Studien påvisar att de svenska konsumenterna inte uppvisar en oro för integritet, en upplevd påträngning av personliga annonser samt en motvilja till att dela personlig information i lika stor utsträckning som de tyska konsumenterna. Studien kan urskilja att de tyska konsumenterna påverkas i större grad av lagen om GDPR och ytterligare en tysk lag som reglerar hantering av personliga uppgifter. Studien påvisar även att konsumenterna påverkas av två faktorer, personliga och sociala, vid val av livsmedelsvaror. Studien kan även konstatera att konsumenterna påvisar ett individualistiskt beteende vid val av livsmedelsvaror. / Personalized marketing is important to e-commerce and its success. “Personalized marketing is defined as designing and delivering tailor-made products and services to individual customers. In other words, personalized marketing involves differentiated offerings for individual customers” (Chandra, Verma, Marc Lim, Kumar & Donthu 2022, s. 1534).  This marketing strategy is gaining increased importance online in retail. There is inadequate research regarding consumers’ perceptions of personalized marketing. In addition, there is inadequate research regarding cultural aspects of personalized marketing. There is a concern among consumers about how companies process personal data and the security regarding this. At the same time, processing of personal data has become a discussed topic within the EU, where GDPR has contributed to a greater control over the processing of personal data. This study aims to increase the understanding of personalized marketing within the EU based on consumers’ perception and to study which factors influence this perception. The study is limited to the EU as countries within the EU are regulated by the law of GDPR. To investigate this, a qualitative research strategy has been applied, where semi-structured interviews have been conducted with consumers in Sweden and Germany.   The theories that are applied to this study deal with the sharing of personal information, consumer behavior, privacy, purchase intention in personalized marketing and individualism/collectivism. The collected data have been analyzed together with the theories and shown that there are differences in how Swedish consumers and German consumers perceive personalized marketing.  The conclusion of this study establishes a positive perspective of personalized marketing among the Swedish consumers to a greater extent in comparison with the German consumers. The study can prove that Swedish consumers do not show a concern for privacy, a perceived intrusion of personal advertisements and an aversion of sharing personal information to the same extent as the German consumers. The study can distinguish that German consumers are affected to a greater extent by the law on GDPR and another German law that regulates the handling of personal data. This study also shows that consumers are influenced by two factors, personal and social, when choosing food products. The study can also establish that consumers demonstrate an individualistic behavior when choosing food products.

This case study examines how Wal-Mart's global public relations activities have improved and are successful. Quantitative and qualitative triangulation methodology was used to create greater balance in the results. The case study illustrates Wal-Mart's success in both the use of advertising as a public relations tool, and its strong, improved media relationship building. Additionally, through the qualitative research, a list of suggested attitude and character traits was conceived. This study illuminates how the media, government and Wal-Mart are each able to control information and how each set and respond to the agenda in California. Study findings relate the use of advertising, law of least denomination, a "fair share" of product, and accessibility. Wal-Mart was unsuccessful with getting its message out through traditional media outlets, so it used advertising to enhance public relations efforts. The law of least denomination works! Wal-Mart challenges the capacity of all retailers to organize their own economic life. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

An extensive number of previous studies have examined the consumption of organic foods from a consumer perspective, and previous studies that have examined Visual Merchandising have primarily focused on the fashion industry. The purpose of this study is to investigate how three physical grocery stores work with Visual Merchandising when displaying organic foods. Furthermore, the marketing strategies Visual Merchandising and the Marketing Mix were combined through a model illustrated in Figure 1. It was considered useful to combine these two marketing strategies as they complement and reinforce each other. The two theories have common characteristics and they therefore contribute to a comprehensive strategy that was considered valuable for the development of how organic foods are displayed in grocery stores. This multiple case study adopts a qualitative design to contribute to an in-depth understanding of the subject and the collected data. The data collection took place through semi-structured interviews with representatives from three different grocery stores in Sweden, who worked as sustainability managers or supermarket managers. The interviews were supplemented with structured observations in each store, where the departments investigated were fruit and vegetables, dairy, and colonial. The results showed that the stores studied have a beneficial display of organic food on regular shelf space, but rarely display organic food on special surfaces. Conclusions that can be drawn from the study are that the stores that were investigated worked with Visual Merchandising of organic foods to a certain extent, but that the conventional products were prioritized. The results of the study provide practical implications for grocery stores by reporting and clarifying how they work with display of organic foods, as well as how they can develop their work with Visual Merchandising desirably. The study's theoretical implications contribute to the revised theories in Figure 1. There a combination of Visual Merchandising and the Marketing Mix is proposed to examine the phenomenon from a new perspective. The study is written in Swedish. / En stor och omfattande andel tidigare studier har undersökt konsumtionen av ekologiska livsmedel ur ett konsumentperspektiv, och många av de tidigare studierna som har undersökt Visual Merchandising har främst fokuserat på modeindustrin. Denna studiens syfte är att undersöka hur tre fysiska Stora Coop-butiker arbetar med Visual Merchandising vid exponering av ekologiska livsmedel. Vidare kombinerades marknadsföringsstrategierna Visual Merchandising och Marknadsmixen tillsammans genom en modell som illustreras i Figur 1. Det sågs användbart att slå ihop dessa två marknadsföringsstrategier till en kombination då de förstärker varandra. De två teorierna ansågs besitta gemensamma egenskaper och bidrar därför till en heltäckande strategi för utvecklingen av exponering av ekologiska produkter i livsmedelsbutiker. Denna flerfallsstudie erhåller en kvalitativ design för att bidra till en djupgående förståelse av ämnet och den insamlande datan. Datainsamlingen skedde genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med representanter från tre olika Coop-butiker i Sverige, de arbetade som hållbarhetsansvarig eller stormarknadschef. Intervjuerna kompletterades med strukturerade observationer i respektive butik, där avdelningarna som undersöktes var frukt och grönt, mejeri och kolonial. Resultaten visar att de undersökta butikerna har en fördelaktig exponering av ekologiska livsmedel på ordinarie hyllplats, men exponerar sällan ekologiska livsmedel på specialytor. Slutsatser som kan dras av studien är att de butikerna som undersöktes arbetade med Visual Merchandising av ekologiska livsmedel i viss omfattning, men att de konventionella produkterna prioriterades. Studiens resultat ger praktiska implikationer för livsmedelsbutikerna genom att redovisa och tydliggöra hur de arbetar med exponering av ekologiska livsmedel, samt hur de kan utveckla sitt arbete med Visual Merchandising på ett önskvärt sätt. Studiens teoretiska implikationer bidrar med de omarbetade teorierna i Figur 1. Där föreslås en kombination av Visual Merchandising och Marknadsmixen för att undersöka fenomenet ur ett nytt perspektiv.

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