Die voorbestaan van die mensdom is nou verweef met die toestand waarin die omgewing verkeer. Menslike aktiwiteite het 'n groot impak op die omgewing, terwyl die omgewing weer die mens se lewensgehalte bepaal. Hierdie studie is dan daarop gemik om deur omgewingsopvoeding, die mens te lei tot omgewingsgesonde gedrag met die oog op volhoubare ontwikkeling. Ten einde hierin te slaag, word die verskillende omgewingsprobleme en die redes daarvoor eers uitgeklaar. Daarna word die faktore wat tot omgewingsagteruitgang kan lei, ondersoek. Hieruit blyk duidelik <lat die wereld en die RSA, in die toekoms digter bevolk, meer besoedel, ekologies minder stabiel en daarom meer gevoelig vir natuurrampe gaan word. Soos uit die proefskrif sal blyk kan omgewingsopvoeding 'n positiewe bydrae tot bierdie omgewingsprobleme lewer. Om daarby uit te kom word daar dus eers 'n kort bistoriese oorsig van omgewingsopvoeding gegee. Die rol en bydrae wat enkele internasionale organisasies tot omgewingsbewustheid gelewer het, word ondersoek. Daar word 'n oorsig gegee van verwikkelinge in die RSA en die invloed van die Aardeberaad op omgewingsopvoeding in die RSA, word ontleed. Ten einde outentieke omgewingsopvoeding te vergestalt word aanvaar <lat die mens met sy geboorte in 'n wereld gewerp word waaraan hy slegs met sy dood kan ontsnap. In hierdie gesitueerdheid in die wereld as leefnrimte, moet hy sin aan sy bestaan gee, terwyl hy ook 'n poging moet aanwend om die omgewing te verbeter, as voorsorg vir die oorlewing van toekomstige geslagte. Met inagneming van die opvoedings- en omgewingsrelasie waarin die mens tot sy omgewing staan, word die essensiele kenmerke van omgewingsopvoeding blootgele, ten einde moontlikheidsvoorwaardes te stel vir outentieke omgewingsopvoeding. Besondere Idem word gele op omgewingsgedrag wat volhoubaarheid nastreef. Dit alles kulmineer in omgewingsgesonde gedrag wat as oorkoepelende doelstelling vir omgewingsopvoeding gestel word. Omdat die mens se gedrag teenoor die omgewing bepaal word deur sy omgewingsetiek, word drie verskillende benaderings tot omgewingsetiek onderskei. Klem word gele op die noodsaak van omgewingsgeletterdheid. Ten einde die mens se optrede teenoor die omgewing te probeer verstaan, word drie omgewingsgedragstyle ontleed. Twee wetenskaplike aardgenese-hipoteses word beskryf vir verdere duidelikheid oor omgewingsgedrag. Aan die einde van die studie, word enkele beginsels gestel wat kan lei tot die ontwikkeling van omgewingsgesonde gedrag met die oog op volhoubare voortbestaan. / Mankind's survival is interwoven with the state of the environment. Human activities have a great impact on the environment, while the environment, again, determines the quality of man's life. This study aims to aid mankind, through environmental education, to environmentally sound behaviour with an eye on sustainable development. To attain this, the different environmental problems and their causes, are sorted out first. Then the factors that can lead to environmental degradation are investigated. From this it is quite clear that in the future, the world and the RSA will be more densely populated, become more polluted, be ecologically less stable and will therefore be more sensitive to natural disasters. Because environmental education can make a positive contribution to this, a short historical survey of environmental education is given. The role and contribution of some international organisations is investigated. Developments in the RSA are surveyed and the influence of the Earth Summit on environmental education in the RSA is analysed. At birth, mankind is thrown into a world from where he can escape only at death. In this world in which he has to stay, he must give meaning to his existence, while also trying to improve the environment to guarantee the survival of coming generations. Bearing in mind the educational and environmental relationship between any human being and his environment, the essential characteristics of environmental education are exposed in order to set possible conditions for authentic environmental education. Special emphasis is placed on environmental behaviour aimed at sustainablility. All this culminates in environmentally sound behaviour that acts as the overall aim for environmental education. Because man's environmental ethic determines his behaviour towards the environment, three different approaches to environmental ethics are distinguished. Emphasis is placed on the necessity for environmental literacy. In order to try to understand man's behaviour towards the environment, three styles of environmental behaviour are analysed. For further clarification of environmental behaviour, two scientific earth genesis hipotheses are also described. In conclusion, this study leads to certain principles that can lead to the development of environmentally sound behaviour aimed at the sustainable survival of mankind. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Filosofie van die Opvoeding)

Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The politics of climate change has thus far been marked by controversy and a lack of consensus in regards to the best manner in which to comprehend and mitigate this problem. This is further aggravated by the characterisation of climate change as a global problem requiring a global solution which has served to only further complicate inter-state relations. While a number of analysts have remarked that the North-South relationship is no longer a meaningful analytical tool in international relations, it will be the purpose of this study to explore this contention within the field of climate change negotiations and to identify both the transformation and continuity within the relationship between the North and South. The unsuccessful nature of climate negotiations are largely held to be the result of the rift between the North and South, where the issues relating to the global political economy are largely responsible for the lack of consensus being reached between developing and developed countries. All climate negotiations since the 1972 UN Conference on the Environment and Development have showcased the tension between the two regions in regards to climate change mitigation and their inability to overcome this fissure. More importantly, the ensuing Copenhagen Summit of 2009 further highlighted a rift amongst the developing countries of the South, and between the developed and developing countries. As a consequence, the main aim of the research will be to understand the character of the global interactions between the North and South in terms of the context of global environmental politics. It is also the purpose of this research to gain a more comprehensive account of the sequence of causation within this relationship which stalled the negotiating process and lastly, to understand the conceptual demarcations of the two terms in the post-Cold War era so as to better understand the nature of the relationship between the two regions. What may be surmised by the study is that there is still a continuity to be found in the international arena pertaining to the North-South relationship. However, the Copenhagen Summit has been instrumental in showcasing the growing stratification that is found within the South and as a result has highlighted the cross-alliances that have formed between the North and South in order to maintain economic growth. Overall, while the North-South relationship does impact the nature of climate mitigation negotiations, the stratification of states based upon economic and developmental divergences will result in states forming alliances based upon economic self-interest. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die politiek van klimaatsverandering is tot dusver gekenmerk aan kontroversie en ‟n gebrek aan konsensus met betrekking tot die mees effektiewe wyse waarop hierdie probleem verstaan en gemitigeer kan word. Die probleem word verder vererger deur die kenmerk van klimaatsverandering as ‟n globale probleem wat ‟n globale oplossing verg, wat tot die verdere komplikasie van interstaat-verhoudings gelei het. Verskeie analiste het opgemerk dat die verhouding tussen die Noorde en Suide nie meer dien as betekenisvolle analitiese gereedskap op die gebied van internasionale verhoudings nie. Die doel van hierdie ondersoek is gevolglik om hierdie aanname in oënskou te neem, en om beide transformasie en kontinuïteit binne die verhouding tussen die Noorde en Suide te identifiseer. Die onsuksesvolle aard van klimaatsonderhandelinge word grootliks toegeskryf aan die onenigheid tussen die Noorde en Suide, met kwessies rondom die globale politieke ekonomie grootliks verantwoordelik vir die gebrek aan konsensus tussen die streke. Sedert die 1972 VN Konferensie oor die Omgewing en Ontwikkeling het alle klimaatsonderhandelinge die spanning tussen die twee streke met betrekking to klimaatveranderingsversagtings en hul onvermoë om hierdie skeur te oorbrug, ten toon gestel. Die 2009 Kopenhagen-beraad het ‟n onenigheid ontbloot tussen die ontwikkelende lande in die Suide en tussen ontwikkelende en ontwikkelde lande. Gevolglik is die hoofdoelstelling van hierdie studie om die aard van globale interaksies tussen die Noorde en Suide te verstaan met betrekking tot die konteks van globale omgewingspolitiek. Die doel van die navorsing is ook om ‟n meer omvattende verklaring te verkry oor die volgorde van oorsaaklike verbande binne hierdie verhouding wat die onderhandelingsproses tot stilstand gebring het en laastens, om die konseptuele afbakening van hierdie twee terme in die post-Koue Oorlog era en die aard van die verhouding tussen die twee streke beter te verstaan. Hierdie studie wys dat daar steeds kontinuïteit in die internasionale arena is met betrekking tot die verhouding tussen die Noorde en Suide. Die 2009 Kopenhagen-beraad was egter instrumenteel om die groeiende stratifikasie wat binne die Suide gevind word uit te lig, en die kruisalliansies wat tussen die Noorde en Suide gevorm is om ekonomiese groei in stand te hou, te beklemtoon. Alhoewel die verhouding tussen die Noorde en Suide tog ‟n impak op die aard van klimaatsversagtingsonderhandelings uitoefen, sal die stratifikasie van state wat op ekonomiese- en ontwikkelingsafwykings gebaseer is tot gevolg hê dat state alliansies vorm op grond van ekonomiese selfbelange.

在現代講求合作與和平共處的國際環境裡，國與國之間已不太運用傳統的剛性、強迫性的力量來試圖影響對方，反之更多的是在文化、教育等柔性力量上的交流與溝通，慢慢轉變對彼此的觀感，進而改善雙邊或多邊關係。因此在現今國際關係互動上，一國的柔性權力就被廣泛認為可以在許多方面造成巨大的影響，在奈伊提出柔性權力概念之後，更是受到國際關係學界的重視。 歐盟與中國於1975年即建立外交關係，但囿於冷戰的格局，雙方難有合作的發展。到了後冷戰時期，由於中國勢力的增長，歐中即在1998年召開歐中高峰會，除了發展經貿關係之外，也開始將合作推至包括文教在內的多領域議題上。文教議題因具有敏感性低、容易調整之特性，更有促進雙方了解與散播價值觀的力量，達到形塑國家形象的效果，可作為外交策略來使用，因此國際文教交流作為研究柔性權力作用即有其價值。許多國家都試圖透過文教交流等途徑，塑造對本國有利之國際環境、或影響他國之行為，進而使一國能夠在國際行動上取得更大的活動空間。因此，就歐盟與中國在文教領域所擁有的資源，以及如何透過文教領域的合作來試圖影響對方，以及歐中關係基於此的改變，便是本研究想關切的議題。 因此本文運用柔性權力之概念，並以歐中文教合作為出發點，以另一面向來檢視歐中雙邊關係的發展，發掘歐中在文教合作的驅動力、對歐中關係發展之成果與前景，包括探討雙方所採取的文教議題、文教交流之互動過程，以及最後對於歐中雙方文教領域交流範圍與程度的日益加深，是否有助於雙方峰會根本目標的達成，以及是否對於歐中間的對話管道與交流模式有著積極的幫助，提出研究發現與心得。 / In the modern international communication and interaction which set pace well on cooperation and harmoniousness, the influence inflicting from one country to another rarely resorts that much to the traditional rigid, enforcing way of negotiation. Rather, more cultural and educative ways of interaction have, slowly changing how countries evaluate each other, improved relationships of both or even multiple sides. Therefore, upon the global relationship, one country’s power of pliable nature can be commonly deemed of creating influential impacts on many aspects, which has gained more attention from fields of international relationship after the concept of soft power has been suggested by Joseph Nye. The European Union has established diplomatic relationship with China since 1975. Owing to the restriction resulted from the cold war; however, both sides had very limited room for further cooperation. After the cold war, China and The European Union, because of China’s growth, established EU-China summit in 1998, starting to push their cooperation, along with economic development, to various fields including cultural and educational ones. The nature of low sensitivity and flexibility of cultural and educational issues makes it easy for both sides to understand and distribute the power of philosophy of value, which helps to shape the image of the country for diplomatic purposes, so international intercourse for cultural and educational purposes has its status in the study of soft power. Many countries have tried to create a comfort zone in the international environment or to influence other countries’ decision making via cultural and educational interaction, and hence strive for a bigger room to take political action. As a consequence, this research aims at exploring the issue of the changes that have been brought about by this cultural and educational cooperation and how they influence each other through the cooperation upon the resources that both sides have. This paper manipulates the idea of soft power and bases on China and European Union cooperation to look at how both sides evolve from this relationship, to discover the drives towards their cooperation, and to oversee their developed relationship and its prospects, including discussing cultural and educational issues that both sides adopt, the interaction along their communication. At the end, this research gives a retrospect and discovery for whether their goals are achieved after their cultural and informational development has been established, and whether their channel of communication and their modes of interaction have been significantly benefited.

With the changing political, economic, cultural and environmental landscape of global societies, journalistic writings on social development issues and concerns have become more relevant in recent times. Through civic advocacy journalism (CAJ), the agenda and programs of social development movements, civil society groups, international development organizations and non-government organizations are promoted and advanced. It is essential to understand the forms and representations of CAJ in practice, concepts and theories in the light of its relevance to media practice and to society at large. However, there is very little literature on the scope and extent of CAJ knowledge and practice. A researcher needs to look into actual practice and connect this with available literature to establish the application of CAJ. For this study, a qualitative content analysis method was used to assess CAJ practice in online print media reports at the Copenhagen Climate Change Summit.

Die voorbestaan van die mensdom is nou verweef met die toestand waarin die omgewing verkeer. Menslike aktiwiteite het 'n groot impak op die omgewing, terwyl die omgewing weer die mens se lewensgehalte bepaal. Hierdie studie is dan daarop gemik om deur omgewingsopvoeding, die mens te lei tot omgewingsgesonde gedrag met die oog op volhoubare ontwikkeling. Ten einde hierin te slaag, word die verskillende omgewingsprobleme en die redes daarvoor eers uitgeklaar. Daarna word die faktore wat tot omgewingsagteruitgang kan lei, ondersoek. Hieruit blyk duidelik <lat die wereld en die RSA, in die toekoms digter bevolk, meer besoedel, ekologies minder stabiel en daarom meer gevoelig vir natuurrampe gaan word. Soos uit die proefskrif sal blyk kan omgewingsopvoeding 'n positiewe bydrae tot bierdie omgewingsprobleme lewer. Om daarby uit te kom word daar dus eers 'n kort bistoriese oorsig van omgewingsopvoeding gegee. Die rol en bydrae wat enkele internasionale organisasies tot omgewingsbewustheid gelewer het, word ondersoek. Daar word 'n oorsig gegee van verwikkelinge in die RSA en die invloed van die Aardeberaad op omgewingsopvoeding in die RSA, word ontleed. Ten einde outentieke omgewingsopvoeding te vergestalt word aanvaar <lat die mens met sy geboorte in 'n wereld gewerp word waaraan hy slegs met sy dood kan ontsnap. In hierdie gesitueerdheid in die wereld as leefnrimte, moet hy sin aan sy bestaan gee, terwyl hy ook 'n poging moet aanwend om die omgewing te verbeter, as voorsorg vir die oorlewing van toekomstige geslagte. Met inagneming van die opvoedings- en omgewingsrelasie waarin die mens tot sy omgewing staan, word die essensiele kenmerke van omgewingsopvoeding blootgele, ten einde moontlikheidsvoorwaardes te stel vir outentieke omgewingsopvoeding. Besondere Idem word gele op omgewingsgedrag wat volhoubaarheid nastreef. Dit alles kulmineer in omgewingsgesonde gedrag wat as oorkoepelende doelstelling vir omgewingsopvoeding gestel word. Omdat die mens se gedrag teenoor die omgewing bepaal word deur sy omgewingsetiek, word drie verskillende benaderings tot omgewingsetiek onderskei. Klem word gele op die noodsaak van omgewingsgeletterdheid. Ten einde die mens se optrede teenoor die omgewing te probeer verstaan, word drie omgewingsgedragstyle ontleed. Twee wetenskaplike aardgenese-hipoteses word beskryf vir verdere duidelikheid oor omgewingsgedrag. Aan die einde van die studie, word enkele beginsels gestel wat kan lei tot die ontwikkeling van omgewingsgesonde gedrag met die oog op volhoubare voortbestaan. / Mankind's survival is interwoven with the state of the environment. Human activities have a great impact on the environment, while the environment, again, determines the quality of man's life. This study aims to aid mankind, through environmental education, to environmentally sound behaviour with an eye on sustainable development. To attain this, the different environmental problems and their causes, are sorted out first. Then the factors that can lead to environmental degradation are investigated. From this it is quite clear that in the future, the world and the RSA will be more densely populated, become more polluted, be ecologically less stable and will therefore be more sensitive to natural disasters. Because environmental education can make a positive contribution to this, a short historical survey of environmental education is given. The role and contribution of some international organisations is investigated. Developments in the RSA are surveyed and the influence of the Earth Summit on environmental education in the RSA is analysed. At birth, mankind is thrown into a world from where he can escape only at death. In this world in which he has to stay, he must give meaning to his existence, while also trying to improve the environment to guarantee the survival of coming generations. Bearing in mind the educational and environmental relationship between any human being and his environment, the essential characteristics of environmental education are exposed in order to set possible conditions for authentic environmental education. Special emphasis is placed on environmental behaviour aimed at sustainablility. All this culminates in environmentally sound behaviour that acts as the overall aim for environmental education. Because man's environmental ethic determines his behaviour towards the environment, three different approaches to environmental ethics are distinguished. Emphasis is placed on the necessity for environmental literacy. In order to try to understand man's behaviour towards the environment, three styles of environmental behaviour are analysed. For further clarification of environmental behaviour, two scientific earth genesis hipotheses are also described. In conclusion, this study leads to certain principles that can lead to the development of environmentally sound behaviour aimed at the sustainable survival of mankind. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Filosofie van die Opvoeding)

[pt] A atuação internacional dos Estados depende, essencialmente, das estratégias traçadas pelo Executivo a partir da barganha com os mais variados grupos de interesse que perseguem suas preferências no campo político doméstico. Quando Fernando Henrique Cardoso assumiu a presidência da República, em 1995, o Brasil enfrentava uma crise em seus paradigmas de inserção internacional na qual essas estratégias tinham de ser redefinidas, o que abre uma boa oportunidade para se analisar o comportamento dos atores políticos internos envolvidos no processo. Essa dissertação concentra-se no exame do comportamento da imprensa como ator político doméstico para mostrar que alguns dos principais veículos impressos brasileiros tiveram autonomia para influenciar a formulação da política externa do país no período analisado. Para isso, aproveita-se da intensificação da cobertura da imprensa em temas de política externa provocada pelo uso da diplomacia presidencial por Cardoso e analisa colunas e editoriais publicados pelo Globo e pela Folha de S. Paulo no período. A análise leva em consideração os enquadramentos utilizados nos textos e, a partir deles, aponta evidências da participação da imprensa na formulação da política externa brasileira com base em propostas teóricas dos estudos de Política da Comunicação e de Opinião Pública. / [en] The strategies that guide a state s foreign policy are the result of a bargain involving many important domestic interest groups that seek to achieve their preferences. Fernando Henrique Cardoso started his mandate, in 1995, during a period known as the Brazilian foreign policy paradigms crisis, when the country s international strategies had to be redefined, opening a great opportunity to study the behavior and the importance of domestic political actors involved in the foreign policy decision-making process. This work exams the behavior of the press as a domestic political actor to conclude that the most relevant newspapers in Brazil had autonomy to influence the building of Brazilian foreign policy during the period. Contributes to this effort the use of summit diplomacy by Cardoso, which intensifies the press cover on foreign policy. Thus, this work analyzes columnists articles published by O Globo and Folha de S. Paulo during the examined period. The analysis focus on the framing of these texts and discusses some evidences of Brazilian press influence on the foreign policy decision-making process, taking some theoretical propositions from studies of Communication Politics and Public Opinion.

Submitted by Simone Maisonave (simonemaisonave@hotmail.com) on 2016-12-01T11:54:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Renata da Silva Gonçalves_Dissertacao .pdf: 2071940 bytes, checksum: 6c19d871df8b227366d386eee8bde11a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T11:54:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Renata da Silva Gonçalves_Dissertacao .pdf: 2071940 bytes, checksum: 6c19d871df8b227366d386eee8bde11a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O objetivo principal da presente dissertação de mestrado é compreender como se dá a atuação da sociedade civil dentro da Cúpula Social do MERCOSUL (Mercado Comum do Sul) considerando: o formato associativo, a escala de atuação e as demandas e interesses que ela apresenta. A Cúpula proporcionou a entrada de novas associações da sociedade civil nos debates do Mercado Comum do Sul e, consequentemente, a inserção de demandas oriundas dessa nova agenda participativa no bloco. Embora as associações da sociedade civil que atuem na Cúpula tenham sua atuação predominantemente no âmbito nacional ou local, o MERCOSUL propicia uma estrutura de oportunidades que estimula a interconexão transnacional dessa sociedade civil – seja se tornando um lugar onde a sociedade civil possa buscar novas ideias e pressionar seus Estados, seja propagando ideias que foram frutíferas em seu país para outros, criando conexões. Para esta pesquisa exploratória foi utilizada uma análise qualitativa baseada principalmente em pesquisa documental. Assim, o mapeamento foi realizado a partir da análise de documentos oficiais do bloco obtidos na internet, tais como atas, resoluções, protocolos e as declarações finais das Cúpulas realizadas nos anos de 2006-2013. Além disso foram realizados diversos contatos para a obtenção de dados não disponíveis no ambiente virtual, destacando-se o realizado com a pesquisadora Dra. Janina Onuki que gentilmente cedeu entrevistas com alguns participantes das Cúpulas e a entrevista realizada com o Chefe da Assessoria Internacional da Secretaria Geral da Presidência da República, Fabrício Prado. Como base teórica, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica do conceito de Sociedade Civil na Teoria Democrática Contemporânea, buscando compreender sua adequação e aplicabilidade à realidade do continente latino-americano e ao MERCOSUL. Sendo este um bloco econômico de integração regional que tem estimulado a participação da sociedade civil nos últimos anos, essa dissertação procurar explorar um tema ainda recente e pouco estudado pelas novidades que apresenta. Procurou contribuir principalmente com uma caracterização geral – um retrato – das principais associações que participaram dos espaços autorizados pelo bloco, em termos de participação social e cidadã. / The present work sought to understand how is the performance of civil society within the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) considering: the associative format, the performance scale and the demands and interests that it presents. The Summit provided the introduction of new associations of civil society in the Southern Common Market discussions and consequently the inclusion of demands from this new participatory agenda in the block. Although civil society associations that work at the Summit have its operations predominantly at the national or local level, MERCOSUR provides a framework of opportunities that stimulate transnational interconnection between civil society – it is becoming a place where civil society is able to look for new ideas and push their States or propagate ideas from your country to the others, creating connections. For this exploratory research was carried out a qualitative analysis based mainly on documentary research. Thus, the mapping was done from the analysis block official documents obtained on the Internet, such as meeting minutes, resolutions, protocols and final declarations of the summits held in the years 2006-2013. Also they were made several contacts to obtain data not available in the virtual environment, especially the one with Dr. Janina Onuki researcher who kindly gave interviews with some participants of the Summit and the interview with the Head of International Advisory of General Secretariat from Presidency of the Republic, Fabrício Prado. As a theoretical basis, it was carried out a literature of the concept of civil society in Contemporary Democratic Theory, trying to understand their adequacy and applicability to the reality of the Latin American continent and the MERCOSUR. This being an economic bloc of regional integration that has stimulated the participation of civil society in recent years, this dissertation seek to exploit a recent theme and little studied by the news presenting. Tried to contribute mainly to a general characterization - a picture - the main associations that participated in the areas authorized by the block in terms of social and citizen participation.

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