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Identificação molecular de fitoplasma associado ao enfezamento do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) e da berinjela (Solanum melongena). / Molecular identification of phytoplasma associated to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and eggplant (Solanum melongena) stunting.Mello, Ana Paula de Oliveira Amaral 29 January 2004 (has links)
Fitoplasmas, procariotos sem parede celular e habitantes de floema, têm causado danos consideráveis em diversas culturas comercialmente importantes. A associação desses fitopatógenos com várias doenças que ocorrem em espécies hortícolas têm sido comumente registradas tanto no território brasileiro como em outras regiões do mundo. Em áreas de plantio comercial, na região de Piracicaba-SP e Bragança Paulista-SP, plantas de tomate e berinjela apresentando porte reduzido, clorose foliar acentuada, produção exagerada de pequenos ramos, desenvolvimento anormal do cálice, encurtamento de entre-nós, redução no tamanho de folhas, flores e frutos, que podem ser traduzidos em sintomas de enfezamento, foram observadas evidenciando infecção por fitoplasma. Através da técnica de duplo PCR utilizando os oligonucleotídeos universais R16 mF1/mR2 e R16 F2n/R2, fragmentos de DNA de 1,2 Kb foram amplificados de amostras sintomáticas, demonstrando a presença de fitoplasma nos tecidos das plantas. Nenhum fragmento foi detectado em plantas sadias. O exame de tecidos do floema de plantas sintomáticas, submetidos ao microscópio eletrônico de transmissão, revelou a presença de corpúsculos pleomórficos no interior dos vasos, corroborando com os resultados da detecção através de PCR. O uso de oligonucleotídeos específicos para identificação demonstrou a ocorrência de fitoplasmas afiliados ao grupo 16SrIII, tanto em tomate quanto em berinjela. Análises de RFLP, usando as enzimas de restrição AluI, MseI, HpaII, KpnI, RsaI, HhaI e MboI, confirmaram a ocorrência de fitoplasmas do referido grupo em ambas as espécies vegetais. Para confirmar os resultados de RFLP, os fragmentos de DNA de 1,2 Kb dos fitoplasmas presentes em tomate e berinjela, amplificados com o par de iniciadores R16 F2n/R2, foram clonados em Escherichia coli para a determinação de suas seqüências de nucleotídeos. Os fragmentos clonados sequenciados foram comparados, por homologia de nucleotídeos, entre si e com isolados cujas seqüências já haviam sido depositadas no "GenBank". O resultado do sequenciamento revelou heterogeneidade das seqüências do gene 16S rDNA ocorrendo em alguns isolados, demonstrando e confirmando a variabilidade genética de organismos do grupo 16SrIII presentes no Brasil. / Phytoplasmas are cell wall-less prokaryotes and phloem- inhabitants. They caused considerable damages in some commercially important crops in the Brazilian territory and others regions of the world. It has been observed in the region of Piracicaba and Bragança Paulista, São Paulo State, commercial fields of eggplant and tomate showing reduced size, extensive chlorosis, proliferation of axillary buds, abnormal development of calyx, internode shortening and small leaves, flowers and fruits. These symptoms can be translated by stunting, making clear the phytoplasma infection. Presence of phytophasm was confirmed by nested PCR assay with the universal primer R16 F2N/R2 where DNA fragments of 1.2 kb were amplified from symptomatic samples. No fragments was observed in healthy plants. Analysis of symptomatic plants phloem tissue when submitted to electron microscope of transmission, disclosed the presence of pleomorphic bodies inside the tissues, corroborating with the results of detection by PCR assay. The use of specific primers for groups demonstrated the phytoplasmas occurrence associated to the 16SrIII group, in both tomato and eggplant. RFLP analyses using AluI, MseI, HpaII, KpnI, RsaI, HhaI and MboI restriction enzymes confirmed the occurrence of phytoplasmas on 16SrIII group in both plant species with typical stunting symptoms. The products of 1.2 kb of tomato and eggplant isolates amplified with the pair of primers R16 F2n/R2, were cloned in Escherichia coli to determine nucleotides sequence and to confirm the RFLP results. The nucleotide sequences were compared by homology and with isolates whose sequence have been already deposited in the "GenBank". The results revealed 16S rRNA sequence heterogeneity occurring in some isolates showing the genetic variability of group 16SrIII phytoplasma in Brazil.
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Enfezamento do brócolis: identificação molecular de fitoplasmas, potenciais insetos vetores e hospedeiros alternativos, e análise epidemiológica da doença / Broccolo stunt: identification of phytoplasmas, potential insect vectors and alternative hosts and epidemiology of the diseaseEckstein, Barbara 23 August 2010 (has links)
O brócolis (Brassica oleraceae var. italica) é uma das hortaliças mais importantes do país, cujo volume de comercialização na CEAGESP é de aproximadamente 13 mil toneladas por ano. Recentemente, uma nova doença tem causado perdas relevantes para as culturas instaladas na maior região produtora do Estado de São Paulo. Os sintomas característicos da doença são expressos pelo enfezamento da planta e necrose dos vasos de floema. Devido ao fato destes sintomas indicarem a presença de fitoplasmas nas culturas de repolho e couve-flor, localizadas na mesma região geográfica onde foi observada esta nova doença, levantou-se a suspeita de que estes mesmos agentes patogênicos pudessem estar associados com as plantas doentes de brócolis. Assim, o DNA total de plantas de brócolis sintomáticas foi analisado por PCR com primers específicos para a região 16S rDNA de fitoplasmas. Os resultados revelaram que estes patógenos estavam associados com as plantas doentes. Através das técnicas de RFLP do sequenciamento de nucleotídeos desta mesma região genômica, os fitoplasmas foram identificados como pertencentes aos grupos 16SrI, 16SrIII e 16SrXIII. Através de análise de RFLP, fitoplasmas também foram identificados em diversas espécies de plantas daninhas e em cigarrinhas da família Cicadellidae coletadas em áreas adjacentes a campos de produção de brócolis. Fitoplasmas do grupo 16SrIII foram identificados em plantas daninhas das espécies Agetarum conyzoides (mentrasto), Crotalaria lanceolata (crotalária), Lepidium virginicum (mentruz), Nicandra physalodes (juá-de-capote), Paulicourea marcgravii (erva-de-rato), Ricinus communis (mamona), Sida rhombifolia (guanxuma), Sonchus oleraceae (serralha amarela), Bidens pilosa (picão preto), Erigeron bonariensis (buva), Emilia sonchifolia (falsa serralha), Leonorus sibiricus (rubim), enquanto que fitoplasmas do grupo 16SrVII foram encontrados as últimas quatro espécies citadas. Com relação aos insetos, fitoplasmas foram detectados em indivíduos das subfamílias Deltocephalinae, Agalliinae e Typhlocybinae. Dentro da subfamília Deltocephalinae, a cigarrinha Balclutha hebe portava fitoplasma do grupo 16SrI, enquanto que cigarrinhas das espécies Atanus nitidus, Planicephalus flavicosta e Schapytopius fuliginosus abrigavam fitoplasmas do grupo 16SrIII. Nos tecidos de duas cigarrinhas da subfamília Agalliinae e uma da Typhlocybinae, as quais não foram identificadas quanto a espécie, foram encontrados fitoplasmas do grupo 16SrIII. As análises epidemiológicas revelaram um padrão espacial agregado de plantas doentes e a ocorrência de um maior progresso da doença nos bordos dos campos de cultivo de brócolis, que estão localizados nas proximidades de áreas com a presença de plantas daninhas. / Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. italica) is one of the most important vegetables in Brazil, whose trading volume in CEAGESP is approximately 13 000 tons per year. Recently, a new disease has caused significant losses in this crop cultivated in the largest producing region of the São Paulo State. The characteristic symptoms of the disease are expressed by plant stunting and necrosis of phloem vessels. Because these symptoms indicate the presence of phytoplasmas in cabbage and cauliflower crops, grown in the same geographical region, it was suspected that the same pathogens could be associated with the affected broccoli plants. Therefore, the total DNA from symptomatic plants of broccoli was analyzed by PCR with specific primers for the 16S rDNA of phytoplasmas. Through the techniques of RFLP and nucleotide sequencing of the same genomic region, the phytoplasmas were identified as belonging to the groups 16SrI, 16SrIII and 16SrXIII. Through RFLP analysis, phytoplasmas were also identified in several species of weeds and leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae collected in adjacent areas of broccoli fields. Phytoplasmas belonging of the 16SrIII group were identified in the weeds belonging to the species Agetarum conyzoides, Crotalaria lanceolata, Lepidium virginicum, Nicandra physalodes, Paulicourea marcgravii, Ricinus communis, Sida rhombifolia, Sonchus oleraceae, Bidens pilosa, Erigeron bonariensis, Emilia sonchifolia, Leonorus sibiricus, while phytoplasmas of the 16SrVII group were found in the last four mentioned species. In respect to insects, phytoplasmas were detected in individuals from subfamilies Deltocephalinae, Agalliinae and Typhlocybinae. Within the subfamily Deltocephalinae, the leafhopper Balclutha hebe carried phytoplasmas of the 16SrI group, while that of the species Atanus nitidus, Planicephalus flavicosta e Schapytopius fuliginosus harbored phytoplasmas of the 16SrIII group. In the tissues of two leafhoppers of the subfamily Agalliinae and one of the Typhlocybinae, which were not identified as specie, were found phytoplasmas of the 16SrIII group. The epidemiological analysis revelead an aggregated pattern of the diseased plants and a higher progress of the diseased in the border of the broccoli fields, whitch were located nearby areas where the presence of weeds was abundant.
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Alterações bioquímicas em plantas de milho infectadas pelo fitoplasma do enfezamento vermelho. / Biochemical changes in corn plants infected by the maize bushy stunt phytoplasma.Junqueira, Ana Carolina Bruno 05 November 2003 (has links)
O enfezamento vermelho do milho, causado por um fitoplasma, é uma das mais importantes doenças da cultura. Os danos ocasionados são relevantes, resultando em perdas econômicas significativas. Aspectos relacionados à interação milho-fitoplasma têm sido pouco investigados e, por consequência, são escassas as informações sobre alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas que ocorrem no hospedeiro. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi justamente estudar as alterações bioquímicas que ocorrem em plantas de milho infectadas pelo agente causal do enfezamento vermelho. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas etapas. Na primeira, foram determinadas as alterações no conteúdo de proteínas e fenóis e na atividade das enzimas ß-1,3 glucanase e quitinase em nove híbridos comerciais de milho, experimentalmente inoculados com o fitoplasma. Na segunda etapa, dentre os nove híbridos, foram selecionados o mais resistente e o mais suscetível, sendo feita avaliação das alterações de proteínas, fenóis, clorofilas, açúcares redutores, peroxidase, ß-1,3 glucanase e quitinase em plantas infectadas pelo fitoplasma. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em casas teladas, sendo as plantas inoculadas aos 10 dias após a semeadura, através de 7-10 insetos infectivos da cigarrinha Dalbulus maidis por planta. A partir do aparecimento dos sintomas, amostras de folhas foram analisadas periodicamente para as determinações dos parâmetros bioquímicos. Para os nove híbridos, foi demonstrado um aumento médio de 20% no teor de proteínas, 90% de fenóis, 140% de quitinase e de 160% de ß-1,3 glucanase, em plantas inoculadas. Nos ensaios com os híbridos resistente e suscetível inoculados, os resultados mostraram que houve um aumento em todos os parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados, exceção feita à clorofila, cujo teor foi reduzido em função da infecção pelo patógeno. De modo geral, os valores obtidos para os diferentes parâmetros foram mais elevados no híbrido suscetível quando comparados ao híbrido resistente. O aumento das concentrações de proteínas, açúcares redutores e fenóis em plantas inoculadas revela alteração nos processos metabólicos do hospedeiro decorrentes da infecção pelo patógeno. Alterações nas atividades enzimáticas parecem fazer parte de uma resposta inespecífica de defesa. A redução na quantidade de clorofila total indica que o fitoplasma pode interferir no mecanismo fotossintético, podendo levar ao aceleramento do processo de senescência foliar. / Maize bushy stunt , caused by a phytoplasma, is an important disease of corn crop. The damages are relevant, resulting in significant economic losses. Aspects related to corn-phytoplasma interaction has been little investigated and consequently information about physiological and biochemical alterations that occur in the host are rare. Thus, the objective of the present work was to study biochemical alterations that occur in corn plants infected by the maize bushy stunt phytoplasma. The work was carried out on two steps. First, using 9 commercial hybrids, alterations in the levels of protein and phenol and in the activities of the enzymes b-1,3 glucanase and chitinase, in plants inoculated with the phytoplasma were determinated. In the second step, among the 9 hybrids the most resistant and the most susceptible one was selected and changes in protein, phenol, clorophyl, reducing sugar, peroxidase, b-1,3 glucanase and chitinase in infected plants. were evaluated. The experiments were carried out inside greenhouse, and the corn plants were inoculated by using infective Dalbulus maidis leafhoppers 10 days after seeding. When symptoms started to appear, leaf samples were harvested at different times for the biochemical analyses. It was shown an average increase of 20% in protein and 90% in phenol content and increases around 140% and 160% in the activities of chitinases and b-1,3-glucanases, respectively, in all 9 hybrids tested. When only the most susceptible and resistant hybrids were inoculated, the results showed an increase in all biochemical parameters evaluated, with exception for the chlorophyll content that decreased. In a general way, the values observed for the compounds and enzyme activities were higher in the susceptible hybrid when compared to the resistant one. The increases in protein, reducing sugar and phenol contents in inoculated plants point out changes in host metabolism due to the phytoplasma. The changes in enzyme activity seems to be an unspecific response of the plant to the pathogen and the reduction in chlorophyll content shows that the phytoplasma can interfere in photosynthesis and perhaps speedy senescence in the leaf tissue.
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Induced systemic resistance against rice grassy stunt virus – a promising field for ecological rice production / Kích kháng lưu dẫn đối với bệnh vàng lùn trên lúa – triển vọng trong việc sản xuất lúa theo hướng sinh tháiLe, Thanh Toan, Luong, Van Dien, Ngo, Thi Thuy Nhien, Pham, Van Kim 09 November 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Most rice protection methods have currently used toxic chemicals to control pathogens and pests, which leads to environmental pollution. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) taking advantage of natural defence reaction of plants could be proposed as an alternative, ecologically friendly approach for plant protection. Its application into rice production could minimize the chemicals quantity used and could contribute to the decrease of environmental pollution and the development of sustainable agriculture. The research was conducted to select the most effective chemical and suitable method to improve the health of rice plants infected by grassy stunt disease in net-house
of Can Tho University. SAR chemicals were used at very low concentrations (in mM). Results showed that the height of rice plants treated with SAR chemicals was higher than that of plants untreated.
Besides, the number of diseased plants was reduced and the ratio of firm grain and yield increased when plants were applied by SAR. Among the used substances, oxalic acid provided the best systemic acquired resistance. With oxalic acid, seed soaking was better than seed coating in systemic acquired resistance against rice grassy stunt disease. / Hầu hết các phương pháp sản xuất lúa hiện nay đều sử dụng các hóa chất độc hại trong việc phòng trừ bệnh và côn trùng gây hại, nên dẫn đến ô nhiễm môi trường. Kích thích tính kháng lưu dẫn giúp kích hoạt cơ chế tự nhiên kháng bệnh của cây có thể là giải pháp bảo vệ thực vật thay thế an toàn với môi trường. Việc ứng dụng tiến bộ này vào trong sản xuất lúa có thể làm giảm lượng hóa chất sử dụng, đóng góp vào việc giảm thiểu ô nhiễm môi trường và sự phát triển của một nền
nông nghiệp bền vững. Nghiên cứu đã được thực hiện tại nhà lưới trường Đại học Cần Thơ để tuyển chọn hóa chất và phương pháp sử dụng hóa chất để tăng cường sức khỏe giúp cây lúa vượt qua bệnh vàng lùn. Hóa chất kích kháng được sử dụng ở một nồng độ rất thấp (đơn vị là mM). Kết quả cho thấy chiều cao cây lúa khi xử lý chất kích kháng tốt hơn so đối chứng không xử lý. Bên cạnh đó, số cây lúa nhiễm bệnh giảm, tỉ lệ hạt chắc và năng suất tăng khi cây lúa được xử lý với
chất kích kháng. Trong số các chất kích kháng đã sử dụng, acid oxalic cho hiệu quả vượt trội. Với chất acid oxalic, phương pháp ngâm hạt cho hiệu quả kích kháng tốt hơn phương pháp áo hạt.
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Single and Mixed Infections of Plant RNA and DNA Viruses are Prevalent in Commercial Sweet Potato in Honduras and GuatemalaAvelar, Ana Sofia January 2015 (has links)
Sweet potato is one of the 15 most important food crops worldwide. At least 30 different virus species, belonging to different taxonomic groups affect sweet potato. Little is known about the viruses present in sweet potato crops in Central America, which is the primary origin of sweet potato. The objective of this study was to design and implement primers for use in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) to identify and survey the diversity of plant viruses infecting sweet potato in Honduras and Guatemala. Primers were designed and used to amplify, clone, and sequence a taxonomically informative fragment of the coat protein (CP) gene for whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (herein, sweepoviruses) and potyviruses, and of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) for the Crinivirus, Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV). The partial genome sequences were used for identification based on phylogenetic relationships with reference sequences available in the GenBank database. All three of the plant virus groups identified in this study were found to occur either in single or in multiple infections. Results of the sequence analyses indicated that the genomic regions amplified in this study were capable of discriminating among potyvirus species, and strains of SPCSV. With respect to potyvirus, all isolates were identified as Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) species, except for two, which grouped phylogenetically with Sweet potato virus G (SPVG) and Sweet potato virus C (SPVC). All sweepoviruses detected in sweet potato plants belonged to a single phylogenetically, well-supported group that contains all other previously described geminiviruses (sweepoviruses) associated with sweet potato or closely related host species. These results demonstrate that the primers designed for amplification of plant virus species commonly recognized to infect sweet potato, effectively detected the viruses singly and in mixtures from symptomatic plants, and that the resultant fragment, when subjected to cloning and DNA sequenced, was phylogenetically informative at the species and/or strain levels, depending on the virus group.
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IDENTIFICATION OF VIRAL AND HOST FACTORS INVOLVED IN TOMBUSVIRUS REPLICATION AND RECOMBINATIONShapka, Natalia 01 January 2006 (has links)
Rapid evolution of RNA viruses with mRNA-sense genomes is a major concern to health and economic welfare due to the devastating diseases these viruses inflict on humans, animals and plants. Rapid viral RNA evolution is frequently due to RNA recombination, which can be facilitated by recombination signals present in viral RNAs. Among such signals are short sequences with high AU contents that constitute recombination hot spots in Brome mosaic virus (BMV) and retroviruses. We have demonstrated that a defective interfering (DI) RNA, a model template associated with Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), a tombusvirus, undergoes frequent recombination in plants and protoplast cells when it carries the AU-rich hot spot sequence from BMV. Similar to the situation with BMV, most of the recombination junction sites in the DI RNA recombinants were found within the AU-rich region. Our results support the idea that common AU-rich recombination signals might promote interviral recombination between unrelated viruses. To test if host genes can affect the evolution of RNA viruses, we used a Saccharomyces cerevisiae single-gene deletion library, which includes ~80% of yeast genes, in RNA recombination studies based on a small viral replicon RNA derived from TBSV. The genome-wide screen led to the identification of five host genes, whose absence resulted in rapid generation of novel viral RNA recombinants. Thus, these genes normally suppress viral RNA recombination, but in their absence hosts become viral recombination hotbeds. Four of the five recombination suppressor genes are likely involved in RNA degradation, suggesting that RNA degradation could play a role in viral RNA recombination. Overall, our results demonstrate for the first time that a set of host genes have major effect on RNA virus recombination and evolution. Replication of the non-segmented, plus-stranded RNA genome of Cucumber necrosis tombusvirus (CNV) requires two essential overlapping viral-coded replication proteins, the p33 replication co-factor and the p92 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. We have demonstrated that p33 is phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro by a membrane-bound plant kinase. Based on in vitro studies with purified recombinant p33, we show evidence for phosphorylation of threonine and serine residues adjacent to the essential RNA-binding site in p33. Our findings suggest that phosphorylation of threonine/serine residues adjacent to the essential RNA-binding site in the auxiliary p33 protein likely plays a role in viral RNA replication and subgenomic RNA synthesis during tombusvirus infections.
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Structure-function analysis of selected hop (Humulus lupulus L.) regulatory factors / Structure-function analysis of selected hop (Humulus lupulus L.) regulatory factorsFÜSSY, Zoltán January 2013 (has links)
This work concentrated on isolation of novel hop transcription factors from bHLH, bZIP, MYB, and WRKY families involved in the regulation of lupulin flavonoid pathways, followed by their structural and functional analysis. Structural analyses included bioinformatic approaches to elucidate gene organization, domain structure of the putative protein products, and potential post-translational modifications. I performed site-directed mutagenesis to disclose the role of phosphorylation sites in HlbZIP1A stability. Further, this work determined protein-DNA interactions for obtained TFs, giving support to the binding of MYB-bHLH-WDR complexes to the promoter of chalcone synthase H1, a key enzyme of the lupulin flavonoid pathways. Employing bioinformatic approaches, quantitative RT-PCR and transient co-expression, I pointed out chalcone synthase H1 as a regulatory crossroads in the metabolic (flavonoid) responses during hop stunt viroid pathogenesis.
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Repetir atà ficar diferente: Ãndices de uma experimentaÃÃo acrobÃtica e cÃnica com a Cia. Circo LÃdico Experimental â Ce.Samara do Nascimento Garcia 23 February 2017 (has links)
nÃo hà / This research aims to reflect on the creative process of Cia. Experimental Circus -
CLE in the composition of the show Quintal, starting in search of a contextualization
of the work that we developed to think where it is inserted. To do so, he uses a
genealogical perspective, also aesthetic and political, of circus language. The
dramaturgical construction based on the investigation of an acrobatics for the scene
and in a poetic outline given by the work of Manoel de Barros. Aiming to perceive the
acrobatic technique in constant movement of construction and reconstruction in
search of giving other senses to the risk and the virtuoso, founding elements of the
circus aesthetics. Departing for reflections on the poetic tessituras that cross the
creation, as well as on how we were raising during this process our methods, tools
and resources. Based on the Critique of Processes, the study focuses on the
observation, description and analysis of the scenic composition by proposing a
reflection on the ways in which the creation and research in performing arts can be
shared from a dynamic perspective of process documents. / Esta pesquisa deseja refletir sobre o processo criativo da Cia. Circo LÃdico
Experimental â CLE na composiÃÃo do espetÃculo Quintal, partindo em busca de
uma contextualizaÃÃo do trabalho que desenvolvemos para pensar onde este estÃ
inserido. Para isso, lanÃa mÃo de uma perspectiva genealÃgica, logo tambÃm
estÃtica e polÃtica, da linguagem circense. A construÃÃo dramatÃrgica pautada na
investigaÃÃo de uma acrobacia para a cena e em um contorno poÃtico dado pela
obra de Manoel de Barros., propÃe perceber a tÃcnica acrobÃtica em constante
movimento de construÃÃo e reconstruÃÃo em busca de dar outros sentidos para o
risco e a virtuose, elementos fundantes da estÃtica circense, partindo para reflexÃes
acerca das tessituras poÃticas que atravessam a criaÃÃo, assim como sobre como
fomos levantando durante esse processo nossos mÃtodos, ferramentas e recursos.
Apoiando-se na CrÃtica de Processos, o estudo recai sobre a observaÃÃo, descriÃÃo
e anÃlise da composiÃÃo cÃnica ao propor uma reflexÃo sobre os modos de como
tornar partilhÃvel a criaÃÃo e a pesquisa em artes cÃnicas a partir de uma
perspectiva dinÃmica dos documentos de processo.
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Identificação molecular de fitoplasma associado ao enfezamento do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) e da berinjela (Solanum melongena). / Molecular identification of phytoplasma associated to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and eggplant (Solanum melongena) stunting.Ana Paula de Oliveira Amaral Mello 29 January 2004 (has links)
Fitoplasmas, procariotos sem parede celular e habitantes de floema, têm causado danos consideráveis em diversas culturas comercialmente importantes. A associação desses fitopatógenos com várias doenças que ocorrem em espécies hortícolas têm sido comumente registradas tanto no território brasileiro como em outras regiões do mundo. Em áreas de plantio comercial, na região de Piracicaba-SP e Bragança Paulista-SP, plantas de tomate e berinjela apresentando porte reduzido, clorose foliar acentuada, produção exagerada de pequenos ramos, desenvolvimento anormal do cálice, encurtamento de entre-nós, redução no tamanho de folhas, flores e frutos, que podem ser traduzidos em sintomas de enfezamento, foram observadas evidenciando infecção por fitoplasma. Através da técnica de duplo PCR utilizando os oligonucleotídeos universais R16 mF1/mR2 e R16 F2n/R2, fragmentos de DNA de 1,2 Kb foram amplificados de amostras sintomáticas, demonstrando a presença de fitoplasma nos tecidos das plantas. Nenhum fragmento foi detectado em plantas sadias. O exame de tecidos do floema de plantas sintomáticas, submetidos ao microscópio eletrônico de transmissão, revelou a presença de corpúsculos pleomórficos no interior dos vasos, corroborando com os resultados da detecção através de PCR. O uso de oligonucleotídeos específicos para identificação demonstrou a ocorrência de fitoplasmas afiliados ao grupo 16SrIII, tanto em tomate quanto em berinjela. Análises de RFLP, usando as enzimas de restrição AluI, MseI, HpaII, KpnI, RsaI, HhaI e MboI, confirmaram a ocorrência de fitoplasmas do referido grupo em ambas as espécies vegetais. Para confirmar os resultados de RFLP, os fragmentos de DNA de 1,2 Kb dos fitoplasmas presentes em tomate e berinjela, amplificados com o par de iniciadores R16 F2n/R2, foram clonados em Escherichia coli para a determinação de suas seqüências de nucleotídeos. Os fragmentos clonados sequenciados foram comparados, por homologia de nucleotídeos, entre si e com isolados cujas seqüências já haviam sido depositadas no GenBank. O resultado do sequenciamento revelou heterogeneidade das seqüências do gene 16S rDNA ocorrendo em alguns isolados, demonstrando e confirmando a variabilidade genética de organismos do grupo 16SrIII presentes no Brasil. / Phytoplasmas are cell wall-less prokaryotes and phloem- inhabitants. They caused considerable damages in some commercially important crops in the Brazilian territory and others regions of the world. It has been observed in the region of Piracicaba and Bragança Paulista, São Paulo State, commercial fields of eggplant and tomate showing reduced size, extensive chlorosis, proliferation of axillary buds, abnormal development of calyx, internode shortening and small leaves, flowers and fruits. These symptoms can be translated by stunting, making clear the phytoplasma infection. Presence of phytophasm was confirmed by nested PCR assay with the universal primer R16 F2N/R2 where DNA fragments of 1.2 kb were amplified from symptomatic samples. No fragments was observed in healthy plants. Analysis of symptomatic plants phloem tissue when submitted to electron microscope of transmission, disclosed the presence of pleomorphic bodies inside the tissues, corroborating with the results of detection by PCR assay. The use of specific primers for groups demonstrated the phytoplasmas occurrence associated to the 16SrIII group, in both tomato and eggplant. RFLP analyses using AluI, MseI, HpaII, KpnI, RsaI, HhaI and MboI restriction enzymes confirmed the occurrence of phytoplasmas on 16SrIII group in both plant species with typical stunting symptoms. The products of 1.2 kb of tomato and eggplant isolates amplified with the pair of primers R16 F2n/R2, were cloned in Escherichia coli to determine nucleotides sequence and to confirm the RFLP results. The nucleotide sequences were compared by homology and with isolates whose sequence have been already deposited in the GenBank. The results revealed 16S rRNA sequence heterogeneity occurring in some isolates showing the genetic variability of group 16SrIII phytoplasma in Brazil.
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Enfezamento do brócolis: identificação molecular de fitoplasmas, potenciais insetos vetores e hospedeiros alternativos, e análise epidemiológica da doença / Broccolo stunt: identification of phytoplasmas, potential insect vectors and alternative hosts and epidemiology of the diseaseBarbara Eckstein 23 August 2010 (has links)
O brócolis (Brassica oleraceae var. italica) é uma das hortaliças mais importantes do país, cujo volume de comercialização na CEAGESP é de aproximadamente 13 mil toneladas por ano. Recentemente, uma nova doença tem causado perdas relevantes para as culturas instaladas na maior região produtora do Estado de São Paulo. Os sintomas característicos da doença são expressos pelo enfezamento da planta e necrose dos vasos de floema. Devido ao fato destes sintomas indicarem a presença de fitoplasmas nas culturas de repolho e couve-flor, localizadas na mesma região geográfica onde foi observada esta nova doença, levantou-se a suspeita de que estes mesmos agentes patogênicos pudessem estar associados com as plantas doentes de brócolis. Assim, o DNA total de plantas de brócolis sintomáticas foi analisado por PCR com primers específicos para a região 16S rDNA de fitoplasmas. Os resultados revelaram que estes patógenos estavam associados com as plantas doentes. Através das técnicas de RFLP do sequenciamento de nucleotídeos desta mesma região genômica, os fitoplasmas foram identificados como pertencentes aos grupos 16SrI, 16SrIII e 16SrXIII. Através de análise de RFLP, fitoplasmas também foram identificados em diversas espécies de plantas daninhas e em cigarrinhas da família Cicadellidae coletadas em áreas adjacentes a campos de produção de brócolis. Fitoplasmas do grupo 16SrIII foram identificados em plantas daninhas das espécies Agetarum conyzoides (mentrasto), Crotalaria lanceolata (crotalária), Lepidium virginicum (mentruz), Nicandra physalodes (juá-de-capote), Paulicourea marcgravii (erva-de-rato), Ricinus communis (mamona), Sida rhombifolia (guanxuma), Sonchus oleraceae (serralha amarela), Bidens pilosa (picão preto), Erigeron bonariensis (buva), Emilia sonchifolia (falsa serralha), Leonorus sibiricus (rubim), enquanto que fitoplasmas do grupo 16SrVII foram encontrados as últimas quatro espécies citadas. Com relação aos insetos, fitoplasmas foram detectados em indivíduos das subfamílias Deltocephalinae, Agalliinae e Typhlocybinae. Dentro da subfamília Deltocephalinae, a cigarrinha Balclutha hebe portava fitoplasma do grupo 16SrI, enquanto que cigarrinhas das espécies Atanus nitidus, Planicephalus flavicosta e Schapytopius fuliginosus abrigavam fitoplasmas do grupo 16SrIII. Nos tecidos de duas cigarrinhas da subfamília Agalliinae e uma da Typhlocybinae, as quais não foram identificadas quanto a espécie, foram encontrados fitoplasmas do grupo 16SrIII. As análises epidemiológicas revelaram um padrão espacial agregado de plantas doentes e a ocorrência de um maior progresso da doença nos bordos dos campos de cultivo de brócolis, que estão localizados nas proximidades de áreas com a presença de plantas daninhas. / Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. italica) is one of the most important vegetables in Brazil, whose trading volume in CEAGESP is approximately 13 000 tons per year. Recently, a new disease has caused significant losses in this crop cultivated in the largest producing region of the São Paulo State. The characteristic symptoms of the disease are expressed by plant stunting and necrosis of phloem vessels. Because these symptoms indicate the presence of phytoplasmas in cabbage and cauliflower crops, grown in the same geographical region, it was suspected that the same pathogens could be associated with the affected broccoli plants. Therefore, the total DNA from symptomatic plants of broccoli was analyzed by PCR with specific primers for the 16S rDNA of phytoplasmas. Through the techniques of RFLP and nucleotide sequencing of the same genomic region, the phytoplasmas were identified as belonging to the groups 16SrI, 16SrIII and 16SrXIII. Through RFLP analysis, phytoplasmas were also identified in several species of weeds and leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae collected in adjacent areas of broccoli fields. Phytoplasmas belonging of the 16SrIII group were identified in the weeds belonging to the species Agetarum conyzoides, Crotalaria lanceolata, Lepidium virginicum, Nicandra physalodes, Paulicourea marcgravii, Ricinus communis, Sida rhombifolia, Sonchus oleraceae, Bidens pilosa, Erigeron bonariensis, Emilia sonchifolia, Leonorus sibiricus, while phytoplasmas of the 16SrVII group were found in the last four mentioned species. In respect to insects, phytoplasmas were detected in individuals from subfamilies Deltocephalinae, Agalliinae and Typhlocybinae. Within the subfamily Deltocephalinae, the leafhopper Balclutha hebe carried phytoplasmas of the 16SrI group, while that of the species Atanus nitidus, Planicephalus flavicosta e Schapytopius fuliginosus harbored phytoplasmas of the 16SrIII group. In the tissues of two leafhoppers of the subfamily Agalliinae and one of the Typhlocybinae, which were not identified as specie, were found phytoplasmas of the 16SrIII group. The epidemiological analysis revelead an aggregated pattern of the diseased plants and a higher progress of the diseased in the border of the broccoli fields, whitch were located nearby areas where the presence of weeds was abundant.
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