Les Jeunes Entreprises Technologiques (JET) ont des besoins financiers importants aux premiers stades tandis que la plupart des marchés des capitaux entrepreneuriaux restent moins développés en Europe qu’aux Etats-Unis. Cette situation conduit les pouvoirs publics à créer des dispositifs financiers, dont des subsides, pour soutenir ces JET. Selon la Public Sponsorship Theory, ces subsides devraient soulager le contrainte de financement qui pèse sur les JET et ainsi leur permettre de poursuivre leur développement jusqu’à attirer des investisseurs ou vivre de leurs ventes. Pour autant, l’évaluation empirique de ces subsides a produit des résultats critiques. Cette thèse étudie ces critiques à Bruxelles, un environnement européen interventionniste typique, en répondant à la question « Pourquoi les Jeunes Entreprises Technologiques font elles appel aux subsid¬¬es et comment ceux-ci affectent-ils leur développement?».Cette thèse est constituée d’articles de recherche réalisés à l’aide de stratégies qualitatives supportées par des études de cas. Le Chapitre 2 présente les études de cas de 10 JET et répond aux questions :« Comment les JET se financent-elles aux premiers stades ?» et « Quel est le rôle des aides publiques dans ces stratégies de financement ?». Il décrit un écosystème bruxellois où les JET parviennent à se financer mais où les subsides sont particulièrement présents à tous les stades. Le Chapitre 3 étudie la construction et la succession des tours de table au sein de 8 JET sur une période de trois ans après leur création. En particulier, il répond aux questions :« Les subsides répondent-ils à des contraintes de financement liées à un manque d’offre de fonds ?», « Pourquoi les JET font-elles appel aux subsides ?» et « Les subsides signalent-ils les JET aux investisseurs ?». Il souligne que l’opportunisme et la volonté d’éviter la dilution sont des motifs fréquents pour demander des subsides. Il met aussi en lumière que ces derniers sont fréquemment alloués selon une stratégie de type « picking the winners » où les meilleurs JET, aussi les plus indépendantes, reçoivent le plus d’aides publiques. Finalement, le Chapitre 4 adopte une perspective centrée sur les ressources et étudie le rôle des subsides au sein de configurations de ressources humaines, sociales et financières. Nous avons utilisé la Qualitative Comparative Analysis, en progression dans la recherche sur l’entrepreneuriat, sur un échantillon de 31 JET ICT afin de répondre aux questions suivantes :« Quelles sont les configurations de ressources qui conduisent à la croissance des ventes des JET ?», « Quelles sont les configurations de ressources qui permettent aux JET d’attirer des investisseurs ?» et « Comment les subsides contribuent-ils à ces configurations ?». Au terme de cette analyse, nous présentons une taxonomie de cinq types de JET basée sur leur mix de ressources à la création. Ces types soulignent le rôle central du capital humain dans la croissance des ventes et l’attraction d’investisseurs, et ce, tandis que les subsides jouent un rôle secondaire.Ces résultats offrent une réponse à notre question de recherche. En ce qui concerne les raisons d’utiliser les subsides, l’absence d’alternative due à des contraintes de financements est rare, et ce, tandis que la majorité des demandes sont guidées par l’opportunisme et/ou la volonté d’éviter ou limiter la dilution. En ce qui concerne l’impact de ces subsides, leur rôle apparaît secondaire dans le développement commercial et financier des JET.Finalement, ces conclusions permettent de formuler des recommandations à destination des praticiens. Aux décideurs politiques, nous conseillons de revoir les modalités d’attribution des subsides pour les limiter aux équipes dotées d’un capital humain fort. De plus, nous suggérons d’encourager les initiatives destinées à renforcer la complémentarité des équipes entrepreneuriales et les aider à s’insérer dans des réseaux d’affaires. Aux entrepreneurs, nous recommandons de prêter une attention particulière à la complémentarité de leurs équipes, et ce, tant sur les plans techniques que commerciaux. / New Technology-Based Firms (NTBF) have high financial needs at early stage while most European entrepreneurial equity markets remain less developed than in the United States. This threatens their development and the expected loss of regional spillovers pushes policy makers to create financial schemes such as grants to support them. According to Public Sponsorship Theory, grants should offer NTBF a relief from funding constraints and enable them to continue their development until they get support of investors or their sales allow self-financing. However, empirical evaluation of the relevance and impact of grants has been mostly critical. This PhD investigates these criticisms in Brussels, a typical western European interventionist region, by answering the question “Why do New Technology-Based Firms use grants and how do they affect their development?”.Our PhD is made of three empirical research papers carried out following qualitative research strategies resting on multiple case studies. Chapter 2 presents case studies of 10 NTBF to answer the questions: “How do NTBF finance themselves at early stages?” and “What is the role of public aids in these financing strategies?”. It describes a Brussels ecosystem in which NTBF manage to finance themselves but where grants are particularly present at every stage. Chapter 3 studies the design and succession of financing rounds within 8 NTBF over three years after incorporation. In particular, we answer the questions: “Are grants to NTBF answering to supply-sided financing constraints?”, “Why do NTBF apply for grants?” and “Are grants signalling NTBF to investors?”. It highlights that opportunism and the avoidance of dilution are common motives for grants applications and that these are regularly allocated following a “picking the winners’ strategy. Finally, Chapter 4 adopts a resource-based perspective by studying the role of grants within resource configurations of human, social and financial capital. Based on a sample of 31 ICT NTBF, we used Qualitative Comparative Analysis, an approach still in its infancy in entrepreneurship research, to answer the following questions: “What are the resource configurations that lead to the sales growth of NTBF?”, “What are the resource configurations that lead NTBF attract equity?” and “How do grants contribute to these configurations?”. At the end of the analysis, we present a five type’s taxonomy of NTBF based on their resource mixes at incorporation. These types underscore the central role of human capital in achieving sales growth and attracting equity as well as the secondary role of grants.Results of Chapter 2, 3 and 4 allow answering our main research question. Regarding the reasons for using grants, the absence of alternative due to supply-sided constraints is rare while the overwhelming majority of requests are guided by opportunism and/or the desire to avoid or limit dilution. Regarding the impact of grants, their role appears secondary in both the commercial and financial development of NTBF.Finally, these findings lead to recommendations to practitioners. To policy makers, we advise rethinking the modalities of grants and limit their availability to teams with strong human capital. Additionally, we suggest to spur initiatives to help entrepreneurial teams strengthening their complementarity and inserting themselves within business networks. To entrepreneurs, we recommend to pay particular attention to the complementarity of their founding team on both the technical and commercial axes. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

A proliferação de políticas de incentivo à inovação tecnológica, no Brasil, nos últimos anos, tem tido destaque tanto nas discussões acadêmicas quanto na formulação dessas políticas. Ao mesmo tempo em que o Brasil melhorou sua condição econômica e diminuiu, em parte, a pobreza, também surgiu uma demanda por produtos e processos tecnologicamente mais avançados, como consequência tanto de uma transformação do padrão de consumo, como da própria atividade produtiva. A importação de conteúdo tecnológico, decorrente dessas mudanças, não só traz implicações negativas para a balança comercial, como também, do ponto de vista geopolítico, para nossa dependência em setores econômicos estratégicos no cenário mundial, hoje. Com vistas à melhoria da capacidade de inovação tecnológica nas empresas brasileiras, o Estado tem promovido mudanças significativas como: o aumento do crédito para o financiamento de atividades para desenvolvimento tecnológico e inovativo; a criação de linhas de fomento específicas para a inovação em empresas privadas nas instituições antes voltadas exclusivamente para melhoria do sistema acadêmico nacional e a alteração da legislação para atender e dar maior eficiência aos objetivos da política nacional de inovação. Nesse sentido, o objetivo da presente tese é entender a problemática geopolítica dos processos de transformações legais e institucionais em curso, no Brasil, a partir da Subvenção Econômica da Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) e das linhas de financiamento para inovação relacionadas à saúde. / The proliferation of incentive policies regarding technological innovation in Brazil has been drawing attention both in academic discussions and in the formulation of policies. While Brazil has improved its economic condition and reduced in part poverty, a demand for technologically more advanced products and processes has also emerged as a consequence from the transformation pattern but also from the economic activity itself. The importation of technological content, spawned from these changes, not only does it negatively affect our foreign trade accounts but also contributes, from a geopolitical view, for our dependence on strategic economic sectors in the world scenario today. Aiming to improve the innovation capacity of Brazilian companies, the State has been promoting significant changes such as: growth of credit for the funding of innovative and technological development activities; creation of specific foster lines for innovation in private companies in institutions that before were focused on the betterment of the national academic system; and the change in the legislation to better meet the goals of the national innovation policy. In this sense, the objective of the present thesis in to understand the geopolitical issues of the legal and institutional changes in course in Brazil, based on the Economic Subsides of the Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP Financier of Studies and Projects), and the funding lines for innovations in healthcare.

A proliferação de políticas de incentivo à inovação tecnológica, no Brasil, nos últimos anos, tem tido destaque tanto nas discussões acadêmicas quanto na formulação dessas políticas. Ao mesmo tempo em que o Brasil melhorou sua condição econômica e diminuiu, em parte, a pobreza, também surgiu uma demanda por produtos e processos tecnologicamente mais avançados, como consequência tanto de uma transformação do padrão de consumo, como da própria atividade produtiva. A importação de conteúdo tecnológico, decorrente dessas mudanças, não só traz implicações negativas para a balança comercial, como também, do ponto de vista geopolítico, para nossa dependência em setores econômicos estratégicos no cenário mundial, hoje. Com vistas à melhoria da capacidade de inovação tecnológica nas empresas brasileiras, o Estado tem promovido mudanças significativas como: o aumento do crédito para o financiamento de atividades para desenvolvimento tecnológico e inovativo; a criação de linhas de fomento específicas para a inovação em empresas privadas nas instituições antes voltadas exclusivamente para melhoria do sistema acadêmico nacional e a alteração da legislação para atender e dar maior eficiência aos objetivos da política nacional de inovação. Nesse sentido, o objetivo da presente tese é entender a problemática geopolítica dos processos de transformações legais e institucionais em curso, no Brasil, a partir da Subvenção Econômica da Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) e das linhas de financiamento para inovação relacionadas à saúde. / The proliferation of incentive policies regarding technological innovation in Brazil has been drawing attention both in academic discussions and in the formulation of policies. While Brazil has improved its economic condition and reduced in part poverty, a demand for technologically more advanced products and processes has also emerged as a consequence from the transformation pattern but also from the economic activity itself. The importation of technological content, spawned from these changes, not only does it negatively affect our foreign trade accounts but also contributes, from a geopolitical view, for our dependence on strategic economic sectors in the world scenario today. Aiming to improve the innovation capacity of Brazilian companies, the State has been promoting significant changes such as: growth of credit for the funding of innovative and technological development activities; creation of specific foster lines for innovation in private companies in institutions that before were focused on the betterment of the national academic system; and the change in the legislation to better meet the goals of the national innovation policy. In this sense, the objective of the present thesis in to understand the geopolitical issues of the legal and institutional changes in course in Brazil, based on the Economic Subsides of the Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP Financier of Studies and Projects), and the funding lines for innovations in healthcare.

This research analyzes and models the relationship between corn, ethanol, and government subsidies. A two stage least squares model is used to estimate the demand for corn. Numerical estimations of central relationships between the markets are then used to evaluate the effects of changes in ethanol markets on domestic corn markets. The results show that an increase in the price of ethanol increases both the equilibrium quantity demanded and price of corn. Agricultural subsidies are then brought under question in light of these established relationships coupled with current trends in the ethanol and coin industries. Data used in the research comes from the United States Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service among other sources.

This master's thesis is concerned with the settlement of particular WTO disputes between Brazil and the United States. The aim of the thesis is to explain the importance of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) for Brazilian trade strategy. To demonstrate the use of the mechanism the focus is placed on two specific disputes involving the United States and Brazil. These disputes, regarding patent protection and cotton subsidies, are analyzed using case-study methodology. Moreover, quantitative research based on WTO disputes data is included in the introductory chapter. The study of the disputes shows that Brazil has been one of the most active users of the DSM and that it has initiated cases predominantly against developed countries, the United States being the most frequent target. This strategy enables Brazil to pursue cases that are likely to have systemic implications and thus could have an impact on the international trade order. The two case studies are examples of disputes of potential systemic importance. They further reveal the complexity of disputes in terms such as the increasing role of NGOs, the concept of retaliatory suits, and the significance of timing and political pressure. The exposed dynamics of the settlement of disputes is useful for understanding other WTO cases as well.

The growing popularity of North American professional sports over the last twenty years directly coincides with the recent trend of urban communities using tax dollars to publically subsidize professional football, baseball, and basketball stadiums. Communities across North America invest substantial amount of public tax dollars in private facilities in light of a consensus among policy analysts that the economic impact of the new stadium is greatly exaggerated. The economic impact of new stadiums has been extensively researched, the focus of this paper rather, is to examine the impact publically subsidized facilities built in the last twenty years have on the overall team valuation compared to teams with no public subsidy or no new stadium.

Denna uppsats har behandlat aktiva policydokument under införandet av skattelättnader för hushållstjänster. Syftet med denna undersökning har varit att studera den genuskonstruktion som kan tolkas genom en diskursiv framställning av proposition 2006/07:94 om skattelättnader för hushållstjänster - där fortsättningen av detta syfte har varit att undersöka hur denna genuskonstruktion samt hur andra sociala relationer ur ett intersektionellt perspektiv, kan tolkas ur ett jämställdhetsperspektiv. Studien har haft sin utgångpunkt från Carol Bacchis analysmetod – What’t the problem represented to be? Denna metod utgår från hur problemet framställs genom att studera vilken lösning som presenteras. Samt vilka effekter och subjektspositioner som skapas igenom hur problemrepresentationen läggs fram. Bacchis forskningsfrågor har varit den ledande mallen för konstruktionen av analysen. Analysen har skett inom en nyliberal diskurs sammankopplad till en könsdiskurs. Detta för att kunna kartlägga den genuskonstruktion som skapas igenom de subjektspositioner som artikuleras i propositionen. Malin Rönnbloms teori menar att artikulerade av en policy skapar ett ”görande” av politik. Analysprocessen har därmed undersökt hur propositionen ”gör” jämställdhetsbegreppet och vilken sätt ”görandet” påverkar subjekten inom diskurserna. Genom att noggrant koda av och analysera empirin har jag funnit att den genuskonstruktion som skapas: är den hushållsnära kvinnan kopplad till det traditionella kvinnoarbetet. Samt att de traditionella könsrollerna stärks då propositionen reproducerar kvinnan igenom att artikulera ”kvinnligt” inom traditionella hushållssysslor. Analysen visar även att jämställdhetsbegreppet som beskrivs i propositionen inte öppnar upp för någon form av maktanalys. Varken ur ett intersektionellt perspektiv och inte heller ur ett genusperspektiv. Utifrån dessa förutsättningar påverkar regeringen inte heller det rådande genussystemet som skapar genuskonstruktioner. / This essay has examined the current policy document for the implementation of tax reliefs for household services. The purpose was to study the gender construction that could be interpreted by a discourse exposition of proposal 2006/07:94 on tax relief for household. Thus, this thesis studies how the gender construction – and other social relations form an intersectional perspective – can be discussed from a gender perspective. Therefore, the study is based on Carol Bacchi’s analysis “What’s the problem represented to be? The method is based on how the problem is portrayed by studying the presented solution and also what effect and subject positions that are created through how the problem representation is presented. Bacchi’s research statement has been the model for the structure of the analysis – made within a neoliberal discourse linked to a gender discourse – in order to chart the gender construction that is created through the subject position that are presented in the proposal. Malin Rönnblom’s theory claims that articulating a policy creates a “doing” of politics. The analysis process therefore examined how the proposal “makes” the concept of equality and the way the “doing” affects subjects within the discourse. My conclusion is that the gender construction that has been created is the household women linked to the typical women’s work. The traditional gender roles are strengthened when one reproduces the women through the articulation of “feminine” within traditional household chores. The analysis also shows that the concept of equality, described the proposal, does not open up for any form of power analysis, not from an intersectional perspective and neither form a gender perspective. The final conclusion is that there is no possibility to affect the prevailing gender system that creates gender constructions.

No description available.

Il est de plus en plus clair que nos écosystèmes sont liés les uns aux autres de façons multiples et parfois complexes. De plus en plus nous identifions de nouvelles façons dont deux systèmes échangent des ressources et de l’énergie. Le rôle de ces échanges et transferts est encore difficile à quantifier. Nous en savons relativement peu sur les interactions de ceux-ci avec des processus locaux et spatiaux, ainsi que sur leur importance relativement à ces processus locaux et régionaux plus connus. À travers ce projet, nous cherchons à éclaircir l’importance relative des subsides particulaires de feuilles (et particulièrement de leur stoechiométrie) sur les communautés littorales d’invertébrés benthiques. Nous avons récolté des invertébrés et des feuilles mortes sur 23 sites à travers 7 lacs relativement isolés de l’influence humaine et avons comparé l’influence de la stoechiométrie de ces subsides à l’influence de facteurs locaux de qualité de l’eau et de facteurs spatiaux. Les résultats suggèrent que l’importance de la qualité nutritive (i.e. stoechiométrie) est secondaire aux facteurs locaux de qualité de l’eau dans des milieux naturels. L’importance des subsides particulaires de feuilles semble être grandement dépendante du contexte et pourrait gagner en importance dans des contextes de fortes perturbations. Les résultats indiquent que la qualité nutritive des subsides de feuilles, leur contenu relatif en azote et phosphore, est associée avec de plus grande abondance de plusieurs taxons. La richesse spécifique n’étant pas affecté, c’est à travers l’équitabilité (i.e. une distribution des abondances plus stable) que la qualité nutritive des feuilles pourrait promouvoir une plus grande biodiversité d’invertébrés benthiques. / It is clear now, more than ever before, that our ecosystems are linked to one another in multiples and sometimes complex ways. The role of these exchanges and transfers is still hard to quantify. We know little of the interactions of these fluxes with local and spatial processes happening in ecosystems, as well as their relative importance compared to local and regional drivers of ecosystem functions and community structure. With this project, we aim to untangle the relative importance of particulate subsidies of leaves (and specifically their stoichiometry) on littoral communities of benthic invertebrates in lakes. We collected invertebrates and leaf litter on 23 sites across 7 lakes somewhat isolated from human influence and compared the influence of leaf litter stoichiometry to the influence of local water quality and spatial variables. Results suggest that nutritive quality of leaf litter (i.e. stoichiometry) is secondary to water quality. Importance of leaf subsidies appears to be context dependant and could gain in importance in systems with higher degrees of disturbances. Results that nitrogen and phosphorus content of leaf subsidies is associated with higher abundances of several taxonomic groups. Species richness being unaffected, it is through higher evenness (i.e. even distribution of abundances) that higher quality of leaves may promote higher biodiversity of benthic invertebrates.

La présente recherche sous la direction de J.-M. Carrié, a porté sur les fédérés (foederati), ces combattants barbares servant dans leurs contingents ethnico-tactiques sous commandement de leurs chefs ethniques. Les fédérés étaient fournis par des groupes ethniques alliés de l’Empire dans le cadre de traités (foedus/foedera, spondê/spondai, synthêkê/synthêkai) : des gentes foederatae, enspondoi, hypospondoi, ces termes soulignant le lien diplomatique entre l’Empire et la gens. A la dimension diplomatique, s’ajoute la dimension militaire exprimée dans le vocabulaire de l’alliance (societas, symmachia), de l’auxiliariat (auxilium) ainsi que dans celui de l’amitié (amicitia/philia). L’analyse terminologique montre que les auteurs anciens utilisent le vocabulaire classique comme un filtre qu’il faut dépasser pour appréhender les fédérés. Une analyse fine et contextualisée des sources restituant une stratigraphie sémantique et révélant les anachronismes d'historiens décrivant d'après la situation de leur époque des phénomènes passés, a permis de souligner cette évolution masquée par la continuité terminologique. L’apparition des termes techniques foederati et phoideratoi au Ve siècle ne doit pas tromper. Il faut interpréter le terme foederati à partir des années 400 comme le recours à un terme républicain ancien pour désigner un nouvel aspect d’une réalité connue des Romains – celle des contingents fournis par les alliés selon des traités – notamment depuis le basculement stratégique des guerres danubiennes sous Marc Aurèle qui annoncent les difficultés à venir de l’Empire au IIIe siècle – puis aux Ve et VIe siècles – et la nécessité pour ce dernier de trouver des solutions aux périls pesant sur l’ordre impérial : le recours au substantif foederati permettait de nommer des combattants levés par traités auprès de gentes établies sur le sol impérial (gentes foederatae intra fines imperii), les Goths incarnant, après Andrinople, les premières gentes établies par traités dans l’Empire, alors que le terme désignait les contingents ethnico-tactiques fournis par des gentes foederatae extérieures au territoire impérial. Il faut distinguer les foederati extérieurs fournis par les gentes foederatae extérieures des foederati impériaux fournis par les gentes établies dans l’Empire à partir des années 380-400. Si le phénomène des foederati est ancien, les admissions territoriales de gentes par foedera/spondai lui conférèrent de nouveaux aspects. Par l’établissement territorial de gentes intra fines imperii, l’Empire appliquait à des groupes un mode de gestion de relations romano-barbares réservé aux gentes extérieures au territoire impérial : la conclusion de traités. Pris dans une logique de rapports de force, sur son sol et sur ses confins, l’Empire devait utiliser ces gentes selon ses intérêts. L’étude montre que l’Empire tenta de maîtriser le phénomène en intégrant les foederati au système militaire impérial suivant des besoins militaires, tactiques et stratégiques. Le recours aux chefs comme médiateurs entre leurs gentes, leurs fédérés et l’Empire a été fondamental. La volonté de contrôle de l’Etat impérial se mesure également à l’intégration des foederati au système logistique (ravitaillement, rémunérations, entretien) de la machine de guerre impériale. On peut se demander si l’Etat impérial n’a pas conçu les foederati comme un outil permettant de gérer différemment les ressources militaires, humaines et financières nécessaires à la défense de l’Empire. A cette fin, l’idéologie impériale a développé un discours justifiant l’emploi par l’Empire de ses gentes foederatae avec des objectifs stratégiques répondant aux défis auxquels l’Empire fut confronté de la fin du IIIe siècle au début du VIIe siècle. / The federates (foederati, symmachoi, auxiliares) were soldiers recruited among barbarian groups (gentes) – settled inside or outside the Empire – who committed by treaties (foedus/foedera ; spondê/spondai) to provide the Emperor with warriors serving on their owns.The study tries to show that the Empire attempted to control this phenomenon by including the foederati to the imperial military system in accordance with military needs and specific tactics.The will of control from the imperial state is also measured by the integration of the foederati into the imperial logistical system during military operations (food supplies, payment, and maintenance).One can wonder if the imperial state didn’t create the foederati as a tool allowing to manage – in a different way – the military, human, and financial resources required to the defense of the Empire.To that purpose, the imperial ideology seems to have set up a speech to justify and legitimate the employment by the Empire of these gentes foederatae (enspondoi, hypospondoi) with strategic goals/aims, in agreement with the challenges the Empire was confronted by from the end of the 3rd century to the beginning of the 7th (century).