Over the past two decades, the open-door of the market supply in China has had a massive impact on the automotive market. This development contributes to the globalization of the automobile industry that involved the integration of the Chinese domestic market into the international markets. Among many reasons, motivation to gain access to industrialized markets and to gain access to superior technology, management resources and knowledge are the most driving factors of the Chinese automotive industry for the internationalization and going abroad strategy of China´s automotive industry. This study investigated whether different external globalization drivers and internal organization factors have differential effects on various dimensions of China´s automakers firms’ global strategy. Most of the studies written about global strategies have implemented only either of the internal or the external drivers of the internationalization of the firms. The contribution of the paper introduces a more comprehensive model on the global expansion of a firm. This paper concludes that China´s automotive industry has some competitive advantages such as low cost, while, facing a number of challenges that hinder the internationalization of Chinese automobile companies. It also shows that multiple factors play an important role in firms' internationalization global strategy plan. It is thus essential that the interaction among independent variables is considered in the determination of global expansion strategy. This paper suggests that in comparative application of China´s economy of internationalization process to most of other industries in the emerging markets, they have similar development strategies and profiles due to the similar enterprise organizational mode and industrial environment. Therefore, most of the factors discussed in this paper can also apply to many industries in other emerging markets that are seeking for internationalization by creating a competitive global expansion strategy.

Syftet var att genom en deskriptiv litteraturstudie identifiera troliga stressorer bland sjuksköterskor i deras yrkesverksamhet på sjukhus i Europeiska länder samt vilka copingstrategier de använder sig av för att hantera stressen. Vidare var syftet att undersöka vilken relevans undersökningsgruppen har i förhållande till valda artiklars syfte och frågeställningar. Ur de 14 granskade artiklarna utläste författarna tio olika grupper för stressorer vilka i storleksordning med den mest förekommande/vanligaste var ”Relationer”, därefter följer i fallande ordning; ”Kontroll”, ”Osäkerhet”, ”Arbetskrav/överbelastning”, ”Personliga förväntningar/tvetydighet”, ”Arbetsmiljö”, ”Emotionella påfrestningar”, ”Arbetsledning”, ”Tidspress” samt ”Missnöje”. Ur sex av de granskade artiklarna kunde författarna utläsa vilka copingstrategier som användes, vilka var olika typer av känslofokuserad- och problemfokuserad coping. Slutsatsen är att ”Relationer” visade sig vara den mest förekommande stressorn. Undvikande och distanserande coping visade sig inte fungera så bra, däremot visades socialt stöd och aktiv coping fungera väl. Vidare är detta ämnesområde väl känt och bevisat att det har en negativ påverkan inom sjuksköterskeyrket inte bara vad gäller sjuksköterskans hälsa och välmående utan påverkar även patienternas säkerhet och omvårdnadskvalitén i stort. / The aim was through a descriptive literature study identify possible stressors among working nurses in hospitals in European countries and which coping strategies they use to handle the stress. Further on the aim was to view the relevance of the participants in relation to the chosen articles aim and research questions. The authors identified ten groups of stressors from the 14 reviewed articles which were “Relations”, “Control”, “Insecurity”, “Working demands/overload”, “Personal expectations/ role ambiguity”, “Working environment”, “Emotional strain”, “Management”, “Time pressure” and “Dissatisfaction”. Six of the reviewed articles brought up different types of emotion- and problemfocused coping strategies. The authors concluded that “Relations” was the most common stressor. Avoiding and distancing strategies gave negative response contrary to social support and active coping which gave a positive effect. Stress is a well-known fact and proved not only to negatively affect nurses health, but also the patients safety and quality of the nursing care broadly.

In this thesis we study four groups of students in grade 8, 9 and 10 when they try to solve a classical mathematical problem: Which rectangle with given circumference has the largest area? The aim of the study was too see how the students did to solve a mathematichal problem? The survey shows that students have rather poor strategies to solve mathematical problems. The most common mistake is that students don’t put much energy to understand the problem before trying to solve it. They have no strategies. This was clearly obvious when you look at Balacheff’s theory in an article from 1988. His first, and lowest, level is called naive empiricism. Typical for that level was that the student’s efforts to solve the problem just consisted of social interaction without any direction and structure. One reason can be that the students don’t recognize mathematical laws and general concepts well enough. Another problem is that they don’t check their results. Why they don’t do this is hard to say. Earlier results indicating that one reason can be that the students don’t take tasks in school as an intellectual challenge. The just consider it like something the must do.

Denna undersökning handlar om elevers val av strategier när de löser matematiska textuppgifter i årskurs tre. I undersökningen har sammanlagt tolv elever medverkat från två landsbygdsskolor i Kalmar län. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av enkäter, intervjuer samt observationer. Enkätsvaren, intervjuerna samt observations-anteckningarna har analyserats för att finna de olika strategier som används av eleverna i årskurs tre. Bilder och huvudräkning var de två strategier som förekom i högre grad. Eleverna använde sig även av uppställningar. Det har även visat sig att elevernas erfarenheter av textuppgifter har varit begränsade. / This study is about pupils’ choice of strategies when they solve text tasks in mathematics in the third grade. In the study two classes participated with the total of twelve students from two rural schools in Kalmar County. The study was conducted using questionnaires, interviews and observations, which have been analyzed to identify the different strategies used by the students. It turned out that two strategies were more used than others, these were pictures and mental arithmetic, but used less of calculation. It has also shown that pupils’ experiences of text tasks have been limited.

Abstract   The following essay is an analysis of the translation process from English into Swedish of four articles about the oceans of the world, printed in The Economist in December 2008. This publication claims to be using a language characterised by "clarity, style and precision", wherefore these concepts provide the focus for the analysis. "Clarity" was looked at in terms of metaphors, "style" in terms of quotes and allusions present in headlines, leads and subheadings and "precision" was studied in terms of hedging.                       Metaphor is employed as a clarifying device in scientific discourse. The 36 occurring metaphors were classified as either 'dead', 'cliché', 'stock' or 'original'. Dead metaphors, 50% of all, turned out to be highly effective in scientific discourse and therefore the term 'fixed metaphors' would be preferred. The original metaphors used give evidence to the writer's literary ambitions. The translation strategy applied was in most cases literal translation.                       The publication makes frequent use of quotes, allusions and aestheticizing devices in headlines, leads and subheadings. The origins of those stylistic elements are not always transparent and had to be identified. In case of existing recognized translations those were kept; when not available, original translations were attempted. Adopting the house-style by taking balance, metre, rhyme and alliteration into consideration during the translation process was time-consuming, indicating that a fully translated edition on a weekly basis is not feasible. Literal translation was rarely possible, instead equivalence was aimed at.                       Hedging is a means for increased precision in scientific discourse. The main reason for using epistemic hedging with a proposition is face-saving, i.e. the writer avoids responsibility for the truth value of the proposition. 62% of the sentences were found to include at least one hedged instance. The instances of hedging of numerical data and quantifiers were almost equal to the number of hedges referring to the writer's personal stance. Literal translation was adequate for the translation process.   Keywords: translation strategies, scientific discourse, metaphors, stylistic devices, hedging       Abstract   The following essay is an analysis of the translation process from English into Swedish of four articles about the oceans of the world, printed in The Economist in December 2008. This publication claims to be using a language characterised by "clarity, style and precision", wherefore these concepts provide the focus for the analysis. "Clarity" was looked at in terms of metaphors, "style" in terms of quotes and allusions present in headlines, leads and subheadings and "precision" was studied in terms of hedging.                       Metaphor is employed as a clarifying device in scientific discourse. The 36 occurring metaphors were classified as either 'dead', 'cliché', 'stock' or 'original'. Dead metaphors, 50% of all, turned out to be highly effective in scientific discourse and therefore the term 'fixed metaphors' would be preferred. The original metaphors used give evidence to the writer's literary ambitions. The translation strategy applied was in most cases literal translation.                       The publication makes frequent use of quotes, allusions and aestheticizing devices in headlines, leads and subheadings. The origins of those stylistic elements are not always transparent and had to be identified. In case of existing recognized translations those were kept; when not available, original translations were attempted. Adopting the house-style by taking balance, metre, rhyme and alliteration into consideration during the translation process was time-consuming, indicating that a fully translated edition on a weekly basis is not feasible. Literal translation was rarely possible, instead equivalence was aimed at.                       Hedging is a means for increased precision in scientific discourse. The main reason for using epistemic hedging with a proposition is face-saving, i.e. the writer avoids responsibility for the truth value of the proposition. 62% of the sentences were found to include at least one hedged instance. The instances of hedging of numerical data and quantifiers were almost equal to the number of hedges referring to the writer's personal stance. Literal translation was adequate for the translation process.   Keywords: translation strategies, scientific discourse, metaphors, stylistic devices, hedging       Abstract   The following essay is an analysis of the translation process from English into Swedish of four articles about the oceans of the world, printed in The Economist in December 2008. This publication claims to be using a language characterised by "clarity, style and precision", wherefore these concepts provide the focus for the analysis. "Clarity" was looked at in terms of metaphors, "style" in terms of quotes and allusions present in headlines, leads and subheadings and "precision" was studied in terms of hedging.                       Metaphor is employed as a clarifying device in scientific discourse. The 36 occurring metaphors were classified as either 'dead', 'cliché', 'stock' or 'original'. Dead metaphors, 50% of all, turned out to be highly effective in scientific discourse and therefore the term 'fixed metaphors' would be preferred. The original metaphors used give evidence to the writer's literary ambitions. The translation strategy applied was in most cases literal translation.                       The publication makes frequent use of quotes, allusions and aestheticizing devices in headlines, leads and subheadings. The origins of those stylistic elements are not always transparent and had to be identified. In case of existing recognized translations those were kept; when not available, original translations were attempted. Adopting the house-style by taking balance, metre, rhyme and alliteration into consideration during the translation process was time-consuming, indicating that a fully translated edition on a weekly basis is not feasible. Literal translation was rarely possible, instead equivalence was aimed at.                       Hedging is a means for increased precision in scientific discourse. The main reason for using epistemic hedging with a proposition is face-saving, i.e. the writer avoids responsibility for the truth value of the proposition. 62% of the sentences were found to include at least one hedged instance. The instances of hedging of numerical data and quantifiers were almost equal to the number of hedges referring to the writer's personal stance. Literal translation was adequate for the translation process.   Keywords: translation strategies, scientific discourse, metaphors, stylistic devices, hedging       Abstract   The following essay is an analysis of the translation process from English into Swedish of four articles about the oceans of the world, printed in The Economist in December 2008. This publication claims to be using a language characterised by "clarity, style and precision", wherefore these concepts provide the focus for the analysis. "Clarity" was looked at in terms of metaphors, "style" in terms of quotes and allusions present in headlines, leads and subheadings and "precision" was studied in terms of hedging.                       Metaphor is employed as a clarifying device in scientific discourse. The 36 occurring metaphors were classified as either 'dead', 'cliché', 'stock' or 'original'. Dead metaphors, 50% of all, turned out to be highly effective in scientific discourse and therefore the term 'fixed metaphors' would be preferred. The original metaphors used give evidence to the writer's literary ambitions. The translation strategy applied was in most cases literal translation.                       The publication makes frequent use of quotes, allusions and aestheticizing devices in headlines, leads and subheadings. The origins of those stylistic elements are not always transparent and had to be identified. In case of existing recognized translations those were kept; when not available, original translations were attempted. Adopting the house-style by taking balance, metre, rhyme and alliteration into consideration during the translation process was time-consuming, indicating that a fully translated edition on a weekly basis is not feasible. Literal translation was rarely possible, instead equivalence was aimed at.                       Hedging is a means for increased precision in scientific discourse. The main reason for using epistemic hedging with a proposition is face-saving, i.e. the writer avoids responsibility for the truth value of the proposition. 62% of the sentences were found to include at least one hedged instance. The instances of hedging of numerical data and quantifiers were almost equal to the number of hedges referring to the writer's personal stance. Literal translation was adequate for the translation process.   Keywords: translation strategies, scientific discourse, metaphors, stylistic devices, hedging

I föreliggande systematiska litteraturstudie undersöktes vilka bemästringsstrategier som förekom hos kvinnor med diagnostiserad bröstcancer, samt vilken bemästringsstrategi som var den vanligaste hos dessa kvinnor. Via Högskolan Dalarnas databas Elin och Blackwell Publishing söktes fulltextartiklar som innehöll uppgifter om bröstcancerdrabbade kvinnors bemästringsstrategier under sjukdomstiden. Av 43 lästa arbeten medtogs slutligen både kvantitativa (n = 14) och kvalitativa (n = 11) artiklar i studien och dessa undergick kvalitetsgranskning utifrån särskilda granskningsmallar. Artiklarna hade god kvalitet. På basen av de 25 vetenskapliga artiklarna befanns kvinnor med diagnostiserad bröstcancer använde sig av olika bemästringsstrategier där stöd och kampanda var de vanligast förekommande. Dessa två bemästringsstrategier skiljde sig inte från varandra i användningsfrekvens. Den bemästringsstrategi som användes i minst utsträckning visade sig vara normalisering. Resultatet diskuterades i termer av Antonovskys (1991) KASAM- teori eller känsla av sammanhang. Arbetet underlättar vårdpersonalens förståelse för den bröstcancerdrabbades behov av känsla av sammanhang under sjukdomstiden. Vidare förstås den drabbades respons på cancern, så att personalen inte tvingar på patienten egna reaktioner och personliga bemästringsstrategier.

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This is an Action Research. The purpose is to understand that if there is any change within the student¡¦s reading comprehension and how the condition of using the Reading comprehension strategy is by accepting the methods of Reciprocal Teaching. This research does the survey on the class of 32 students in one elementary school in Kaohsiung City through the instructions of Reciprocal Teaching on Reading comprehension strategy within 20 weeks. Before teaching, the researcher used ¡§ Reading Comprehension Screening Test ¡¨, ¡¨ Chinese Reading Comprehension test for Elementary school students ¡¨ and ¡§ Reading Comprehension Strategy Scale for Senior Students of Elementary School ¡¨ to confirm the students¡¦ performance on reading comprehension. After teaching for 20 weeks, the researcher used two copies of tests designed by the teacher herself and ¡§Reading Comprehension Strategy Scale for Senior Students of Elementary School¡¨ to understand the students¡¦ different performances after using the reading comprehension strategy. The conclusion is as below. First, after accepting the Reciprocal Teaching instruction, the most significant influence is inferential comprehension and text base comprehension. The ability of questioning is less effective. The effect of summarization and the literal comprehension are much weaker. Second, after accepting the Reciprocal Teaching instruction, the students use the variety of prediction strategies most frequently. The second is the usage of clarification. The last is the application of the summarization and questioning strategies.

Managing environmental sustainability gradually reveals its importance along with the increasing and irreversible destructions to the ecosystem. With 27 member countries, the European Union (EU) has applied indicators and the Driving forces-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework to manage sustainable progress. Though the sustainable indicators in the DPSIR framework systematically structure environmental problems in the EU policy lifecycle, the DPSIR framework remains subject to certain criticisms. Moreover, the policymaker still needs more information to detect future environmental risks and take measures in advance. To meet the needs above, this study plans to further explore the DPSIR framework. To begin with, the DPSIR framework was used to select 28 indicators, as well as to collect corresponding data for 27 member states between 2005 and 2006.The partial-least-squares (PLS) technology will be applied to determine the cause-and-effect relationships among constructs. Next, this study refers to Tapio¡¦s decoupling concepts and then develops the idea of societal response initiative. By integrating these categories of societal response initiative and decoupling, a 3x3 joint ¡§Societal Response Initiative- Decoupling Joint Analysis Table¡¨ is formed. This table can help understand the sustainable attitudes of economy and society towards environmental problems and further decide policy priority to effect risk preventions. The study finally designs a scenario of greenhouse gas emissions to demonstrate the new DPSIR indicator system with the aggregate EU-23 data between 2006 and 2007. This study has two main contributions: First, this study provides the DPSIR framework with an empirical foundation for its explanatory ability of causal links among constructs. Secondly, this article develops jointly sustainable preventive indicators in order to systematically seek the possible causes of environmental problems derived from the development of the economy and the society. By doing so, the decision-maker can detect future environmental problems and allocate resources most timely and effectively.

With the rise of knowledge economy and global integration of patterns of development, in order to maintain a high degree of industrial competitiveness, legal and economical way to obtain the patent is the subject of the competing companies. Many colleges and universities in Taiwan and other academic and research institutions are highly value-added R&D capability, patented technology is conducive to good output, the patent also has its unique marketing strategy, so the study of academic institutions, the development of marketing strategy patent case for schools with special characteristics of the case study. The study design was a qualitative research method, through the marketing literature to understand the development trend of the patent, and so the selected patent marketing research framework to measure factors to construct and use the case study of technology licensing for academic institutions, sector depth interview senior managers , followed by interviews by the case of schools to summarize their marketing strategy patents, according to SWOT analysis and five forces analysis of the industry in which the threat environment and competition, together with a breakdown of the marketing strategies used by schools to analyze the combination of STP and Marketing 4P tools to analyze the marketing strategy of the patent cases, the direction the school, the study following recommendations are hereby summarized. 1. R & D should have a patent for the patent the patent strategy of integrated marketing: 2. Schools patent marketing agencies in the industry should increase self-positioning: 3. To enhance marketing decisions should be based on the pursuit of patent royalties to maximize the overall efficiency target: 4. Should be to cultivate a professional marketing personnel engaged in the business of the patent: 5. Patent research and development should strengthen the reverse-developed technologies to provide customized services: 6. Technology licensing authorities to strengthen the innovation and development model to improve the development effectiveness: Schools may, based on their expectations of the patent cases the nature of marketing, integration of academic and industrial research and development of energy required to expand the benefits, create a win-win situation. Also hope that the results of this study can be extended to related areas of research and planning more efficient use of its patented proprietary marketing strategy development and planning capacity, to provide a modicum of academic and industry contributions, in order to create greater effectiveness of patents.