L'objectif de cette thèse consiste à étudier le phénomène de succès du système ERP dans le contrôle de gestion à travers l'identification, l'analyse et la classification des principaux facteurs critiques de succès... / The aim of this thesis is to investigate the phenomenon of the ERP system success within management control context through identifying, analyzing and classifying the main critical success factors...

Föreliggande arbete är en etnografisk studie av barn, barndom och arbete i Sverige. Studien var förlagd till två samhällen, ett på landsbygden och ett nära en stor svensk stad. I studien undersöks hur barndom konstrueras i dagens Sverige. I studien används ett barnperspektiv och fokus är på barnens definitioner av arbete. I studien undersöks hur barnen förstår de olika aktiviteter i vilka de deltar i sitt vardagsliv, vilka aktiviteter barnen menar är arbete och varför. I studien undersöks vilka motiv barnen har för att delta i de olika formerna av arbete. Sammanlagt deltog 100 barn i klass 4-9 i studien. Materialet till studien samlades in mellan 2004-2006. Materialet samlades i under ett fältarbete där metoder som gruppintervjuer, enkäter och tidsdagböcker användes. Material samlades också in med hjälp av deltagande observation, genom att barnen tog bilder med engångskameror samt skrev essäer och ritade teckningar. Dessa metoder användes för att öka barnens möjligheter att delta och påverka forskningsprocessen samt för att lyfta fram barnens perspektiv vad gäller arbete. Studien visar att arbete är ett mångtydigt begrepp. Barnen vidgar den traditionella betydelsen av arbete och använder två olika definitioner av arbete. Den ena är en definition där arbete jämställs med formellt, betalt förvärvsarbete, ett jobb. Den andra definitionen är mer inkluderande. I denna ryms både betalt, obetalt, formellt och informellt arbete. I denna definition inkluderar barnen dessutom utbildande aktiviteter såsom skola och fritidsaktiviteter vilka innehåller element av lärande. Detta arbetsbegrepp inkluderar således även olika former av identitetsarbete. Studien illustrerar att barnen genom sina aktiviteter bidrar till konstruktionen av barndomen samt understryker den roll arbete spelar i denna konstruktion. / This is an ethnographic study of children, childhood and work in Sweden. The study was conducted in two communities, one rural and one urban, and it explores how childhood is constructed in contemporary Sweden. The study uses a child perspective and focuses on the children’s definitions of work. It investigates how children understand the different activities in which they take part in everyday life and which activities they understand as work and why. Furthermore, it investigates children’s incentives for engaging in various forms of work. In total, 100 schoolchildren in grades 4-9 participated in the study. The material used was collected during 2004-2006. During the fieldwork, material was collected through group interviews, questionnaires and time diaries, through participant observation and the use of disposable cameras and children’s essays and drawings. The methods were chosen to increase the children’s possibilities to participate and influence the research process and to highlight the children’s perspective on work. The study shows that work is a multifaceted concept. The children broaden our traditional definition of work, using two concurrent definitions. One definition equates work with formal, paid, gainful employment – a job. The other definition is more inclusive, accommodating paid, unpaid, formal and informal work. Moreover, in the latter definition, children also include educational activities such as school and spare time activities that involve an element of learning. Thus, various forms of identity work are also included in the concept of work. The study illustrates children’s contribution to the social construction of childhood and underlines the role work plays in this construction.

Background. The research on management in Swedish home care has been conductedmainly from sociological perspectives where structural conditions have been of interest (see for example Hagerman et al., 2013; Andersson, 2014; Österlind, 2013). The conditions impacting on management are described as differing ideals where the main ideals are the care perspective and the cost perspective (see for example Andersson, 2014; Österlind, 2013). The conflict between ideals create tensions between ideology and practice and different expectations (Antonsson, 2013) and may also create problems, dilemmas and paradoxes (Österlind, 2013). The rules impacting on the home care activities are bureaucratic rules stemming from the state and municipality. However, Trydegård (2000) argues that at the same time there is room for autonomy and path-dependence in the home care units. Purpose and research approach. There seems to be a lack of studies on management control in home care, and more especially no study combining a discourse, structures and theories on management control. The purpose of this thesis is to explore management control in home care in the relation between structures and managers’ interpretative repertoires in a social-constructionist perspective. The purpose is also to create a prototype model for further research. The ontological positioning and theoretical framework are building on Giddens’ structuration theory (1979, 1984) in which structures are seen as both the medium and outcome of social interaction and rules are important. The units of analysis are the managers’ accounts on management control in semi-structured interviews. The accounts are analysed in a so called case cluster analysis (McClintock et al., 1979) in the software program NVivo. The codes are building on Ouchi’s theory of management control (1979) as ‘input control’, ‘behaviour control’, ‘output control’ and ‘clan control’, and also building on Giddens’ structuration theory (1978, 1984) defined as 8 characteristics of rules, ‘normative sanctions’, ‘signification of meaning’, ‘authoritative’ or ‘allocative resources’. Findings. The findings reveal that home care is highly bureaucratic in input and output control by the use of formal rules stemming from municipality or state. In behaviour control home care has a medium-low degree of bureaucracy if exercised through ‘signification of meaning’ and medium-high when exercised through ‘authoritative resources’. In clan control home care has a low degree of bureaucracy and can either be positive or negative depending on how informal leaders in the unit impact on cooperation between care personnel and if there is trust and a good communication between manager and care personnel. Two main patterns of structuration appear: creation of structures for an efficient process flow of home care to increase efficiency, and co-creation of new rules for behaviour to increase cooperation. Managers focus on different situations of management control depending on conditions in the home care unit and own interpretations. Two interpretative repertoires are identified; the discourse on hard matters is created in relation to matters that are more rigid in structure, such as legislation and municipal goals and that are difficult to interpret differently, whereas soft matters are created in discourse around dilemmas and human or relational aspects of control.

This dissertation employs both design science and behavioral science research paradigms to investigate an emerging form of technology-enabled human collective intelligence known as information markets. This work establishes a conceptual foundation for the study of organizational information markets and the design and use processes of information markets inside organizations. This research conceptualizes markets from an information systems perspective and presents an information systems research framework for organizational information markets. This work develops a systems theory of information markets to facilitate investigation of the relationships and interactions between markets as systems and their context of use. It proposes a structuration model for design and use of IT artifacts in organizations and applies it to the study of information markets. A framework of market users is developed to guide market design to satisfy the different motivational and informational needs of market users. A design based solution is proposed to an important open question in the information markets literature; how to generate sufficient uninformed trades. This research extends structuration theory by developing the structuration model of technology-induced organization development. A well-designed information market can generate several benefits to organizations that contribute to their growth and development. Due to the importance of software in everyday life, and the high costs and percentages of failure in software projects, this dissertation proposes an information market solution to help organizations better manage the risks facing software projects. It also develops a theoretical framework for the determinants of software project risk assessment accuracy and evaluates the market‘s efficacy in improving assessment accuracy via the use of controlled laboratory experiments. The results of the experiments demonstrate the market‘s efficacy in improving assessment accuracy by increasing the currency, accuracy and completeness of reported status information about project main objectives such as cost, schedule, performance and functionality. The results also demonstrate the market‘s efficacy in increasing individual willingness to report negative status information by decreasing their perception of information asymmetry between them and management/clients, and by increasing their perception of both the anonymity of the reporting mechanism and their perceived self-interest in reporting negative status information.

Föreliggande arbete är en etnografisk studie av barn, barndom och arbete i Sverige. Studien var förlagd till två samhällen, ett på landsbygden och ett nära en stor svensk stad. I studien undersöks hur barndom konstrueras i dagens Sverige. I studien används ett barnperspektiv och fokus är på barnens definitioner av arbete. I studien undersöks hur barnen förstår de olika aktiviteter i vilka de deltar i sitt vardagsliv, vilka aktiviteter barnen menar är arbete och varför. I studien undersöks vilka motiv barnen har för att delta i de olika formerna av arbete. Sammanlagt deltog 100 barn i klass 4-9 i studien. Materialet till studien samlades in mellan 2004-2006. Materialet samlades i under ett fältarbete där metoder som gruppintervjuer, enkäter och tidsdagböcker användes. Material samlades också in med hjälp av deltagande observation, genom att barnen tog bilder med engångskameror samt skrev essäer och ritade teckningar. Dessa metoder användes för att öka barnens möjligheter att delta och påverka forskningsprocessen samt för att lyfta fram barnens perspektiv vad gäller arbete. Studien visar att arbete är ett mångtydigt begrepp. Barnen vidgar den traditionella betydelsen av arbete och använder två olika definitioner av arbete. Den ena är en definition där arbete jämställs med formellt, betalt förvärvsarbete, ett jobb. Den andra definitionen är mer inkluderande. I denna ryms både betalt, obetalt, formellt och informellt arbete. I denna definition inkluderar barnen dessutom utbildande aktiviteter såsom skola och fritidsaktiviteter vilka innehåller element av lärande. Detta arbetsbegrepp inkluderar således även olika former av identitetsarbete. Studien illustrerar att barnen genom sina aktiviteter bidrar till konstruktionen av barndomen samt understryker den roll arbete spelar i denna konstruktion. / This is an ethnographic study of children, childhood and work in Sweden. The study was conducted in two communities, one rural and one urban, and it explores how childhood is constructed in contemporary Sweden. The study uses a child perspective and focuses on the children’s definitions of work. It investigates how children understand the different activities in which they take part in everyday life and which activities they understand as work and why. Furthermore, it investigates children’s incentives for engaging in various forms of work. In total, 100 schoolchildren in grades 4-9 participated in the study. The material used was collected during 2004-2006. During the fieldwork, material was collected through group interviews, questionnaires and time diaries, through participant observation and the use of disposable cameras and children’s essays and drawings. The methods were chosen to increase the children’s possibilities to participate and influence the research process and to highlight the children’s perspective on work. The study shows that work is a multifaceted concept. The children broaden our traditional definition of work, using two concurrent definitions. One definition equates work with formal, paid, gainful employment – a job. The other definition is more inclusive, accommodating paid, unpaid, formal and informal work. Moreover, in the latter definition, children also include educational activities such as school and spare time activities that involve an element of learning. Thus, various forms of identity work are also included in the concept of work. The study illustrates children’s contribution to the social construction of childhood and underlines the role work plays in this construction.

Recent economic turbulence in the United States has resulted in budget cuts for many city-funded organizations, including high-risk organizations such as local fire departments. Budget cuts trigger organizational change and create uncertainty among employees, which is a major concern for high-risk organizations. This dissertation examined internal communication practices used during organizational change in an urban fire department and the influence of organizational structure and culture on communication satisfaction. This robust case study used a multi-method approach including interviews with middle managers (i.e., district majors), and focus groups and channel preference surveys with full-time firefighters from lower level ranks (i.e., firefighters, lieutenants, and captains). Together, the data points provided a robust understanding of how organizational structure and culture influences communication satisfaction during change in a high-risk organization. As this dissertation was most concerned with information dissemination throughout the fire department during times of change, structuration theory provided direction for how to best explain the structure, dissemination, and preference of communication and Schein’s Model of Organization Culture helped to explain organizational culture differences. The framework of communication satisfaction then offered a basis for further understanding of message dissemination and communication processes. Findings suggest the chain of command, use of internal media, rumors, and filtering of information were active influencers on communication satisfaction. Further, findings suggest that a misalignment in the organizational structure and culture resulted in the dissemination of misaligned messages. These misaligned messages frustrated organizational members and therefore influenced levels of communication satisfaction. When organizational members receive contradictory information, they are less likely to be satisfied with overall communication. Therefore, misaligned messages fostered by the communication climate are a structural and cultural barrier to communication satisfaction and can alter trust of leadership and increase the risk for organizational members. These findings are critical to high-risk organizations because misaligned messages increase risk for organizational employees as well as community members.

Organizations make large investments in Information Systems (IS) expecting positive impacts to the organisation and its functions. Yet, there exists much controversy surrounding the 'potential' impacts of these systems, with some studies reporting broadly positive impacts of IS across organizations (Barua, Kriebel and Mukhopadhyay 1995; Barua and Lee 1997; Brynjolfsson and Hitt 1996; Lehr and Lichtenberg 1999; Mukherjee, Ray and Miller 2001), while others have shown nil or detrimental impacts (Attewell and Rule 1984; Brynjolfsson and Yang 1996; Cameron and Quinn 1988; Wilson 1993). Various authors have suggested that these conflicting results may be due to poor measurement - E.g. incomplete or inappropriate measures of success (DeLone and McLean 1992; Gable 1996; Melone 1990), lack of theoretical grounding and hence agreement on appropriate measures of success (Bonner 1995; Myers, Kappelman and Prybutok 1998), myopic focus on financial performance indicators (Ballantine, Bonner, Levy, Martin, Munro and Powell 1996; Kaplan and Norton 1996), weaknesses in survey instruments employed (Gable, Sedera and Chan 2003) (e.g., constructs lacking in validity), or (5) inappropriate data collection approach (Seddon, Staples, Patnayakuni and Bowtell 1999; Sedera and Gable 2004) (e.g., asking the wrong people, unrepresentative sample). Enterprise Systems (ES) have over the past decade emerged to be one of the most important developments in the corporate use of information technology. Anecdotal evidence reveals discontent with these large application software packages. Yet Enterprise System investments are seldom systematically evaluated post-implementation; the review process and measures typically being idiosyncratic and lacking credibility. Impacts resulting from 'Enterprise Systems' are particularly difficult to measure, with an Enterprise System entailing many users ranging from top executives to data entry operators; many applications that span the organization; and a diversity of capabilities and functionality. Despite the substantial investments made by organizations and the anecdotal evidence of discontent, systematic attempts to measure their success have been few. The primary objective of this research is to develop and test a standardized instrument for measuring ES-Success. Other related objectives of this research include: (1) to identify the dimensions and measures of ES-Success, (2) to validate a maximally generalizable measurement model and survey instrument for gauging ES-Success; (3) to develop an understanding of the state of Enterprise Systems using descriptive/comparative statistics, and (4) to identify and test an antecedent of ES-Success. With the above objectives, and in attention to the weaknesses identified in past IS-success research, this study follows and extends the 'research cycle' guidelines of Mackenzie and House (1979) and McGrath (1979). The research cycle entails two main phases: (1) an exploratory phase to develop the hypothesized measurement model, and (2) a confirmatory phase, to test the hypothesized measurement model against new data. The two surveys (termed as identification-survey and specification-survey) conducted in the exploratory phase of this research go beyond the activities recommended by Mackenzie and House (1979) and McGrath (1979). A third "confirmation-survey" was completed in the confirmatory phase of the research cycle. The three surveys gathered and analyzed data from six hundred (600) respondents. The purpose of the identification-survey was to discover the salient ES-Success dimensions and measures to include in an a-priori ES-Success model. Data from 137 respondents representing 27 Australian State Government Agencies that had implemented SAP R/3 in the late 1990s were analyzed. The analysis of identification-survey data yielded an a-priori model with 41 measures of 5 dimensions of ES-Success that provide a holistic view across the organization from strategic to operational levels. The specification-survey was employed to validate the a-priori ES-Success measurement model derived in the preceding identification-survey. Employing 310 responses from the same 27 public sector organizations, exploratory data analysis validated 27 measures of success pertaining to the 4 dimensions: information quality, system quality, individual impact and organizational impact. Data for testing the influence of an antecedent of ES-Success was simultaneously gathered during the specification-survey. This analysis, based on the Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST), investigated the influence of Knowledge Management Structures Adequacy (KMSA) on ES-Success. Preliminary results indicate a strong relationship between the Knowledge Management Structures Adequacy and ES-Success. The purpose of the confirmation-survey was to further validate the dimensions and measures of the ES-Success model, using new data, employing confirmatory statistical techniques. Data was gathered from 153 respondents across a large University that had implemented the Oracle Enterprise System, which facilitated further construct validity of the ES-Success measurement instrument was further established using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).

Denna studie fokuserar på medieaktörers språkanvändning kring ämnet konsumtion, med utgångsläge i den överkonsumtion som idag råder. En medieaktör som har makten att legitimera åsikter samt har tillgång till den offentliga diskursen är de som kallas influencers. Studien ämnar skapa kritisk språkmedvetenhet hos mediekonsumenter, vilket gör studiens syfte till att undersöka hur influencers i mediet podcast konstruerar bilden av konsumtion. Detta för att se hur de, i och med sin maktposition, upprätthåller den rådande konsumtionsnormen. Studien fokuserar på en av Sveriges största podcaster: Fredagspodden med Hannah och Amanda. För att kunna se konstruktioner av konsumtion genomförs denna studie med en kritisk diskursanalys. Studiens teoretiska ramverk grundar sig i Zygmunt Baumans beskrivning av konsumism. Utöver denna ses även förklaringar i struktureringsteorin, dess syn på maktbegreppet samt i teori om legitimering. Studiens tillvägagångssätt baseras på den tredimensionella analysmodellen som ursprungligenärutvecklad av Norman Fairclough. Materialet har därför genomarbetats i tre dimensioner: textpraktik, diskursiv praktik och social praktik. Detta görs för att förstå var praktiks relation till varandra, något som möjliggör förståelse för hur språket är påverkat av, och även påverkar, rådande normer och sociala system. Utifrån de språkliga resurser som framkommit i studiematerialet har fem diskursiva teman uppenbarats: konsumtion som behov, framställning av överdriven konsumtion, lyssnaren som antagen konsument, konsumtion som källa till välmåendesamt konsumtion somidentitetsbyggande. Tillsammans kan sägas att de diskursiva temana legitimerar rådande konsumtionsnormer och materialet bör därför ses som en bidragande faktor till överkonsumtion. / This study is focusing on opinion leaders in media and their language usage regarding the topic of consumption. This due to the overconsumption that is evident in our society today. One opinion leader that have the power to legitimize and the access to the public discourse is the one referred to as an influencer. The purpose of this study is to increase critical language awareness amongst media consumers, which is done by examining how influencers in the podcast media construct the image of consumption. This is done to see how they, in their position of power, maintain the Swedish consumption norm. The study is focusing on one of Sweden's largest podcasts: Fredagspodden with Hannah and Amanda. In order to see constructions of consumption, this study is conducted with a critical discourse analysis. The theoretical framework of the study is based on Zygmunt Baumans description of consumerism. In addition to this, the structuration theory with its view on the concept of power is used, as well as thetheory of legitimacy. The approach of this study is based on the three-dimensional analysis model originally developed by Norman Fairclough. The material has been elaborated in three dimensions: text practice, discursive practice and social practice. This was done to understand the relationship between each practice in relation to the others, making it possible to understand how the language affects and is influenced by the prevailing norms and social systems. Based on the linguistic resources presented in the study material, five discourse themes have been revealed: consumption as desideratum; representation of excessive consumption; the listener as an assumed consumer; consumption as a source for well-being; and consumption as identity building. Together, it can be said that the themes legitimize the current Swedish consumption norm and the material should therefore be seen as a contributing factor to overconsumption.

Cette recherche contribue à la compréhension de la légitimité de l'audit conjoint. Elle vise à la fois à mettre en exergue les pressions institutionnelles qui influent sur la pérennité du modèle et à ouvrir une boite noire qui est celle des interactions entre co-Auditeurs. Elle présente aussi l'impact de ces pressions sur les relations au sein du modèle et inversement. Nous avons adopté un cadre théorique mobilisant les concepts de la théorie de la structuration et de la théorie néo-Institutionnelle. Notre démarche est compréhensive et s'appuie sur une étude de cas multiples avec le cas du co-Commissariat aux comptes en France et le cas du to-Revisor systemet au Danemark. Nous avons privilégié les entretiens et les données historiques comme modes de collecte de données. Les rôles joués par les législateurs et les régulateurs semblent à l'origine des évolutions différentes du modèle d'audit conjoint pour les deux cas. Malgré ces points de divergence, nous avons pu établir un point commun qui relève de l'importance des normes culturelles pour la pérennité de l’audit conjoint et de son adoption dans d’autres contextes. L'idéologie du contrat équitable a largement influé sur la perception du modèle par les auditeurs danois et français. Cette vision prônant l'efficience des modes de gouvernance a donné lieu au déclin de la logique de l'honneur en France et à celle du Grundtvigianisme au Danemark. / This research contributes to an understanding of joint audit's legitimacy. It aims to highlight the institutional pressures affecting the sustainability of the model and opens a black box which is the interaction between joint auditors. It also shows the impact of these pressures on the relationships within the model and vice versa. We have adopted a theoretical framework using the concepts ofstructuration theory and new institutionalism. Our approach is comprehensive and based on a multiple-Case study with the co-Commissariat aux comptes in France and the to-Revisor systemet in Denmark. We used interviews and historical data as means of data collection. The roles of legislators and regulators seem to trigger different evolutions of the joint audit for both cases. Despite these points of divergence, we were able to establish a common matter relating to the importance of cultural standards for the persistence of joint auditing and its adoption in other contexts. The ideology of fair contract has greatly influenced the perception of the model by the Danish and French auditors. This vision promoting efficient modes of governance has led to the decline of the logic of honor in France and that of Grundtvigianism in Denmark.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-19T18:51:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TeseCatarina_Final.pdf: 8264334 bytes, checksum: c3137c70a9924ba34f7f1f21851e4495 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T18:51:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TeseCatarina_Final.pdf: 8264334 bytes, checksum: c3137c70a9924ba34f7f1f21851e4495 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-21 / FACEPE / Há muito se estuda o uso de tecnologia da informação em apoio a diversas atividades nas organizações. Um eixo desses estudos convergiu, a partir da década de 1990, para o estudo de sistemas que suportassem o trabalho em grupo, inicialmente colocalizados e, mais recentemente, dispersos. Tais sistemas, nominados sistemas colaborativos, adquiriram maior robustez ao serem beneficiados com as funcionalidades mais sociais da web 2.0, permitindo a interação simultânea e à distância, ampliando as possibilidades de abordagens e arranjos de suas funções. Em outro ângulo, a tarefa de gerar ideias em grupo é algo que acontece no cotidiano desses coletivos e é essencial aumentar o desempenho das organizações perante o cenário dinâmico e competitivo do mercado. Nesta perspectiva, vislumbrou-se acoplar um sistema colaborativo a uma tarefa de geração de ideias expectando que tal dueto poderia facultar um melhor resultado naquela tarefa. Assim, a pesquisa objetivou apurar qual o efeito que a adoção de um sistema colaborativo provocaria na estruturação da tarefa de geração de ideias em grupos virtuais. Para embasar essa discussão, utilizaram-se as lentes de teorias estruturacionais e da atividade, além do modelo 3C de colaboração. Em seguida, para operacionalizar a pesquisa, realizou-se um quase-experimento, no qual funcionários de uma empresa do segmento farmacêutico foram instados a gerar ideias mediados por um sistema colaborativo especificado para a pesquisa, tendo sido aqueles observados sob parâmetros da quantidade e qualidade das ideias geradas e da satisfação com o processo e com o resultado. Os aspectos apurados confirmaram as expectativas iniciais, indicando que há potencial de sucesso, mas, por outro lado, fazem ver que os processos e rotinas bem definidos, a facilitação das atividades pelo sistema e os elementos constantes em encontros presenciais são componentes relevantes em tarefas grupais apoiadas pela TI, especialmente as de geração de ideias. / There has been a lot of studies using information technology as a support for several activities in organizations. In the 90´s decade, an axis of such studies converged for the teamwork’s support systems study, initially co-located and, more recently, dispersed, called collaborative systems. Empowered by the web 2.0 social functionalities, this system strengthens simultaneous and distance interaction, increasing the possibilities of its function as arrangements and approaches. In another perspective, the generating group ideas task is something that happens routinely in a group and it is frequently used to increase the organizational performance in this dynamic and competitive market scenario. From this perspective, there has been an idea of coupling a collaborative system to a task of idea generation expecting that such duet could generate better outcomes. Therefore, the research aims to verify what effects the adoption of a more socially profiled collaborative system would result in the structuring the idea generation tasks in dispersed groups. As a basis for this discussion, the structural and activity theories lenses were used, and also the 3C collaboration model. Then, to operationalize the research, a quasi-experiment was performed, where a pharmaceutical company employees were asked to generate ideas mediated by a collaborative system, developed especially for the research. During the quasi-experiment, it has been observed, using quantitative and qualitative techniques, the number and quality of the generated ideas, the satisfaction with the process and its results. The results confirmed the initial expectation, pointing out that this social and collaborative system type performs an important role in supporting idea generation tasks, moreover, the importance of well-defined processes and routines, the activities facilitation by the system and the elements experienced in face-to-face encounters must be considered as well.