The nature of food insecurity has been changing in the world. While research on food insecurity in developing countries used to focus on undernourishment (i.e. lack of calorie consumption) and related outcomes, today, many developing countries face at least a “double burden of malnutrition” with persistently high rates of undernourishment and increasing rates of overweight, obesity and related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). An important driver of overweight and obesity in developing countries is the „nutrition transition“, i.e. the trend towards the consumption of more energy-dense, highly processed foods and more sedentary lifestyles. Two essays of this Ph.D. thesis analyse drivers and consequences of the nutrition transition in developing countries with a particular focus on the role of supermarkets, which have been rapidly spreading in many countries. We provide evidence that the presence of supermarkets causally affects dietary choices and nutritional outcomes. Data collection for this research was carried out in small Kenyan towns of the kind that accommodate most of the country’s urban population. We designed our sample to be quasi-experimental in nature and employ instrumental variable techniques to allow for endogeneity of supermarket purchases. Kenya’s supermarket landscape is dynamic and so far, it has followed the ‘traditional pattern’ of the so-called supermarket revolution. Supermarket purchases are found to contribute to the nutrition transition by shifting consumption towards processed and away from unprocessed foods. At the same time, calorie availability increases as calories are sourced at lower prices in supermarkets. We find that supermarket purchases increase adult Body Mass Index and their probability of being overweight or obese. Yet, we also find that buying in a supermarket tends to decrease underweight among children and adolescents (age 5-19) in terms of stunting (height-for-age). In a third essay, we use secondary household survey data from Malawi to analyse ‘one of the other faces of malnutrition’. The world food price crisis of 2007/08 and other global and regional price and income shocks that followed have spurred interest in producing timely predictions on their implications for food security. A critical research gap remains with comparing simulation outcomes across studies that use different, established methods on the same subject. This is to establish if and to which extent they might result in different and potentially conflicting policy recommendations. We address this gap building on three simulation studies set in Malawi, which analyse welfare in terms of food security and income effects using the same 2004/05 household survey data but resort to methodologies of different complexity. We harmonize simulation scenarios across methods and systematically modify relevant parameters for our comparative assessment. We find differences between methods to depend on the scenario under consideration and to grow with increasing rates of simulated price changes. The differences we find are driven by differences in conceptualising price changes. In case of Malawi, for a reasonable set of observed price changes, mean outcomes on district levels are fairly robust to underlying methodologies. We illustrate that is it important to improve our understanding of how changes in the underlying methodologies change results and to analyse the sensitivity of simulation outcomes to different model assumptions.

共一冊，約六字，計分七章十七節。 第一章企業危險管理導論：介紹危險的基本概念、純損危險對企業的影響，及危險管 理的效益與施行步驟。 第二章超級市場危險管理策略：首先介紹超級市發展現況，而後說明超級市場危險管 理工作目標的制訂，及各部門的權責內容。 第三章超級市場危險的辨識與衡量：列舉說明各種辨識方法，並於衡量危險後，分析 超級市場所可能面臨的各種危險。 第四章超級市場管理危險的方法與撰擇：依序介紹各種常用的危險管理方法及超級市 場適用情形，並分析影響選擇決策的各項因素。 第五章危險管理方法的執行：分別闡述超級市場控制型管理方法與財務型管理方法的 執行。 第六章監督與改進：首先介紹監督程序的建立，而後分別就超級市場各種管理方法的 執行及危險管理各步驟工作之監督及改進作說明。 第七章結論與建議。

Die Wertschöpfungskette für frisches Obst und Gemüse in Deutschland hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten stark gewandelt. Die Konzentration im Einzelhandel, andere Konsumgewohnheiten und verbesserte Logistik haben Beschaffung und Angebot stark verändert. Daneben sind neue Stakeholder aufgetreten, die erfolgreich die Umsetzung ihrer Anliegen einforderten, was zu höheren Anforderungen an Produktsicherheit und Qualität führte. In der Wissenschaft beschäftigte man sich bislang nur wenig mit der Wertschöpfungskette für frisches Obst und Gemüse in Deutschland. Einige Autoren erforschten die Mechanismen, wie britische Supermärkte Gemüse aus Ostafrika importierten. Das Modell der Value Chain Analysis und die Transaktionskostentheorie bilden den theoretischen Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit. Erster Schritt war die Identifizierung der relevanten Akteure und ihrer Position in der Kette. Es zeigte sich, daß es keine einheitliche Value Chain gibt, sondern daß die Beschaffung der einzelnen Produkte unter-schiedlich organisiert ist, sowohl von Unternehmen zu Unternehmen, aber auch innerhalb einer Firma für unterschiedliche Produkte. In einem zweiten Schritt wurden sorgfältig ausgewählte Experten aus Produktion, Zwischen- und Einzelhandel zu den Veränderungen in der Value Chain und deren aktueller Ausgestaltung interviewt. Besonderer Wert wurde dabei auf die Ver-träge und Beziehungen zwischen den einzelnen Handelspartnern gelegt, d.h. wie diese zustande kommen, wie sie aufgebaut sind und wie die Kontrolle der Vereinbarungen funktioniert. In einem letzten Schritt wurden die Faktoren herausgearbeitet, die für das aktuelle Aussehen der Value Chain entscheidend sind. Weitere Ergebnisse waren, wie das Governance-System in der Realität funktioniert, wie konsequent Vorgaben und Standards umgesetzt werden und wie die Verbindungen zwischen den einzelnen Partnern gestaltet sind. Dabei kristallisierten sich drei unterschiedliche Einkaufstypen im LEH heraus. / The value chain for fresh fruit and vegetables in Germany has changed considerably through-out the last decades. The convergence in retail, transformed consumer habits and improved logistics have had great impact on procurement and supply. In addition, new stakeholders have emerged, who successfully demand the implementation of their requirements, resulting in a higher demand for product safety and product quality. So far, science has addressed the value chain model on fresh fruit and vegetables in Germany only briefly. In fact, there are only few studies available on the mechanisms of UK supermar-ket imports of vegetables from East Africa. The model of the Value Chain Analysis and the transaction cost theory should hence form the theoretical framework of this study. The first step was the identification of relevant players and their position within the chain. It was found that there is no single value chain present, but that the procurement of the individ-ual products is organized, changing, both from company to company, but also within a com-pany for different products. In a second step, a group of carefully selected experts from production, intermediary trade and retail were asked to comment on the changes and the current structure of the value chain. Special emphasis was placed on the contracts and relationships between the individual trading partners, i.e. how these agreements are made, what do they include and how their compliance is guaranteed. In a last step, the crucial factors were identified that are critical for the current appearance of the Value Chain. Other results included the determination of the true governance system, findings about how consistent the guidelines and standards are implemented and how the connections between the individual partners are designed. As a result, three different procurement types can be de-termined in food retailing.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:18:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Desire Blum Menezes Torres.pdf: 8617965 bytes, checksum: 700ef00066cfcc6bbe0143e8870f2557 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work complies with the intent of studying, in terms of language, the contrivances used by supermarket network to establish relationships and communication with the environment around them within the atmosphere of a mixed society. We compared two establishments in the city of Curitiba, Brazil: a national network and another pertaining to an offshore network. The assumption that edges the research is that, since this kind of supermarket displays the characteristic of non communication with external ambiances - unlike a local grocery store or a market place where the service is personalized and engaging - human relations in their environment are depthless, superficial or even nonexistent. In a society that tends towards the hybridization of typical composé of Latin American cities, in which the cultural blend is evident in urban areas, the understanding of how the supermarket network deals with this multiplicity and participates in several series to raise cultural leans towards expressive contrasts. The research is exploratory and explanatory, with empirical observation supported by photographic record. The theoretical and methodological framework is based on sources developed by Latour, Canevacci, Ferrara and Rennó, leading the analysis of urban culture from the point of view of the observation of the image. The concepts of fusion of culture and cultural studies, with the metaphors generated by the same provide the mechanisms of translational identified phenomena. The procedure of analysis is enriched by the contributions of Laplantine, Nous, Martín- Barbero, Gruzinski and Pinheiro. Another significant theoretical core under analysis was obtained in systems theory, with Vieira, Uexkull and Bunge. Urban space, center and periphery, mixed borders, consumer relations and the concept of non-place comes from the theoretical constructs of Certeau, Canevacci, Santos, Ferrara, Lotman, Delgado, Silva, Bauman, Underhill, Webber and Augé. The analysis of this study envisages the fact that the supermarket networks, domestic or offshore are not related to the individual as a customer, which is contradictory in societies that tend towards the hybridization of forms, such as Latin societies. At the national supermarket under analysis, were found embedded cultural series, but in an offshore network, these elements are not valued, as happens with the external aspects of local culture. Based on the systemic point of view and cultural studies, it can be said that these environments present themselves as non-places / Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar, do ponto de vista de linguagem, o modo como os supermercados de rede estabelecem relações e se comunicam com o ambiente que os circunda, na atmosfera de uma sociedade mestiça. São comparados dois estabelecimentos na cidade de Curitiba-PR: um de rede nacional e outro de rede estrangeira. O pressuposto que norteia a investigação é o de que, em virtude de esse gênero de supermercado apresentar a característica de não se comunicar com o lado de fora diferentemente de uma mercearia de bairro ou um mercado municipal, em que o atendimento é personalizado e envolvente , as relações humanas em seu ambiente são despersonificadas, superficiais ou mesmo inexistentes. Em uma sociedade que tende à hibridização de formas típica das cidades latino-americanas, nas quais a mestiçagem cultural é manifesta nos espaços urbanos, a compreensão de como o supermercado de rede lida com essa multiplicidade e participa de várias séries culturais permite levantar contrastes expressivos. A pesquisa é de natureza exploratória e explicativa, com observação empírica sustentada no registro fotográfico. A fundamentação teóricometodológica tem base em fontes desenvolvidas por Latour, Canevacci, Ferrara e Rennó, que conduzem a análise da cultura urbana sob o ponto de vista da observação da imagem. Os conceitos de mestiçagem da cultura e os estudos culturalistas, com as metáforas a que dão origem, oferecem os mecanismos tradutórios dos fenômenos identificados. O procedimento de análise é enriquecido com as contribuições de Laplantine, Nous, Martín-Barbero, Gruzinski e Pinheiro. Outro fulcro teórico expressivo nas análises foi obtido na teoria sistêmica, com Vieira, Uexkull e Bunge. Espaço urbano, centro e periferia, fronteiras mestiças, relações de consumo e o conceito de não-lugar provêm dos construtos teóricos de Certeau, Canevacci, Santos, Ferrara, Lotman, Delgado, Silva, Bauman, Underhill, Webber e Augé. As análises deste trabalho apontam para o fato de que as redes de supermercado, nacional ou estrangeira, não se relacionam com o sujeito cliente, o que é contraditório em sociedades que tendem à hibridização de formas, como as sociedades latinas. No supermercado nacional analisado, foram encontradas séries culturais incorporadas, mas, na rede estrangeira, esses elementos não são valorizados, e sim, aspectos externos à cultura local. Com base na visão sistêmica e em estudos culturalistas, pode-se afirmar que esses ambientes apresentam-se como não lugares

There is much interest in the protection of the ecosystem within the oil and gas industry. This is particularly significant in the countries of the Middle East where the oil and gas sectors contribute a large part, in some cases all of the country economies. A case study research analysis into the Lean and Green principles of one of the State of Kuwait organisations could offer the country huge potential and could benefit other Arabian Gulf countries. In the chosen country (Kuwait), Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) has no other outlet for its business apart from oil and gas production. It also does not concern itself with other support business that could contribute to Kuwait's economy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:52:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5609.pdf: 1683075 bytes, checksum: 8dc19a504841648ffe91d00774d36466 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-25 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / In market relations, there are several ways for agents to negotiate with each other, since open market negotiations, purely transactional, to relationships characterized by building partnerships or alliances. Therefore, an alternative is collaboration. In the context of supply chain management, collaboration among members of the same chain refers to the idea of organizations engaged in working together. On the other hand, the collaborative approach should not be adopted between the organization and all the agents with whom interacts, must choose well, for different types of collaborative relationships, according to their actual needs and to save own resources. Thus, some authors classify the types of relationships in the supply chain according to level of collaboration among the agents, and are commonly found in the literature three stages of relationship, namely: cooperation, coordination and collaboration. To identify each of these stages has a distinct set of enhancer elements and actions, these characteristics that have been raised in this study based on systematic literature review. Additionally, it was identified examples of motivating factors for companies to engage in conduct collaborative. It is worth noting that the chain studied here is of the fruits and vegetables. Described this context, the main objective of this dissertation is to characterize the different stages of the collaborative relationship between supplier of fruits and vegetables and supermarket retail chains. The method used in this study corresponds a multi case study, which examined the relationships between a supplier of fruits and vegetables and five retail supermarkets, his customers. As a result, it was identified different stages of collaborative relationship between the supplier in question and each of the retailers surveyed, for the cases studied exhibited distinct sets of characteristics in terms of elements and actions. Regarding the motivation for these companies feel encouraged to develop and maintain collaborative relationships, a set of factors was found to be the same for all relationships investigated and examples of incentives are: to ensure product availability; reduce the impact of out-of-stocks (unavailability of product) in the retail market; reduce physical losses of product; increase sales and; customer loyalty when buying fruits and vegetables in store supermarket. Therefore, through this study, it was obtained drivers capable of guiding suppliers and supermarket stores in search of collaborative management for the chain of fruits and vegetables, highlighting the opportunities associated with improving the availability of the product at shelf, thereby ensuring a better customer service. / Nas relações de mercado, existem várias maneiras para que os agentes negociem entre si, desde negociações no mercado spot, puramente transacional, até relacionamentos caracterizados pela construção de parcerias ou alianças. Por conseguinte, uma das alternativas é a colaboração. No contexto de gestão da cadeia de suprimento, a colaboração entre membros de uma mesma cadeia remete à ideia de organizações engajadas em trabalhos conjuntos. Por outro lado, a postura colaborativa não deve ser adotada entre a organização e todos os agentes com os quais ela interage, devendo optar, assim, por diferentes tipos de relacionamentos colaborativos, de acordo com as suas necessidades reais e de modo a poupar recursos próprios. Dessa forma, alguns autores classificam os tipos de relações na cadeia de suprimento de acordo com nível de colaboração entre os agentes, sendo que são comumente encontrados na literatura três estágios de relacionamento, a saber: cooperação, coordenação e colaboração. Para identificar cada um desses estágios, tem-se um conjunto distinto de elementos facilitadores e ações, características estas que foram levantadas nesse trabalho com base na revisão sistemática da literatura. Adicionalmente, foram identificados exemplos de fatores motivadores para que as empresas se engajem na conduta colaborativa. Cabe destacar que cadeia aqui estudada é a de hortifrúti. Descrito esse contexto, o objetivo principal da presente dissertação é caracterizar os diferentes estágios do relacionamento colaborativo entre fornecedor de frutas, legumes e verduras e redes do varejo supermercadista. O método empregado nessa pesquisa corresponde ao estudo de casos múltiplos, em que foram analisados os relacionamentos entre um fornecedor de hortifrúti e cinco redes do varejo supermercadista, clientes dele. Como resultados, foram identificados diferentes estágios de relacionamento colaborativo entre o fornecedor em questão e cada uma das redes pesquisadas, pois os casos estudados apresentaram conjuntos distintos de características, em termos de elementos e ações. No que se refere à motivação para que essas empresas se sintam encorajadas a desenvolver e manter relações nos moldes de colaboração, o conjunto de fatores encontrado foi o mesmo para os relacionamentos pesquisados, sendo os seguintes exemplos de incentivos: garantir a disponibilidade do produto; reduzir o impacto da ruptura de gôndola (indisponibilidade de produto) no varejo supermercadista; reduzir as perdas físicas de produto; aumentar o volume de vendas e; fidelizar os clientes quanto à compra de hortifrútis na loja supermercadista. Por conseguinte, através dessa pesquisa, obtiveram-se direcionadores capazes de orientar fornecedores e lojas supermercadistas na busca da gestão colaborativa para a cadeia de hortifrúti, destacando as oportunidades associadas à melhoria da disponibilidade do produto no ponto de venda, garantindo, portanto, um melhor atendimento ao consumidor.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:53:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RESINA_Rodrigo_2013.pdf: 1378733 bytes, checksum: 22706495e4206944b062ab63a28ac3f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-13 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The quest for sustainable development is becoming more widespread among government, private organizations and members of civil society, motivated primarily by environmental imbalance and social problems. So the companies conceptualize measure and work toward sustainability and it has become the goal of many of these organizations. This research aimed to analyze how large retail supermarkets companies, that have operation in Brazil, measure their practices aimed at sustainable development. It was carried out during the research, a review of theory and the multiple case studies exploratory; it realized the data collection through public documents (Sustainability reports). First, it s analyzed 32 reports of 3 retail businesses for several years. It was analyzed as indicators of sustainability are reported by companies in the sector, it was also assessed developments in the application of sustainability reporting in retail and sustainability dimension is prioritized in the reporting of organizational management. It observed a non- regular reporting on sustainability in the periods analyzed, companies report a higher number of indicators related social issues and despite the use of the GRI indicators, the companies had different interpretations about the same indicators. Thus, it identified that companies need to improve their reports and using the external validation (audit) to ensure the transparency and quality of sustainable reporting, enabling the retail supermarket companies to act towards a sustainable management / A busca pelo desenvolvimento sustentável se torna cada vez mais difundida entre os agentes governamentais, organizações privadas e membros da sociedade civil. Esses grupos são motivados, principalmente, pelo desequilíbrio ambiental e pelos problemas sociais. Desse modo, conceituar, mensurar e atuar rumo à sustentabilidade tem se tornado o objetivo de muitas dessas organizações. Essa pesquisa visou analisar como as empresas de varejo supermercadistas de grande porte, que operam no Brasil, reportam e mensuram suas práticas voltadas ao desenvolvimento sustentável. Foi realizado, durante a pesquisa, a revisão da teoria e uma análise documental descritiva, com a coleta de dados através documentos públicos (relatórios de Sustentabilidade). A pesquisa avaliou 32 relatórios de 3 empresas publicados nos últimos anos. Foram analisados como os indicadores de sustentabilidade são reportados pelas empresas do setor, também foi avaliado a evolução na aplicação dos relatórios de sustentabilidade no varejo e a dimensão da sustentabilidade, que é priorizada no reporte da gestão organizacional. Observou-se, uma não regularidade no reporte da sustentabilidade nos períodos analisados, as empresas reportam um volume maior de indicadores relacionados às questões sociais e apesar do uso do modelo da Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) haviam interpretações diferentes dos indicadores por parte das empresas. Assim, identificou-se a necessidade das empresas aprimorarem seus relatórios e utilizarem a validação externa (auditoria) para garantirem a transparência e a qualidade das informações reportadas, possibilitando que as empresas do varejo supermercadista atuem rumo a uma gestão sustentável efetiva e eficiente.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jony Lan.pdf: 515179 bytes, checksum: 9d1259905152a232aef78e9b64e49266 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-11 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This dissertation aims at understanding trade channel diversification as a possible source of competitive advantage for supermarket chains. Little research in the literature has been addressed for this theme in a specific sector, the supermarket chains. The main objective was to identify the driving forces in trade channel diversification of supermarket chains in Brazil, which can generate a source of competitive advantage, according to executives' perspective. The theoretical references approaches business strategy, strategic resources and competitive advantage of diversification of trade channels perspective. An exploratory and descriptive field research was conducted by using in-depth interviews with executives at two major supermarket chains which lead the ranking of sales in Brazilian Association of Supermarkets (ABRAS). Interviews were analyzed by observing the qualitative research with content analysis technique applied to interviewers' verbatim transcripts. Analysis was complemented by a secondary data based on the performance reports of both supermarket chains. Results demonstrated an alignment in the growth strategies of supermarket chains in relation to trade channel diversification. They aim the growth through organic expansion and acquisitions. The most characteristic elements mentioned by respondents about channel diversification inside business strategies of companies were: business diversification, trade operations in multi-channel and customer adequacy. Trade channel diversificaton can also constitute a strategic resource in which location, financial resources and trademark figure as the most stressed tangible and intangible assets. It was noticed that the search for a higher performance on the market, cost and price managing were the driving forces for commercial channel diversification. The most highlighted competitive advantages, resulting from trade channel diversification were the service to new and different customers and the trademark strengthening. As a conclusion, trade channel diversification can conceive a source of competitive advantage for supermarket chains. / Com esta dissertação, visa-se entender a diversificação de canais comerciais como uma fonte de vantagem competitiva para as redes de supermercados. Tema ainda pouco tratado na literatura dentro de um setor específico, o de redes de supermercados. O objetivo principal foi o de identificar os elementos mais determinantes na diversificação de canais comerciais das redes de supermercados no Brasil que podem gerar uma fonte de vantagem competitiva, segundo o ponto de vista dos executivos. Para isso o referencial teórico aborda as estratégias de negócios, os recursos estratégicos e a vantagem competitiva na perspectiva da diversificação de canais comerciais. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo exploratória e descritiva, utilizando entrevistas em profundidades com os executivos de duas das principais redes de supermercados que lideram o ranking em faturamento da Associação Brasileira de Supermercados. As entrevistas foram analisadas respeitando-se a natureza qualitativa da pesquisa com a técnica de análise de conteúdo aplicadas nas transcrições ipsis literis dos entrevistados. Complementou-se a análise com dados secundários baseados nos relatórios de desempenho das duas redes de supermercados. Os resultados demonstraram um alinhamento nas estratégias de crescimento das redes de supermercados em relação à diversificação de canais comerciais. Elas buscam o crescimento por meio da expansão orgânica e aquisições. Os elementos mais característicos evidenciados pelos entrevistados sobre a diversificação de canais dentro das estratégias de negócios da empresa foram: diversificação de negócios, atuação em multicanais e a adequação ao cliente. A diversificação de canais comerciais também pode-se constituir em recurso estratégico, no qual a localização, os recursos também pode-se constituir em recurso estartégico, no qual a localização, os recursos financeiros e a marca formam os ativos tangíveis e intangíveis mais ressaltados. Constatou-se que a busca por um desempenho superior no mercado, e a gestão de custo e preço foram os elementos mais determinantes para a diversificação de canais comerciais. Os tipos de vantagens competitivas mais evidenciadas resultantes da diversificação de canais comerciais foram o atendimento a novos e diferentes clientes, bem como o reforço da marca. Conclui-se que a diversificação de canais comerciais pode gerar fonte de vantagem competitiva para as redes de supermercados consideradas na pesquisa.

This master’s thesis deals with the overall sanitary and gas pipeline installation in a supermarket. The theoretical part deals with equipment and requirements for large kitchens with regard to the food preparation in this building. The computing and design part deals with the sewerage, water supply and gas distribution in the supermarket. The property counts over six thousand square meters and is partly two-storeyed. There are also several smaller sales units in addition to the sales areas, facility for staff and warehouses. The diploma thesis is based on current Czech and European regulations.

The diploma thesis deals with the creation of a design of a new apartmen building in the city of Brno on the plot expected to be completed by the city block. Typologically it deals with the current design possibilities of gallery apartment buildings / porch houses, implementation of space-demanding grocery stores and commercial areas into urban structures. Architecturally explores the possibilities of designing new constructions with citation of architectural language a tectonics of past styles.