Uppsatsen syftar till att skapa en bild om hur folkbildningsarbetet har pågått i Sandviken samt hur kvinnorna tar större plats i samhället. Det är ABF-Sandviken som folkbildare som står i centrum för undersökningen under perioden 1939-1968. Källmaterialet är studieprogram tryckta av ABF-Sandviken samt deras avrapporteringskort under tidsperioden. Frågeställningar som besvaras i uppsatsen är: Vilket folkbildningsarbete gjorde ABF-Sandviken? Fanns det någon ökning i antalet studiecirklar mellan åren 1939-1968? Hur står sig resultatet i förhållande till den skedda invånarökning i Sandviken vid samma tidsperiod? Hur såg könsfördelningen ut vid val av studiecirklar? Vid ett eventuellt överslag åt ett av könen, är det då nya studiecirkelämnen som har gjort överslaget möjligt? Hade studiecirklarna vid ABF-Sandviken någon koppling till samtiden? För att besvara dessa frågeställningar har jag använt mig av samtliga studieprogram och närvarolistor från ABF-Sandviken mellan 1939-1968. Jag har genom detta kommit fram till resultatet att det skedde en ökning av antalet studerande vid ABF-Sandviken på slutet av 1940-talet. Med ökningen av studerande så är en logisk förklaring att det även ökade antalet studiecirklar kopplade till ABF-Sandviken. Fördelningen mellan de olika könens val av studieämnen skiftar även under tidsperioden 1939-1968. Det börjar med ett överslag åt det manliga könet för att sedan under 1950- och 1960-talet göra en växling mot ett mer jämställt sökande. Dessa resultat har en grund i folkbildningsreformen år 1947 samt en jämställdhetsdebatt som blossade upp på 1950-talet. Folkbildningsreformen gjorde det möjligt att lättare få bidrag för studiecirklar och det gjorde en ökning in på 1950-talet och toppar på 1960-talet möjliga. Sedan med att fler kvinnor tog sig från den fasta positionen i hemmet och deltog mer i samhället blev deltagandet mellan könen mer jämställt. Studiecirkelämnen var påverkade av händelser i samtiden. Till exempel diskuterades andra världskriget och på en mer lokalnivå hur kommunen fungerade, och vart skulle man vända sig?

由於死亡率曲線與殖利率曲線同樣可用水平(level)、斜率(slope) 、曲度(curvature)來描述，且兩者之參數皆為受到時間因素影響之動態因子，故本研究應用Nelson-Siegel(1987)系列之動態利率期間結構模型，如Diebold and Li (2006)的三因子模型，針對日本1947至2006年死亡率進行配適，再以自我相關模型檢視因子的趨勢變化進而預測；結果發現本研究所使用模型在配適死亡率曲線上效果良好，而高齡人口死亡率預測上較幼年、青少年人口精確，以日本資料而言Svensson四因子模型相較於Lee-Carter模型預測能力佳，但在年輕人口死亡率中則不然。 / The main purpose of this study is tempting to extend existing model in interest model context to mortality modeling. Since the mortality curve has resemblance of interest rate yield curve. Both of them can be describe by level, slope, and curvature terms. Also, the parameters of two curves are the function of time. We apply the Nelson and Siegel family yield rate models such like Diebold and Li (2006) model to fit and forecast the mortality term structure. By using the Japanese mortality data within 1947 to 2006, we find out that the fitting of these models are precise, especially when age dimension being truncated to age 20-103. The forecasting performances comparing with the benchmark Lee-Cater model is better in elder age but worse in younger age.

In practice, yield curves, i.e. plots of relation between yields and times to maturity for a group of comparable securities, are an important tool for assets and liabilities pricing as well as for financial decision making. The theoretical risk-free yield curve represents the term structure of interest rates that are used e.g. in insurance industry for pricing the liabilities, for which reserves are created, or also as a benchmark for pricing other assets in the market. When constructing the yield curve, it is not possible to observe yields of a group of assets for all maturities. That is why we use various mathematical methods which enable us to construct the yield curve also for unobserved maturities. In this thesis, some of these methods are introduced. The Svensson's method is one of the most important and frequently used ones. We use this method to derive the coupon curve from Czech government bonds aiming to construct the risk-free zero coupon yield curve. Later on, we use different weights for particular bonds trying to improve pricing of all the bonds based on the derived curve. Then, we also look for the curve that minimizes the mean squared error of estimated (compared to observed) prices. Because problems with liquidity can appear especially for long maturities, we apply all of the procedures to a...

The purpose of this essay is to illustrate whether certain phenomena are connected to religion or to culture. This investigation is backed up by literature and four interviews with people with different religious backgrounds, thus coming to a conclusion about how the differences between religion and culture are viewed based on the participants background. The participants are Christian, Muslim, Jehovah's witnesses and an atheist. Among the answers from these people, we have discovered that almost all of the participants mentioned how ethnic Swedes (in the Swedish society) are most often the ones who do not understand the difference between religion and culture. The result we received from the interviews was that, unfortunately, ignorance is present among many people who do not understand the difference between religion and culture. The result from the literature gave us a clear answer on how the misunderstanding between religion and culture happened. According to Isak Svensson the misunderstanding many times is about ignorance and confusion.

This essay is a study of the Swedish author Amanda Svensson’s novel Hey Dolly (2008). The aim of the study is to investigate the conflict that occurs in the storytelling because of the untruthful narrator Dolly. Using the terms story and discourse, from a method of narratology by Maria Nikolajeva, the purpose is to analyze how the narrator manipulates the reader’s comprehension of what is real and not in the text. The term story represents the reality while discourse embodies the fantasy world, and by separating the two from each other and then comparing them the conflict clarifies as well as the understanding of Dolly. The results of the analysis show that there are several differences between the story and the discourse which various situations illustrate. It also becomes clear that Dolly only focalizes herself and thereby manages to control the reader’s perspective of the told story. But in the dialogue with other persons in the text it reveals that she is not being truthful. The conclusion is that Dolly lives her dream life through the fantasy and that the discourse is a way to defend her against situations she finds too hard to handle.

In January 2004 two members of the Pentecostal community Knutby Filadelfia in Uppsalamunicipality, Sweden, were shot by their fellow member Sara Svensson. With a qualitative hermeneutic case study as the principal method this essay takes on the task of not only investigating if and how Stockholm Syndrome can be used as a model for interpreting and understanding the violent incident in Knutby Filadelfia, but also to see if the unique characteristic of the Knutby incident can tell us something about Stockholm Syndrome as a model for understanding violence in religious movements. The material shows Stockholm Syndrome as having been present in Knutby because of among other things, a mileu, leadership and theology that supported the normalization of abuse and the enabling and maintaining of self punishment in the community. While Stockholm Syndrome still is a controversial theory this study shows that it can be used as a powerful tool in the understanding of violence in religious contexts.

This essay examines the Swedish missionary association Bible Faithful Friends’ (Bibeltrogna Vänner, BV) ecclesiological development between the years 1911 – 1986 and their relation to the Church of Sweden. This essay’s three main questions are: - How did the ecclesiology of BV develop during the years 1911 – 1986, with certain focus on 1967-1986? - In what way was this ecclesiology imprinted by a) the structure of the missionary association? b) and the ecclesiological standpoint of the leader Axel B. Svensson? As regards the first question, the study shows that BV's ecclesiology, particularly in the years 1967 – 1986, is characterized by a church debate between BV's board and the promoters and founders of the Lutheran Confessional Church (Lutherska Bekännelsekyrkan, LBK). The latter was founded due to what they identified as confessional deviations in the Church of Sweden. Their view of church fellowship was that the invisible and the visible church should be uniform in doctrine, faith and confession. Accordingly, they argued that the lack of church discipline had led the Church of Sweden to deviate from the word of God and the apostles' doctrine. In the 1980’s, a proposal to allow Evangelical Lutheran congregations to form within BV, initiated a theological work by the board. The annual meeting of 1986 resolves not only to permit the emergence of free Evangelical Lutheran congregations within BV, but rather to encourage such a transition. In the second question, this study shows that the varying local church conditions among missionaries in northern Skåne in the 1870’s, resulted in the formation of "Communion fellowships". The historical explanations to the formation of these fellowships vary. However, essential to this study is the explanation given in BV’s internal historiography. This reveals that these fellowships were founded out of a need to receive Holy Communion as they had been excommunicated from the parish church. In other areas, missionaries were welcomed and encouraged by the church; hence Holy Communion was not here an issue. These varying local conditions in the grassroots movement BV contributed most likely to the association's pragmatic position in the church issue. Furthermore, one was united in the focus of mission, both near and abroad. In the third question, the study shows that Axel B. Svensson's ecclesiology had an essential impact on BV's official position in the church issue. Moreover, the absence of his voice after his death in 1967 makes clear that his ecclesiology was considered indicative to both BV and LBK. Both used him as legitimizing their own position but perceived him quite differently. However the dominating position among BV members was to remain within the Church of Sweden by working for spiritual revival in her midst. Being an ecclesiola in ecclesian, and thereby promote revival. At the same time one was open towards a relationship change towards the Church of Sweden if this would be considered necessary. 1986 is the year when one could regard this statement to be put to test: through encouraging the formation of Evangelical Lutheran congregations within BV, the association proves to stay true to its pragmatic ecclesiological standpoint were collaboration on the mission field, home and abroad, is superior to union in church issues. My analysis of these results comes to the conclusion that BV was once and is still founded in the identity of being "ecclesiola in ecclesia". Therefore, during the 1967 – 1986 debate, this identity is challenged by certain BV members wanting to be ecclesia instead of ecclesiola. The pragmatic ecclesiological standpoint, which has long been practiced in the northern Skåne example, in the work of Axel B. Svensson and in the decision of 1986, was hence the reason to why BV was able to stay true to their particular mission: being ecclesiola in ecclesia.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de fournir à la Banque Audi des outils économétriques et appliqués pour une gestion des risques plus efficace et plus robuste. Les banques libanaises sont aujourd'hui confrontées à des défis plus importants que jamais: l'avenir de la région Moyen-Orient repose sur les conséquences de la guerre civile syrienne. Dans ce contexte, la gestion des taux d'intérêt et de la liquidité s'avère de plus en plus compliqué pour les banques commerciales. En premier lieu, le risque de taux d'intérêt sur le marché libanais sera étudié. Ce marché est connu pour son manque de liquidité et le problème de calibrage des modèles de taux est difficile. Afin de résoudre ce problème, nous utilisons les prix historiques des obligations émises par le gouvernement libanais et libellées en monnaie locale et en dollars américains. Nous considérons des modèles de Nelson-Siegel et Svensson et contraignons le niveau corrélation des facteurs pour stabiliser l'estimation des paramètres de ces modèles. La méthode conduit à des résultats qui s'interprètent très facilement d'un point de vue économique et peuvent être utilisés pour la prévision des variations de la courbe des taux en se basant une analyse ´économique prospective. En second lieu, la problématique des dépôts des clients traditionnels sera étudiée. Ces derniers sont reconnus comme étant la source principale de financement des banques commerciales libanaises (80-85% du passif). Bien qu'ils soient contractuellement des dépôts à court terme (principalement un mois) versant des taux d'intérêt fixes, ces dépôts sont assimilés à une source de financement stable possédant un comportement proche des taux d'intérêt du marché. Nous développons un modèle à correction d'erreur représentant un équilibre à long terme entre le Libor et le taux moyen du secteur bancaire libanais offert sur les dépôts en dollars américains. Les résultats permettent de déterminer une date de réévaluation des dépôts clientèles en cas de fluctuation des taux d'intérêt. Une nouvelle duration du passif tenant compte des comportements des clients a été mise en place. Elle sera par construction plus élevée que la duration contractuelle. En cas de hausse des taux d'intérêt, une baisse de l'écart entre la duration des actifs et des passifs sera alors observée menant à la diminution de l'impact négatif de la hausse. Après avoir étudié le profil de risque des taux des dépôts clientèles, nous commençons la deuxième partie de la thèse par la détermination de l'échéancier des retraits. Nous segmentons les données historiques des données sur les dépôts clientèles selon: la monnaie, le type de dépôt et la résidence du déposant. Pour chaque filtre, un modèle `a correction d'erreur est développé. Les résultats montrent la relation entre les dépôts clientèles, un indicateur relatif du niveau économique et les écarts entre les taux offerts sur le marché libanais. Ainsi, le modèle permettra d'évaluer le comportement des retraits des dépôts clientèles et de comprendre leur profil de risque de liquidité. Les grandes institutions financières détiennent des positions importantes en actifs financiers. La dernière partie de la thèse discute de la gestion du risque de liquidité de marché en cas de session forcée de ces actifs. Nous supposons qu'un investisseur détient une position importante d'un actif donné, à t = 0, un choc sévère provoque une forte dépréciation de la valeur de l'actif et par conséquent, force l'investisseur à opter pour la liquidation du portefeuille dès que possible en limitant ses pertes. Les rendements des actions sont modélisés par des processus de type GARCH qui sont adaptés pour décrire des comportements extrêmes suite à une grande variation de l'actif au temps initial. Suivant que le marché est liquide ou illiquide, nous proposons une stratégie optimale à l'investisseur qui maximise sa fonction d'utilité. Enfin, nous intégrons dans le modèle un avis d'expert pour optimiser la prise d'une décision / The aim of this thesis is to provide Bank Audi with econometric tools for sake of a more robust risk management. Lebanese businesses today are faced with greater challenges than ever before, both economical and political, and there is a question about the future of the middle east region after the Syrian civil war. Thus, Lebanese commercial banks face greater complications in the management of interest rate and liquidity risk. The first part of this thesis discusses interest rate risk management and measurement in the Lebanese market. First, we seek to build the Lebanese term structure. This market is known by its illiquidity, yields for a given maturity make a large jump with a small impact on other yields even if close to this maturity. Therefore, we face challenges in calibrating existing yield curve models. For this matter, we get historical prices of bonds issued by the Lebanese government, and denominated in Local currency and in US dollar. A new estimation method has been added to Nelson Siegel and Svensson model, we call it “Correlation Constraint Approach”. Model parameters can be interpreted from economical perspective which will be helpful in forecasting yield curve movements based on economist’s opinion. On the second hand, traditional customer deposits are the main funding source of Lebanese commercial banks (80-85% of liabilities). Although they are contractually short term (mainly one month) paying fixed interest rates, these deposits are historically known to be a stable source of funding and therefore exhibit a sticky behavior to changes in market interest rates. We develop an error correction model showing a long-run equilibrium between Libor and Lebanese banking sector average rate offered on USD deposits. Results make it possible to determine the behavioral duration (repricing date) of customer deposits when market interest rates fluctuate. Therefore, the behavioral duration of liabilities will be higher than the contractual one which will lower the duration gap between assets and liabilities and thus the negative impact of positive interest rate shocks. After understanding interest risk profile of customers’ deposits, we start the second part by determining their behavioral liquidation maturity. We get Bank Audi’s historical deposits outstanding balances filtered into the following categories: currency, account typology and residency of depositor. We develop an error correction model for each filter. Results show relationship between deposits behaviors, the coincident indicator and spreads between offered rates in the Lebanese market. The model will lead to assess behavioral liquidation maturity to deposits and understand their liquidity risk profile. This will be helpful for the funding liquidity risk management at Bank Audi. Large financial institutions are supposed to hold large positions of given assets. The last topic is related to market liquidity risk management. We suppose an investor holds a large position of a given asset. Then at time 0, a severe shock causes a large depreciation of the asset value and makes the investor decides to liquidate the portfolio as soon as possible with limited losses. Stock returns are modeled by GARCH process which has tail behaviors after large variation at time 0. Trading on liquid and illiquid markets, we provide the trader with best exit trading strategy maximizing his utility function, finally we incorporate into the model an expert opinion which will help the investor in taking the decision

This essay is a study of three fiction novels by the Swedish author Amanda Svensson: Hey Dolly (2008), Välkommen till den här världen (2011) and Allt det där jag sa till dig var sant (2014). A unified theme for the novels is identity making where the three young female protagonists try different identities and explore who they are. The aim of this study is therefore to investigate in which ways the protagonists explore their identities and how this is expressed. Gender theory and genre theory are used when analyzing the characters in the novels. In the analysis it becomes clear that the protagonists explore their identities in different ways. The three young women are aware of that they live in a society in which male and female gender stereotypes exist. In some cases they adjust to the gender roles but in many cases they also observe the gender stereotypes and problematize them. Therefore the protagonists sometimes differ from how a stereotype woman is portrayed.

År 2004 riktades media mot tätorten Knutby i Uppsalas kommun i Sverige. Sara Svensson, en medlem i den lokala religiösa församlingen, hade skjutit två personer. Denna kvalitativa undersökning formades med hermeneutiken som metodansats. Med Peter L. Berger och Thomas Luckmanns kunskapssociologiska teori och med understöd av Hjalmar Sundéns rollteori som teoretiskt perspektiv tolkades och gavs hennes handlingar en förklaring. Undersökningen visade att Sara Svenssons verklighetsuppfattning kom att förändras i och med intåget i Knutby församling. Hennes religiösa uppfattning och den relation hon hade till andra medlemmar förändrande och utvecklade hennes verklighetsuppfattning till att rättfärdiga de förödande handlingar hon utförde.