Le cloud computing a eu un impact majeur sur la gestion des données, conduisant à une prolifération de nouvelles solutions évolutives de gestion des données telles que le stockage distribué de fichiers et d’objets, les bases de données NoSQL et les frameworks de traitement de données. Cela a conduit également à une grande diversification des interfaces aux SGBD et à la perte d’un paradigme de programmation commun, ce qui rend très difficile pour un utilisateur d’intégrer ses données lorsqu’elles se trouvent dans des sources de données spécialisées, par exemple, relationnelle, document et graphe.Dans cette thèse, nous abordons le problème du traitement de requêtes avec plusieurs sources de données dans le cloud, où ces sources ont des modèles, des langages et des API différents. Cette thèse a été préparée dans le cadre du projet européen CoherentPaaS et, en particulier, du système multistore CloudMdsQL. CloudMdsQL est un langage de requête fonctionnel capable d’exploiter toute la puissance des sources de données locales, en permettant simplement à certaines requêtes natives portant sur les systèmes locauxd’être appelées comme des fonctions et en même temps optimisées, par exemple, en exploitant les prédicats de sélection, en utilisant le bindjoin, en réalisant l’ordonnancement des jointures ou en réduisant les transferts de données intermédiaires.Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une extension de CloudMdsQL pour tirer pleinement parti des fonctionnalités des frameworks de traitement de données sous-jacents tels que Spark en permettant l’utilisation ad hoc des opérateurs de map/filter/reduce (MFR) définis par l’utilisateur en combinaison avec les ordres SQL traditionnels. Cela permet d’effectuer des jointures entre données relationnelles et HDFS. Notre solution permet l’optimisation en permettant la réécriture de sous-requêtes afin de réaliser des optimisations majeures comme le bindjoin ou le filtrage des données le plus tôt possible.Nous avons validé notre solution en implémentant l’extension MFR dans le moteur de requête CloudMdsQL. Sur la base de ce prototype, nous proposons une validation expérimentale du traitement des requêtes multistore dans un cluster pour évaluer l’impact sur les performances de l’optimisation. Plus précisément, nous explorons les avantages de l’utilisation du bindjoin et du filtrage de données dans des conditions différentes. Dans l’ensemble, notre évaluation des performances illustre la capacité du moteur de requête CloudMdsQL à optimiser une requête et à choisir la stratégie d’exécution la plus efficace. / Cloud computing is having a major impact on data management, with a proliferation of new, scalable data management solutions such as distributed file and object storage, NoSQL databases and big data processing frameworks. This also leads to a wide diversification of DBMS interfaces and the loss of a common programming paradigm, making it very hard for a user to integrate its data sitting in specialized data stores, e.g. relational, documents and graph data stores.In this thesis, we address the problem of query processing with multiple cloud data stores, where the data stores have different models, languages and APIs. This thesis has been prepared in the context of the CoherentPaaS European project and, in particular, the CloudMdsQL multistore system. CloudMdsQL is a functional query language able to exploit the full power of local data stores, by simply allowing some local data store native queries to be called as functions, and at the same time be optimized, e.g. by pushing down select predicates, using bind join, performing join ordering, or planning intermediate data shipping.In this thesis, we propose an extension of CloudMdsQL to take full advantage of the functionality of the underlying data processing frameworks such as Spark by allowing the ad-hoc usage of user defined map/filter/reduce (MFR) operators in combination with traditional SQL statements. This allows performing joins between relational and HDFS big data. Our solution allows for optimization by enabling subquery rewriting so that bind join can be used and filter conditions can be pushed down and applied by the data processing framework as early as possible.We validated our solution by implementing the MFR extension as part of the CloudMdsQL query engine. Based on this prototype, we provide an experimental validation of multistore query processing in a cluster to evaluate the impact on performance of optimization. More specifically, we explore the performance benefit of using bind join and select pushdown under different conditions. Overall, our performance evaluation illustrates the CloudMdsQL query engine’s ability to optimize a query and choose the most efficient execution strategy.

Submitted by Eliane Aparecida Costa (ms.elianecosta@gmail.com) on 2017-10-16T17:44:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 A_FINANCEIRIZAÇÃO_DO_VAREJO_NACIONAL_UM_ESTUDO_MULTICASOS_DO_SEGMENTO DE VESTUARIO_CALÇADOS_E_ACESSORIOS.pdf: 1517980 bytes, checksum: 82cacada84d05a56e96b1e8d9961abdf (MD5) Carta comprovante RI Eliane.pdf: 330041 bytes, checksum: bc5693151f9a6ba2fe6bd1549f723696 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2017-10-17T11:37:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 A_FINANCEIRIZAÇÃO_DO_VAREJO_NACIONAL_UM_ESTUDO_MULTICASOS_DO_SEGMENTO DE VESTUARIO_CALÇADOS_E_ACESSORIOS.pdf: 1517980 bytes, checksum: 82cacada84d05a56e96b1e8d9961abdf (MD5) Carta comprovante RI Eliane.pdf: 330041 bytes, checksum: bc5693151f9a6ba2fe6bd1549f723696 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2017-10-17T11:37:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 A_FINANCEIRIZAÇÃO_DO_VAREJO_NACIONAL_UM_ESTUDO_MULTICASOS_DO_SEGMENTO DE VESTUARIO_CALÇADOS_E_ACESSORIOS.pdf: 1517980 bytes, checksum: 82cacada84d05a56e96b1e8d9961abdf (MD5) Carta comprovante RI Eliane.pdf: 330041 bytes, checksum: bc5693151f9a6ba2fe6bd1549f723696 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-17T11:38:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 A_FINANCEIRIZAÇÃO_DO_VAREJO_NACIONAL_UM_ESTUDO_MULTICASOS_DO_SEGMENTO DE VESTUARIO_CALÇADOS_E_ACESSORIOS.pdf: 1517980 bytes, checksum: 82cacada84d05a56e96b1e8d9961abdf (MD5) Carta comprovante RI Eliane.pdf: 330041 bytes, checksum: bc5693151f9a6ba2fe6bd1549f723696 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-16 / Não recebi financiamento / This paper aims to explore the advance of the diffusion of the financial logic on the national clothing retail in the promotion of consumer credit in Brazil. In this sense, it looks to verify how this advance is configured in a new organizational arrangement that is signed by the formation of partnerships between the financial institutions and the retail companies, as well as to analyze the administrative strategy to manage this new model, in view of its Social and labor implications. We analyzed eight companies in the national retail clothing sector that have a strong expression in consumption in Brazil, from 2008 to 2016. The companies of this sampling are Marisa, Renner, Riachuelo, Pernambucanas, Cia. Hering, Arezzo & Co, Restoque Commerce and Garment Apparel and Grazziotin Group, which previously had the commercial object of trading merchandise and today deal with consolidated variables in the financial Market. In this work, it is analyzed how the mergers and acquisitions movements involving financial institutions and retail companies are shaping the domestic market, and also how organizational models are managed after the adoption of partnerships with financial institutions and which Impacts of the expansion of this model on labor relations. The results obtained point to a better understanding of the need to adapt to the process, which requires a gradual change in the current organizational structure and consequent prevention of damages related to labor issues, values added to shareholders or positions of CEOs, obliged to increase a series of variables that result in change in the segment. These factors exemplify the materialization of financialization strategies among the largest national apparel retailers, and also show how the banking process is affecting the profile of the commercial model of the national retail sector. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo explorar o avanço da difusão da lógica financeira sobre o varejo nacional de vestuário no fomento de crédito para o consumo no Brasil. Nesse sentido, busca-se verificar como esse avanço se configura em um novo arranjo organizacional que se firma pela formação de parcerias entre as instituições financeiras e as empresas de varejo, bem como analisar a estratégia administrativa para gerir esse novo modelo, tendo em vista suas implicações sociais e trabalhistas. Foram analisadas oito empresas do setor varejista nacional de vestuário que desempenham forte expressão no consumo no Brasil, ¬¬¬¬de 2008 a 2016. As empresas da amostra são as lojas Marisa, Renner, Riachuelo, Pernambucanas, Cia. Hering, Arezzo&Co, Restoque Comércio e Confecções de Roupas e Grupo Grazziotin, que antes tinha como objeto social a comercialização de mercadorias e hoje lidam com variáveis consolidadas no mercado financeiro. Neste trabalho, é analisado como os movimentos de fusões e aquisições que envolvem instituições financeiras e empresas varejistas estão modelando o mercado nacional e, ainda, como os modelos organizacionais passam a ser gerenciados após a adoção de parcerias com as instituições financeiras e quais os impactos da expansão desse modelo nas relações de trabalho. Os resultados obtidos apontam para uma melhor compreensão da necessidade de adequação ao processo, o que exige mudança gradativa na estrutura organizacional vigente e consequente prevenção dos danos relacionados a questões trabalhistas, a valores agregados aos acionistas ou às posições de CEOs, obrigados a incrementar uma série de variáveis que resultam em mudança no segmento. Esses fatores exemplificam a materialização de estratégias de financeirização junto aos maiores varejistas nacionais de vestuário, e ainda, demonstram como o processo de bancarização está afetando o perfil do modelo comercial do setor varejista nacional.

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005. / Transformation brought many changes to the South African Navy (SAN). The "old way" of provisioning, which involved spending enormous amounts of money on maintaining high stock levels and running supply processes through an overly large staff component, is over. The new Navy will have to survive with fewer funds and a reduced staff. This changed circumstance calls for a more efficient and effective provisioning process. The current provisioning process handed down from pre-transformation days is outdated and totally obsolete. The result is that Commodity Managers (CMs) do not have an adequate process for the planning, decision-making and control functions of their supply support activities. This absence of an updated, clearly defined provisioning process is causing poor end-user service delivery. This research project starts with a literature survey (Chapter 2) in which published practices are reviewed to substantiate the need for and importance of a process that includes planning, decision-making and control. This research concentrates on government and military practices and investigates processes that support operational planning and sustainability levels. It also includes the principles of logistics and articles on lessons learnt by other military organisations. The second step involves interviews with provisioning managers of similar organisations to the SAN (Chapter 3). The result of these interviews identifies new and interesting concepts that may assist in achieving a more effective provisioning system within the SAN. A statistical investigation (Chapter 4) involving provisioning data provides insight into the bottlenecks and highlights the need for a provisioning-package process-smoothing capability. Interviews with SAN members (Chapter 5) provides insight into the input interface challenges and identifies the need for a tracking system that gives a real-time indication of requirement progress. The findings of this research provides recommendations (Chapter 6) at national strategic, military strategic, operational and tactical levels regarding the planning, decision-rnaking and control functions that will lead to the establishment of a valid provisioning process for the Commodity Management subsection of the SAN. This will ensure that a standard process is followed enabling the effective provisioning of SAN end users using fewer funds and with a reduced staff.

Lagartos teiú eclodem no verão e enfrentam o desafio de crescer e armazenar substratos em um curto período de tempo, antes do início do período de jejum e depressão metabólica (≈80%) a temperaturas amenas durante o inverno (≈17 °C). No despertar, o aumento do metabolismo e a reperfusão de órgãos favoreceriam a ocorrência de estresse oxidativo. Na primeira parte do presente estudo investigou−se os ajustes que compatibilizam as demandas em teiús neonatos, especialmente na pré-hibernação, por meio da gravação do comportamento em vídeo e da análise da massa dos corpos gordurosos abdominais e do nível plasmático de corticosterona (CORT) durante o primeiro ciclo anual. No início do outono a massa corpórea dos teiús foi 27 g e o comprimento rostro−cloacal 9,3 cm e aumentaram 40% e 20%, respectivamente, ao longo do outono, enquanto que as taxas diminuíram progressivamente até atingirem o valor zero no início do inverno. Na primavera, a massa corpórea dos teiús aumentou 80% em relação ao despertar e dobrou em relação ao final do verão; o comprimento acumulou um aumento de 27% em relação ao final do verão. A massa relativa dos corpos gordurosos foi 3,7% no início do outono e diminuiu nos meses subsequentes; no despertar, este estoque acumulou uma perda de 63% da sua massa. No início do outono 74% dos teiús estavam ativos por 4,7 h e permaneceram 2 h assoalhando diariamente; ao longo do outono o número de animais ativos e o tempo em atividade diminuíram até que todos se tornaram inativos. Na primavera 83% dos teiús estavam ativos por 7 h e permaneceram 4 h assoalhando. Um padrão sazonal similar foi observado na atividade locomotora e na alimentação. No outono, a alimentação cessou antes da atividade diária e os teiús tornaram−se afágicos algumas semanas antes da entrada em hibernação. Os maiores níveis de CORT foram observados no início do outono, reduzindo progressivamente até valores 75 e 86% menores na dormência e despertar, respectivamente; na primavera os níveis de CORT foram 32% menores em comparação com o início do outono. Este padrão sugere um papel da CORT nos ajustes que promovem a ingestão de alimento e a deposição de substratos energéticos no outono. A redução da atividade geral no final do outono contribuiria para a economia energética e manutenção da massa corpórea, apesar da redução da ingestão de alimento. O curso temporal das alterações fisiológicas e comportamentais em neonatos reforça a ideia de que a dormência sazonal nos teiús é o resultado da expressão de um ritmo endógeno. Na segunda parte do estudo foi investigada a hipótese de que ocorreriam ajustes das defesas antioxidantes durante a hibernação, em antecipação ao despertar. Foram analisados marcadores de estresse oxidativo e antioxidantes em vários órgãos de teiús em diferentes fases do primeiro ciclo anual. A CS, um indicador do potencial oxidante, não variou no fígado e foi menor no rim e no pulmão na hibernação. As enzimas antioxidantes revelaram (1) um efeito abrangente de redução das taxas na hibernação e despertar; por exemplo, GR e CAT foram menores em todos órgãos analisados e a GST tendeu a diminuir no fígado e no rim, embora constante no coração e no pulmão. A G6PDH no fígado e no rim não variou. (2) No fígado, a GST, a Se−GPX e o teor de TBARS foram maiores na atividade de outono em relação à primavera e a Se−GPX permaneceu elevada na hibernação. (3) No fígado, a SOD foi maior na hibernação e despertar em relação ao outono e a Mn−SOD seguiu este padrão. Em contraste, no rim, coração e pulmão a SOD foi menor na hibernação e as taxas se recuperaram no coração e pulmão no despertar. A Mn−SOD seguiu este padrão no pulmão. A concentração e o estado redox da glutationa não variaram no fígado, rim e coração; no pulmão o teor de Eq−GSH e GSH foi menor na hibernação, com tendência à recuperação no despertar. O teor de PC no rim foi maior na hibernação e diminuiu no despertar. No fígado, as alterações no jejum se assemelham às sazonais, como sugerem a inibição da CAT e GR e aumento da Se−GPX. Os efeitos do jejum na primavera no rim diferem dos efeitos sazonais, como sugerem a redução do teor de Eq−GSH e GSH e o aumento da razão GSSG:GSH, a redução da G6PDH e o aumento de PC. No conjunto, houve um efeito predominante de redução das taxas enzimáticas na hibernação e no despertar, exceto pelas taxas aumentadas da SOD e Se−GPX no fígado e pela recuperação da SOD no coração e da GR, SOD e Mn−SOD no pulmão no despertar. As elevadas taxas das enzimas antioxidantes no teiú em comparação a outros ectotermos e a ausência de evidências de estresse oxidativo no despertar sugerem que a atividade enzimática remanescente é suficiente para prevenir danos aos tecidos face às flutuações do metabolismo / The tegu lizards hatch during the summer, when they face the challenge of growing and storing substrates during a short time before going into fasting and metabolic depression (≈80% at 17 °C) during winter. The reactivation of metabolism and of blood perfusion during arousal could favor the occurrence of oxidative stress in the tissues. The first part of his study investigated adjustments which potentially conciliate energy demands in neonatal tegus, particularly during pre-hibernation, by video recording of animal behavior and by measuring the mass of fat bodies and levels of plasma corticosterone (CORT) during the annual cycle. In the early autumn the body mass of the tegu was 27 g and the rostro−cloacal length was 9.3 cm, which increased 40% and 20%, respectively, while the rates decreased progressively until reach zero in winter. In spring activity body mass increased 80% in relation to values during arousal and duplicated in relation to late summer. The fat bodies mass relative to body mass was 3.7% in early autumn, and decreased during the subsequent months accumulating a mass loss of 63% during arousal. In early autumn, 74% of the tegus were active for 4.7 h and they basked for 2 h daily; during the autumn the number of animals and the time spent in activity decreased until they become totally inactive. In spring 83% of the tegus were active for 7 h and they basked for 4 h daily. Similar seasonal pattern was observed in the locomotory and feeding activities. In the autumn, feeding was interrupted prior to the interruption of daily activity and the tegus were aphagic a few weeks before the entry into hibernation. The CORT level was the highest in early autumn and reduced progressively to 75% and 86% during winter and arousal in early spring, respectively; later during spring the levels were 32% lower than the autumn levels. These changes suggest a role of CORT in the adjustments which promote food intake and substrate storage during the autumn. Despite a reduced food intake, the widespread decrease of daily activities in late autumn would contribute to energy saving and body mass maintenance. The time course of physiological and behavioral changes in neonates reinforces the idea of an endogenous rhythm underlying seasonal dormancy in the tegu. The second part of this study investigated the hypothesis of adjustments in antioxidant system preparatory to the moment of arousal by the analysis of markers of oxidative stress and of antioxidants in several organs of neonatal tegus, during different phases of the annual cycle and during starvation in the spring. The Vmax of CS, an indicator of the oxidative potential, did not vary in the liver and was smaller in the kidney and lung of dormant tegus. The antioxidant enzymes revealed (1) a widespread effect of lowering rates during dormancy and arousal; for instance, GR and CAT were lower in all organs examined and GST had a tendency to be lower in the liver and in the kidney tissues, although it was constant in the heart and in the lung. (2) In the liver, GST and Se-GPX, and the levels of TBARs were higher in the autumn than in the spring activity. (3) In the liver, SOD was higher during dormancy and arousal in relation to the autumn, and Mn−SOD followed this pattern. Contrastingly, SOD in the kidney, heart and lung was lower during dormancy, and rates recovered in the heart and lung during arousal before food intake. The Mn-SOD followed this pattern in the lung. The glutathione concentration and the redox balance did not change in the liver, kidney and heart; in the lung, the levels of Eq−GSH and GSH were lower and had a tendency to increase during arousal. Importantly, carbonyl proteins were increased in the kidney during dormancy and recovered during arousal. The effects of starvation during spring differed of those of fasting during winter in the kidney, as shown by the lower Eq−GSH levels and increased GSSG:GSH ratio, the lower G6PDH, and the increased carbonyl proteins. In the liver, changes during starvation followed seasonal patterns, as shown by increased Se-GPX, and decreased CAT and GR, together indicating a consistent effect exerted by interruption of food intake. The high rates of antioxidant enzymes in neonatal tegus compared with other ectotherms, and the absence of evidence of oxidative stress at arousal suggest that remaining enzyme activities are sufficient to prevent tissue damage that could be caused by the metabolic fluctuations during the annual cycle in the tegu

The purpose of the study was to investigate how brands in the mass market use flagship stores - both from a marketing perspective and a brand perspective. We wanted to study if the brand identity affects whether a brand chooses to establish flagship stores or not. Through previous research, two different models focusing on marketing strategy and brand identity, as well as empirical material obtained from semistructured interviews, we have analyzed this. The method used was qualitative and the study was done with a cross-sectional design. The study included seven respondents, all of whom are store managers from flagship stores in Gothenburg.The results clearly show what role the brand identity has for a flagship store and what common features can be identified between the flagship stores in Gothenburg. Our study answers how flagship stores are used on the mass market, the important role of a good marketing strategy and states that a flagship store is a very useful method. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur varumärken på massmarknaden använder flaggskeppsbutiker - både ur ett marknadsföringsperspektiv och ett varumärkesperspektiv. Vi ville studera om varumärkesidentiteten påverkar huruvida ett varumärke väljer att etablera flaggskeppsbutiker. Genom tidigare forskning, två olika modeller med fokus på marknadsföringsstrategi och varumärkesidentitet samt empiriskt material inhämtat från semistrukturerade intervjuer, har vi analyserat detta. Metoden som användes var kvalitativ och studien gjordes med en tvärsnittsdesign. I studien deltog sju respondenter, varav alla är butikschefer från flaggskeppsbutiker i Göteborg.Resultaten visar tydligt vilken roll varumärkesidentiteten har för en flaggskeppsbutik och vilka gemensamma drag som kan tydas mellan de flaggskeppsbutiker som finns i Göteborg. Vår studie besvarar hur flaggskeppsbutiker används på massmarknaden, hur viktigt det är med en bra marknadsföringsstrategi, samt fastställer att en flaggskeppsbutik är en väl användbar metod för detta.

From summary:The main objective of this research study was to write up a teaching case study, based on Greiner’s (1998) model of organisational development, outlining what effect the growth of Hardware Warehouse had on the leadership and culture of the organisation. The study is a teaching case study in the form of “a descriptive case focusing on presenting a description of past events and decisions” (Cappel and Schwager, 2002: 289).

SMEs play a vital role in the country. For the purpose of the study the focus was on SMEs in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality Jurisdiction. Businesses which met the SME criteria (refer to Chapter 1, Section 1.7.1), (Du Plessis, 1996: 162; Marx et al., 1998: 728) were included in this study. The study is formed around the aspects of business which contribute to the growth of the business in the long term. A specific study was conducted on the ethnic entrepreneur and the aspects that influence business growth. There are many factors which influence the growth of the business; for the purpose of this study, a specific focus was placed on: (1) knowledge with regard to business; (2) entrepreneurial culture; (3) brand management; (4) location of the business; (5) business relationships; and (6) cultural influences. These variables will determine how the growth of the business is ultimately influenced. The research can also discover from respondents what they view as important in their lives. The study then goes further to analyse whether the independent variables, as reacted to by the respondents, have a significant or non-significant effect on growth.

The world has recently witnessed the widespread of 3D printing technology. In the shadow of this development a new means of freezing time was born: 3D figurines. A 3D figurine is a mini version of oneself; a little sculpture manufactured by 3D Printers. These 3D figurines are sold for a profit by so called 3D Print Stores to consumers. For the production of such a 3D figurine one needs 3D Body Scanners. It is from the perspective of a producer of 3D Body Scanners that this master thesis was written. The objective was to establish whether or not the company should tap into that new market segment of 3D Print Stores. Furthermore a market entry strategy was to be developed. Thus a marketing research study was performed. For the analysis of the market segment primary and secondary data was scrutinized, which was gathered through expert interviews and desktop research. The primary scope of the study was limited to Germany. Overall the market segment proved to be promising, as consumers regard 3D figurines as a more sophisticated alternative to a digital photo. Competition is currently low, but the threat of new players entering the segment is high. Thus a market entry strategy was elaborated that suggests tapping into the market as fast as possible; thereby obtaining a first mover advantage and pre-empting market space. Furthermore a differentiation strategy was proposed to shield against growing competition.

El objetivo de la presente investigación es determinar la relación entre las variables producto y promoción de ventas en relación con la intención de compra en la categoría de ron y whisky en jóvenes de 20 a 26 años. De esta manera, poder identificar cuáles de ambas variables tiene mayor correlación con la intención de compra. Así también para las dimensiones de estas variables. De esta forma, se pueda comprender las razones por las que el volumen de ventas de ron es superior a la del whisky. Para el siguiente estudio, se decidió investigar antecedentes y entrevistar a dos expertos en el rubro de destilados y realizar dos focus group; Por ello, la investigación es de alcance correlacional, puesto que se busca describir y relacionar los motivos de la intención de compra en base a las variables y respectivas dimensiones puestas en estudio. A raíz de lo mencionado, se halló que las variables y dimensiones de mayor relación con la intención de compra para el público objetivo son: La promoción de ventas, el producto, descuento, precio de paquete, envase y etiqueta, seleccionado de manera respectivamente jerárquica. Por último, a partir de la investigación expuesta, se ha decidido recomendar en trabajar estrategias de marketing y comunicación en base a las dimensiones y variables anteriormente mencionadas, dado que se puede argumentar su afinidad entre la intención de compra con los jóvenes en estudio y su eficacia del caso. / The objective of the following investigation is to determine the relation between the variables product and promotion, and the motivation to purchase, in the rum and whiskey category, with young 20 and 26 year olds. The investigation will attempt to identify which of either variables mentioned has a higher correlation in regards to the motivation to purchase for the target audience. The correlation mentioned will clarify the reasons for the higher sales in rum in comparison to whiskey. For the following study, there is a detailed analysis in regards to the context and background, two expert interviews in relation to the category and two focus groups. Therefore, the investigation attempts to find correlations to understand the motives and dimensions of the variables product and promotion sales. The variables and their dimensions that have a higher relation to the motivational purchase for the primary public are mentioned in their respective hierarchy: sales promotion, the product, discounts, packet price, package and label. Lastly, after completing the research, it is recommended to investigate further in marketing strategies in relation to the dimensions and variables previously mentioned, due to the affinity between the motivation to purchase and the young people studied. / Trabajo de investigación

Les contraintes sont les artéfacts fondamentaux permettant de donner un sens aux données. Elles garantissent que les données sont conformes aux besoins des applications. L'objet de cette thèse est d'étudier deux problématiques liées à la gestion efficace des données en présence de contraintes. Nous abordons le problème de répondre efficacement à des requêtes portant sur des données, en présence de contraintes déductives. Cela mène à des données implicites dérivant de données explicites et de contraintes. Les données implicites requièrent une étape de raisonnement afin de calculer les réponses aux requêtes. Le raisonnement par reformulation des requêtes compile les contraintes dans une requête modifiée qui, évaluée à partir des données explicites uniquement, génère toutes les réponses fondées sur les données explicites et implicites. Comme les requêtes reformulées peuvent être complexes, leur évaluation est souvent difficile et coûteuse. Nous étudions l'optimisation de la technique de réponse aux requêtes par reformulation dans le cadre de l'accès aux données à travers une ontologie, où des requêtes conjonctives SPARQL sont posées sur un ensemble de faits RDF sur lesquels des contraintes RDF Schema (RDFS) sont exprimées. La thèse apporte les contributions suivantes. (i) Nous généralisons les langages de reformulation de requêtes précédemment étudiées, afin d'obtenir un espace de reformulations d'une requête posée plutôt qu'une unique reformulation. (ii) Nous présentons des algorithmes effectifs et efficaces, fondés sur un modèle de coût, permettant de sélectionner une requête reformulée ayant le plus faible coût d'évaluation. (iii) Nous montrons expérimentalement que notre technique améliore significativement la performance de la technique de réponse aux requêtes par reformulation. Au-delà de RDFS, nous nous intéressons aux langages d'ontologie pour lesquels répondre à une requête peut se réduire à l'évaluation d'une certaine formule de la Logique du Premier Ordre (obtenue à partir de la requête et de l'ontologie), sur les faits explicites uniquement. (iv) Nous généralisons la technique de reformulation optimisée pour RDF, mentionnée ci-dessus, aux formalismes pour répondre à une requête LPO-réductible. (v) Nous appliquons cette technique à la Logique de Description DL-LiteR sous-jacente au langage OWL2 QL du W3C, et montrons expérimentalement ses avantages dans ce contexte. Nous présentons également, brièvement, un travail en cours sur le problème consistant à fournir des chemins d'accès efficaces aux données dans les systèmes Big Data. Nous proposons d'utiliser un ensemble de systèmes de stockages hétérogènes afin de fournir une meilleure performance que n'importe lequel d'entre eux, utilisé individuellement. Les données stockées dans chaque système peuvent être décrites comme des vues matérialisées sur les données applicatives. Répondre à une requête revient alors à réécrire la requête à l'aide des vues disponibles, puis à décoder la réécriture produite comme un ensemble de requêtes à exécuter sur les systèmes stockant les vues, ainsi qu'une requête les combinant de façon appropriée. / Constraints are the essential artefact for giving meaning to data, ensuring that it fits real-life application needs, and that its meaning is correctly conveyed to the users. This thesis investigates two fundamental problems related to the efficient management of data in the presence of constraints. We address the problem of efficiently answering queries over data in the presence of deductive constraints, which lead to implicit data that is entailed (derived) from the explicit data and the constraints. Implicit data requires a reasoning step in order to compute complete query answers, and two main query answering techniques exist. Data saturation compiles the constraints into the database by making all implicit data explicit, while query reformulation compiles the constraints into a modified query, which, evaluated over the explicit data only, computes all the answer due to explicit and/or implicit data. So far, reformulation-based query answering has received significantly less attention than saturation. In particular, reformulated queries may be complex, thus their evaluation may be very challenging. We study optimizing reformulation-based query answering in the setting of ontology-based data access, where SPARQL conjunctive queries are answered against a set of RDF facts on which constraints hold. When RDF Schema is used to express the constraints, the thesis makes the following contributions. (i) We generalize prior query reformulation languages, leading to a space of reformulated queries we call JUCQs (joins of unions of conjunctive queries), instead of a single fixed reformulation. (ii) We present effective and efficient cost-based algorithms for selecting from this space, a reformulated query with the lowest estimated cost. (iii) We demonstrate through experiments that our technique drastically improves the performance of reformulation-based query answering while always avoiding “worst-case” performance. Moving beyond RDFS, we consider the large and useful set of ontology languages enjoying FOL reducibility of query answering: answering a query can be reduced to evaluating a certain first-order logic (FOL) formula (obtained from the query and ontology) against only the explicit facts. (iv) We generalize the above-mentioned JUCQ-based optimized reformulation technique to improve performance in any FOL-reducible setting, and (v) we instantiate this framework to the DL-LiteR Description Logic underpinning the W3C’s OWL2 QL ontology language, demonstrating significant performance advantages in this setting also. We also report on current work regarding the problem of providing efficient data access paths in Big Data stores. We consider a setting where a set of different, heterogeneous storage systems can be used side by side to provide better performance than any of them used individually. In such a setting, the data stored in each system can be described as views over the application data. Answering a query thus amounts to rewrite the query using the available views, and then to decode the rewriting into a set of queries to be executed on the systems holding the views, and a query combining them appropriately.