Usualmente a bataticultura no Brasil migra para novas áreas devido à alta ocorrência de doenças de solo, onde seu cultivo é realizado anualmente após a cultura do milho (Zea mays) com preparo de solo feito com grade aradora, implemento cujo uso frequente gera impedimentos físicos em subsuperfície. Atualmente, é limitado o esforço de pesquisa sobre sistemas sustentáveis baseados no baixo uso de insumos externos que minimizem impactos prejudiciais ao ambiente. Desse modo, o preparo profundo de solo em sucessão a poáceas, constitui uma alternativa viável a qual pode levar os produtores a manter altos níveis de produção e boa qualidade dos tubérculos, sem que seja necessária a mudança da área plantada. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de comparar dois sistemas de preparo de solo (preparo convencional e preparo profundo) para a cultura da batata (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Atlantic, em sucessão a poáceas, quanto aos atributos do solo, produtividade e dinâmica do crescimento da batateira. O experimento foi conduzido por um ano com inicio em setembro de 2011 em área do Departamento de Produção Vegetal, ESALQ/USP, situada na latitude 22°42\'09\'\' S e na longitude 47°38\'01\'\' W a 569 m de altitude. Foram estudadas quatro sucessões de poáceas com batata, sendo os tratamentos: T1: sucessão Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia - batata, sob preparo profundo (Tanzânia PP), T2: sucessão Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu - batata, sob preparo profundo (Braquiária PP) e T3: sucessão milho (Zea mays cv. AG 6080) - batata, sob preparo profundo (Milho PP). Para efeito de comparação, foi utilizado como tratamento controle T4: a sucessão milho - batata em preparo convencional de solo (Milho PC), com uso de grade aradora a 0,20 m de profundidade antes do plantio. Para a análise estatística foi adotado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. As unidades experimentais foram constituídas por três linhas duplas de 10,0 m de comprimento. A linha dupla central teve 1,5 m de suas extremidades desconsideradas e os 7,0 m centrais, correspondente a 12,6 m² em área, definidos como unidade experimental útil ou unidade de observação. Foram avaliadas as características: produção de matéria seca da parte aérea das poáceas, resistência do solo à penetração, macroporosidade e densidade do solo, estande, número de hastes e sanidade da parte aérea da batateira, produtividade e danos aos tubérculos e dinâmica do crescimento. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA, p<=0,05). Posteriormente, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade de erro, pelos programas estatísticos SAS e Sisvar. O preparo profundo de solo, em relação ao preparo convencional, independentemente da poácea utilizada em sucessão promoveu melhorias nos atributos físicos do solo, nos horizontes entre 0,20 e 0,60 m, propiciando redução da resistência à penetração, aumento da macroporosidade e diminuição da densidade, incrementou em 35,9% a produtividade da cv. Atlantic e proporcionou maior acúmulo de MS em todos os órgãos da planta. / Potato cropping in Brazil is marked by a constant need to migrate to new areas due to a high incidence of soil diseases, where the crop is annually planted after corn (Zea mays) and soil preparation is done by conventional tillage, using plow and harrow, a technique that when performed frequently can cause physical impediments in the soil\'s subsurface. There is limited research done on sustainable systems for potato production in Brazil, and these are characterized by lower use of chemical products, resulting in less detrimental impacts to the environment. Therefore, deep soil preparation for potato cropping succeeding grasses may be a viable alternative to producers attempting to reach and maintain high levels of production and quality of potato tubers without having to relocate to new cropping areas. The objective of the present study was to compare two types of soil preparation (i.e. conventional tillage and deep tillage) for potato crops (Solanum tuberosum) cv. Atlantic, succeeding the cultivation of a grass type, evaluating grass and soil characteristics, and productivity and growth dynamics of the potato crop. The experiment was conducted for one year starting in September 2011 in an area belonging to the Crop Science Department, ESALQ/USP , located at 22°42\'09\'\' South Latitude and 47°38\'01\'\' West Longitude at 569 m of altitude. It was studied the use of four grass types succeeded by potato cropping distributed in treatments: T1: Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania and deep tillage soil preparation (Tanzânia PP), T2: Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu and deep tillage soil preparation (Braquiária PP) and T3: corn \'AG 6080\', deep tillage soil preparation (Milho PP). A fourth treatment was used as control treatment, T4: corn \'AG 6080\', using conventional tillage soil preparation (Milho PC), preparing the soil at 0.20 m depth before planting the potato crop. For statistical analysis it was adopted a randomized block design with four treatments and six replications. Each experimental unit consisted of three double rows of 10.0 m in length. Plants located in the final 1.5 m ends of each row were discarded and the 7.0 m located in the center were used, which corresponded to 12.6 m² in total area. The grass characteristic evaluated was the dry matter (DM) production above ground level, the soil characteristics evaluated were: resistance to penetration, macroporosity, and density, and finally the potato characteristics studied were: bulk density, number and sanity of potato shoots, and tubers production and occurrence of damage to tubers and the growth dynamics of the potato crop. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA p<=0.05). Tukey test was used to compare means adopting a 5% level to assess statistical significance using the softwares SAS and Sisvar. Deep soil tillage compared to conventional tillage promoted improvements in soil physical properties, for soil horizons between 0.20 and 0.60 m, providing lower resistance to penetration, increased macroporosity and lower soil density, regardless of the grass type, what resulted in increases of 35.9% in productivity of potato crop cv. Atlantic, with a greater DM accumulation in all plant organs evaluated.

O trabalho analisa a trajetória de construção dos conceitos de patrimônio vinculados às politicas de preservação cultural. Estuda as políticas desenvolvidas pelo IPHAN, pela UNESCO e pelos municípios de São Paulo e Santo André. A partir delas, identifica, no Brasil, três modelos de gestão, um referenciado na concepção de monumento, outro na de patrimônio cultural e o terceiro na de paisagem cultural. Defende, ora, o alinhamento desta última abordagem, como conceito, às formulações da teoria da complexidade, visando inspirar a construção de um sistema sustentável de gestão, ancorado no compartilhamento interinstitucional, na integração disciplinar e na participação cidadã. / This thesis analyzes the construction of heritage concepts related to cultural preservation policies. It examines the policies pursued by IPHAN, UNESCO and the municipalities of SP and SA. Then, it identifies, in Brazil, three management models: one referenced on the notion of monument, another in the design of cultural heritage and the last one in the cultural landscape. It assumes the alignment of the latter approach, as a concept, with the complexity theory formulation, aiming to support a sustainable management system construction, based on interinstitutional sharing, disciplinary integration and citizen participation.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-11-07T13:04:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Paula de Carvalho Machado Araujo.pdf: 2347237 bytes, checksum: 44b7c9cb3df1557a677fc89555c2a535 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-07T13:04:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Paula de Carvalho Machado Araujo.pdf: 2347237 bytes, checksum: 44b7c9cb3df1557a677fc89555c2a535 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-28 / This study was conducted in the Aman? Lake and Paran? region of the Aman? Sustainable Development Reserve located in the middle Solim?es region, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Research was done in three phases: the first used an adapted Free List method with 13 ranchers from the region. Subsequently, botanical specimens of species cited by at least three farmers were collected; photographic registers of these plants were also taken. Photographs were used in the next phase of research to inform a questionnaire applied to the same 13 farmers; the instrument used the Semantic Differentiation method, of 7 points, to understand ranchers? perceptions of the diverse characteristics of selected plants. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of ranchers in relation to the origin, environment, and characteristics of plants that are part the of cow and water buffalo diet; and to further understand the cultural relevance, feed potential, and ecological function of these plants, comparing farmers? perceptions with findings from the scientific literature. In total 84 plant names were compiled, with 29 evaluated in this project / Este trabalho teve como ?rea de estudo o Lago e Paran? do Aman?, na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustent?vel Aman?, localizada na regi?o do M?dio Solim?es, no estado do Amazonas. Foram realizadas tr?s etapas da pesquisa: na primeira, utilizou-se uma adapta??o do m?todo de Lista Livre junto a 13 criadores da regi?o. Em seguida, foi realizada coleta bot?nica das esp?cies citadas por pelo menos 3 criadores, obtendo ainda registro fotogr?fico das mesmas. Estas fotos foram utilizadas na etapa seguinte a fim de ilustrar um question?rio com os mesmos 13 criadores onde utilizou-se o m?todo de Diferencial Sem?ntico de 7 pontos para conhecer as percep??es dos criadores sobre diversas caracter?sticas das plantas selecionadas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo principal avaliar a percep??o dos criadores da regi?o em rela??o ? origem, ambiente e caracter?sticas das plantas que fazem parte da dieta de bovinos e bubalinos, tentando compreender a relev?ncia cultural, o potencial forrageiro e as fun??es ecol?gicas das mesmas atrav?s das percep??es e dos achados de literatura. No total foram contabilizados 84 nomes diferentes de plantas, tendo sido avaliadas 29 plantas

La dégradation de l’environnement au Niger, prend une ampleur de plus en pluspréoccupante. L’enjeu pour les politiques publiques est de changer la relation entre l’homme et sonmilieu afin de renverser la tendance. A cet effet, dans un contexte interne caractérisé par l’instaurationde la démocratie et de l’Etat de droit et un contexte international caractérisé par la mondialisation dudroit de l’environnement suite à la conférence de Rio notamment, le droit s’est naturellement imposécomme l’outil essentiel de ces transformations. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’identifier et analyser lesactions de transformation de la relation entre l’homme et son milieu de vie dans l’objectif de lapérennité des ressources naturelles et la viabilité du cadre de vie en tant qu’enjeux de la protection del’environnement dans un Etat en situation fragilité. Le Niger s’est engagé dans un processus deproduction normative, avec l’ambition de produire un droit alliant standards internationaux et normeset pratiques locales que ça soit dans les procédés de prise de décision ou de méthodes de protection del’environnement. Avec un approche quasi-empirique, l’analyse des enjeux contemporains de laprotection de l’environnement au Niger, nous permettra de révéler la nature de la relation de l’hommeavec son milieu telle qu’établie par le droit dans un contexte démocratique et de mondialisation dudroit de l’environnement, mais aussi de révéler comment la situation de fragilité générale de l’Etat etde la société commande la mise en oeuvre de ce droit. / The environmental degradation in Niger, takes a scale of increasing concern. Thechallenge for public policy is to change the relationship between man and his environment inorder to reverse the trend. To this end, in an internal context characterized by theestablishment of democracy and the rule of law and an international context characterized bythe globalization of environmental law following the Rio Conference (1992) in particular, therule of law has naturally emerged as the key tool for these transformations. The objective ofthis thesis is to identify and analyze the actions of transformation in the relationship betweenman and his environment with the goal of sustainability of natural resources and sustainableliving environment as issues the environmental situation in a state fragility. Niger hasembarked on a normative production process, with the aim of producing a law combininginternational standards and local norms and practices that it is in the processes of decisionmaking and environmental protection methods. With an interdisciplinary approach, analysisof contemporary issues of environmental protection in Niger, allow us to reveal the nature ofman's relationship with his environment as established by law in a democratic context andglobalization of environmental law, but also reveal how the situation in general fragility of thestate and society control the implementation of this rule of law.

<p>Currently, there is a great rampage among conservationists looking for useful approaches that can be used to bring efficiency towards conservation of global natural ecosystems. But which approach can be really effective to halt destruction of a particular natural ecosystem where the local people depend on the same ecosystem resources for their livelihoods? Do the local communities accept to refrain themselves from using natural ecosystem resources (loss of free access), which they believe is under their local territory since they are born, without having alternatives that will replace and improve economic gain of their livelihoods? Are the consumers who benefited from the ecosystem services always willing to compensate local communities around natural ecosystem as a means of replacing what they lose?</p><p>This study looks at the reliability of Payment for Water Environmental Services (PWES) approach at Kiwengwa-Pongwe Forest Reserve (KPFR) as a device aimed at promoting the sustainable management of KPFR watershed resources without undermining livelihoods of the Kiwengwa-Pongwe local communities. Hoteliers along the Kiwengwa-Pongwe Tourist Area (KPTA) are the potential customers benefiting from water resources found in the KPFR, which is claimed to be deteriorated by the intensity of the livelihood activities of Kiwengwa-Pongwe (KP) local communities. Based on Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), KPTA hoteliers were asked about the amount they would be willing to pay as maximum (WTP) for improvement of water services through sustainable management of watershed areas in KPFR. On the other hand, KP communities were asked what level of compensation they would be willing to accept as minimum amount (WTA) for a loss of free access to KPFR.</p><p>Both hoteliers (75 %) and KP communities (91 %) agreed on the establishment of the PWES system. However, there were differences between amount accepted by KP communities (10 US$ per 200 litres) and the amount claimed to be paid by hoteliers (1US$ per 200 litres), thus giving a gap of 9US$. Based on the overall study findings and experiences from other parts of the world where similar systems have been implemented, this issue is negotiable. It is upon existing KPFR management team and proposed board from Zanzibar water authority to launch a constructive dialogue between stakeholders to reach the amount that can be used as compensation causing no harm to both parts and without compromising the sustainable management of KPFR.</p>

The EU Directive for building energy performance requires all member states to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the existing building stock. A key instrument in achieving this is using building stock modelling as a tool for planning and development of policies. But since the building stock as a whole is a complex element to study, new interdisciplinary methods are required to facilitate a sustainable management of the built heritage. Moreover, as the goal of energy conservation is brought into a supposed conflict with the built heritage, the field of integrated conservation has a responsibility to be a part of the development of such methods. This thesis accordingly investigates state-of-the-art building stock models from several disciplines with the aim of developing a new method for categorising historic building stocks. The historic buildings in the case study of World Heritage Site Visby, Sweden, were surveyed and triangulated using e.g. on-site inspections, digital cadastre maps, the national EPC database and existing inventories, ultimately leading to 1048 buildings from before 1945 being included in a new inventory. This inventory, along with tools acquired from previous buildings stock models, enabled an iterative process to develop and validate the new categorisation method. The proposed method itself is based on the principal idea of categorisation where the building stock is represented by a limited number of categories which allow for further typology investigations, e.g. energy modelling, and extrapolation back to district level. The results show that the building stock can be represented by nine physical categories covering 86 % of the total number of buildings, and 70 % of the entire building volume. To encompass aspects regarding cultural heritage significance, the respective historic character of the buildings are assessed and described by combining statistical information and the Conservation plan of Visby. In all, the method shows to provide a supportive platform for investigations of a trade-off between energy conservation on one hand and building conservation on the other. / EFFESUS / Spara och Bevara

No description available.

This qualitative study contributes to the research field on legitimacy theory and creating shared value (CSV) in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), regarding helping entrepreneurs and business owners better understand the journey of engaging with social and environmental issues. Recent years have seen a growing number of organisations engage in CSV, which builds on identifying societal needs and approaching these as business opportunities. A standard that purports to uphold these values and is comprised of for-profit companies committed to sustainability-related initiatives is the B Corp label. We consider B Corp certification and explore how sustainably oriented SMEs engage with their wider community in a way that fosters corporate credibility and legitimacy.  Empirical data about five SMEs organisational narratives working with CSV, implementation of social and environmental activities, and effects of B Corp certification were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with company representatives and a range of secondary data materials. Analysing the data from these five interviewed companies established them to be engaging with the notion of CSV and regard addressing societal or environmental issues as the purpose of their business. Furthermore, findings suggested that values and beliefs incorporated by the SMEs supersede the generally adopted values in society, thereby representing a paradox with legitimacy theory. As a result, these businesses aim to close the perceived legitimacy gap by trying to raise awareness and engage the public with the appropriateness of their business, thereby slowly providing citizens with a more conscious mindset.

[pt] O objetivo da dissertação é propor um conjunto de indicadores e métricas de desempenho em sustentabilidade para Centros de Difusão de Ciência, Educação e Cultura (CDCEC), tomando-se como espaço de aplicação a Fundação Planetário da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro (FPCRJ). Esses indicadores e métricas integram um modelo de monitoramento e avaliação (MA) de desempenho sustentável, desenhado especialmente para CDCEC. O modelo combina a metodologia consagrada de Balanced Scorecard (BSC) com a abordagem de avaliação de sustentabilidade corporativa, disseminada pela Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), por meio de suas diretrizes para elaboração de relatórios de sustentabilidade. Nessa perspectiva, considerou-se de alta relevância um novo olhar sobre os modelos de gestão dos CDCEC e, em particular, o da Fundação Planetário da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, levando-se em consideração o espaço que os serviços culturais e de ensino ocupam no setor de serviços e na economia como um todo. Ressalta-se que até o momento a GRI não divulgou um conjunto de diretrizes setoriais orientadas para CDCEC e organizações congêneres, abrindo-se, portanto, uma oportunidade de contribuição acadêmica para o aperfeiçoamento de seus suplementos setoriais. A pesquisa pode ser considerada descritiva e aplicada. Quanto aos meios de investigação, a metodologia compreende pesquisa bibliográfica e documental; análise de experiências internacionais de CDCEC e de referenciais normativos de avaliação da sustentabilidade aplicáveis a CDCEC; desenvolvimento de um modelo de monitoramento e avaliação (MA) de desempenho em sustentabilidade de CDCEC; aplicação do modelo de MA na FPCRJ, mediante um estudo de caso; discussão dos resultados do estudo de caso; e formulação das conclusões e recomendações. Destacam-se como resultados principais um conjunto de indicadores e métricas de desempenho em sustentabilidade para CDCEC, que integram um modelo de monitoramento e avaliação de gestão sustentável, desenvolvido especialmente para essas organizações. / [en] The objective of this dissertation is to propose a set of indicators and metrics for assessing the sustainability performance of Centers for Diffusion of Science, Education and Culture (CDSEC), whose applicability was demonstrated through a case study at the Fundação Planetário da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro (FPCRJ). These indicators and metrics, in turn, integrate a monitoring and evaluation (ME) model that combines the methodology of Balanced Scorecard (BSC) with the Sustainability Reporting Guidelines established by the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). Within the context in which the research is situated, it is assumed that this effort will contribute to a broader understanding of sustainability assessment tools in CDSEC, emphasizing economic, social, and environmental sustainability issues. It is important to mention that until the present moment, the Global Reporting Initiative did not released a set of sectorial Sustainability Reporting Guidelines, especially addressed to CDSEC, as already occurs to other sectors. This opened a window of opportunity for academic research aiming at improving the GRI sectoral guidelines. This research can be considered applied and descriptive. The methodology encompasses literature review and documentary research; analysis of international experiences of CDSEC and selected normative references for assessing the sustainability of CDSEC; design of a monitoring and evaluation (ME) model for assessing sustainability performance of CDSEC; a case study carried out at the FPCRJ; discussion of the case study results; and formulation of conclusions and recommendations. The main result of this research is an innovative monitoring and evaluation (ME) model, especially designed for assessing the performance of CDSEC, from the perspective of corporate sustainability.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T13:31:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoGF_DISSERT.pdf: 2466869 bytes, checksum: 1bc668ac0cba77b4a4c7e1188c5d14ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use of forest resources in Northeast Brazil is still made in the irrational and predatory way in most areas of caatinga; because of this biome has suffered constant threats; often this is the simple lack of information on proper techniques of how to manage the forest. It has been observed in practice an increase in society's interest for the development of empirical management plans based mostly on personal needs of demanding inputs coming of forests, according to the law of barriers to predatory exploitation, it is perceived the need for studies that give support to the management of these resources; The objective of this study was to evaluate sustainable management techniques of the caatinga and its effects on recovery of the area and the maintenance of productive capacity, by assessing the physical and chemical soil properties. For that were selected in three areas of Settlement Tabuleiro Grande Design, municipality of Apodi / RN, located in geoenvironment the Apodi Plateau; The first corresponded to 3.2 acres where use was made of thinning techniques, lowering of the enrichment area and control the entry of animals, this being the area of sustainable forest management - AMS; the second with 5.6 hectares was submitted to management that is done in the traditional community, which practices the uncontrolled exploitation of the forest and the overgrazing, which is the area in conventional management - AMC; the third with 2.0 hectares is an integral part of the legal settlement of the reserve, which is the area of native forest - AMN. To preview the effects of management practices on the variation of soil properties after the expiry of five (5) years of intervention in the area of the soil samples were collected at 0-20 and 20-40 cm, and the use of electronic penetrometer for the determination mechanical resistance to penetration - RMP, the same points and the results submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test at 1% and 5%. The results indicate management techniques of driving efficiency and AMS, lower values evidenced in bulk density (ds) shown in AMS (0.90 g cm-3) and AMN (1.03 g cm-3) compared AMC ( 1.16 g cm-3), which was directly related to the mechanical resistance to penetration (RMP), considering that higher values observed in the AMC (2337.29 kPa) compared to AMS (1397.30 kPa) and the AMN (1354.53 kPa) in the measured depth (0-40 cm); as the cause of overgrazing in the area, which was confirmed by the values of total porosity that showed higher in AMS, which shows the improvement of soil structure; moisture appeared higher in AMS compared to other areas due to the presence of litter in the area, which favors the maintenance of moisture and contributes to the increase of soil organic matter (SOM) and subsequent retention of more water; in addition to contributing to higher values of match (P), K+ and Mg2 + in AMS, followed by AMN; thereby evident degradation of AMC / O uso dos recursos florestais no Nordeste do Brasil ainda é feito de forma irracional e depredatória na maioria das áreas de caatinga; em função disso o bioma vem sofrendo constantes ameaças; muitas vezes isso ocorre pela simples falta de informações sobre técnicas adequadas de como se manejar a mata. Tem-se observado na prática um aumento do interesse da sociedade para a elaboração de planos de manejo empíricos baseados na maioria das vezes na necessidade pessoal dos que demandam os insumos advindos das florestas, em função das barreiras da lei a exploração predatória, percebe-se a necessidade de estudos que deem apoio à gestão desses recursos; o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar técnicas de manejo sustentável da caatinga e seus efeitos na recuperação da área e na manutenção da capacidade produtiva, através da avaliação dos atributos físicos e químicos do solo. Para isso foram selecionadas três áreas no Projeto de Assentamento Tabuleiro Grande, no município de Apodi/RN, localizadas no geoambiente Chapada do Apodi; a primeira com 3,2 hectares correspondeu, onde se fez uso das técnicas de raleamento, rebaixamento, enriquecimento da área e controle na entrada dos animais, sendo esta a área em manejo sustentável - AMS; a segunda com 5,6 hectares foi submetida ao manejo que tradicional se faz na comunidade, onde se pratica a exploração desordenada da mata e o superpastejo, sendo esta a área em manejo convencional - AMC; a terceira com 2,0 hectares é parte integrante da reserva legal do Assentam ento, sendo esta a área de mata nativa - AMN. Para visualizar os efeitos dos manejos na variação dos atributos do solo após ter decorrido 5 (cinco) anos de intervenção na área foram coletadas amostras do solo nas profundidades de 0-20 e 20-40 cm, além do uso de penetrômetro eletrônico para a determinação da resistência mecânica a penetração RMP, nos mesmos pontos e os resultados submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de tukey a 1% e 5%. Os resultados indicam eficiência das técnicas de manejo e condução da AMS, evidenciados nos menores valores densidade do solo (ds) apresentado na AMS (0,90 g cm-3) e AMN (1,03 g cm-3) em comparação AMC (1,16 g cm-3), que apresentou relação direta com a resistência mecânica a penetração (RMP), tendo em vista que valores mais altos observados na AMC (2337,29 kPa) em comparação a AMS (1397,30 kPa) e a AMN (1354,53 kPa) na profundidade analisada (0-40 cm); como causa do superpastejo na área, o que foi confirmado pelos valores da porosidade total que se apresentaram superiores na AMS, o que evidencia a melhoria da estrutura do solo; a umidade se apresentou superior na AMS em comparação às demais áreas, devido à presença de serapilheira na área, que favorece a manutenção da umidade e contribui para o aumento da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e consequente retenção de mais água; além de ter contribuído para os valores mais elevados do fósforo (P), K+ e Mg2+na AMS, seguido da AMN; ficando assim evidente a degradação da AMC